Air Pollutant Emission Calculations for Army Mobile Sources and Nonroad Engines

Transcription

1 Joint Services Environmental Management Conference Air Pollutant Emission Calculations for Army Mobile Sources and Nonroad Engines Lisa M. Polyak, Ryan M. Dunn & Kirsten J. Hiera US Army Center for Health Promotion Preventive Medicine Air Quality Surveillance Program Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD Phone: FAX: Lisa.Polyak@us.army.mil The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or the e U.S. Government. 1

2 What is an Emission Source? STATIONARY MOBILE NONROAD 2

3 What is an Emission Source? Stationary Sources at Military Bases Boiler Plants Generators Turbines Incinerators Engine Test Cells Dynamometers Fire Fighter Trng Smoke Generators Firing Ranges OB/OD Forest/Agri Burns Landfills Fuel Storage Tanks Fuel Dispensing Facilities Printing Plants Vapor Degreasers Organic Solvent Use Surface Coating Chemical Distillation Pesticide/Herbicide Use Asphalt Production Plastics Production Dry-cleaning Equipment Surface Impoundments Wastewater Treatment Explosives Production Forging Operations Acid Production Metal Plating Acid Etching Hospital Sterilizers Quarries Sandblasting Carpentry Shops Smelters Remedial Activities 3

4 What is an Emission Source? Mobile Sources at Military Bases WHEELED VEHICLES POVs Trucks - Light & Heavy Duty HMMWVs TRACKED VEHICLES Tanks Armored Personnel Carriers AIRCRAFT Fixed Wing: Planes, Jets Rotary Wing: Helicopters MARINE VESSELS Inboard Powered: Ships Outboard Powered: Boats 4

5 What is an Emission Source? Nonroad Sources at Military Bases Aerospace Ground Equipment Mowers Chain Saws Shredders Edgers Trimmers Excavators Mobile Cranes Air Compressors Motor Graders Snow throwers Backhoes Tractors Forklifts Pavers Ditchers Crawlers Loaders Dozers 5

6 Typical Stationary Source Emissions at an Army Base Source Category Actual Emissions (TPY) NO X SO 2 CO VOC PM 10 Boilers (Natural Gas) Boilers (Fuel Oil) < <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Degreasing Firefighter Training Fuel Storage and Dispensing Generators Landfills Range Operations 0.48 < < Rock Crusher Surface Coating Training Aids <0.01 Veterinary Cremation < Wood Chipper Woodworking <0.01 Total Emissions (TPY)

7 Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions at an Army Base Source Category 1 Emission factors for combat vehicles were not available. 2 Activity levels for engineering equipment were not available. Actual Emissions (TPY) NO X SO X CO HC PM Aviation Vehicles Combat Vehicles Engineering Equipment Government Owned Vehicles (GOVs) Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment Privately Owned Vehicles (POVs) Tactical Vehicles Total Emissions (TPY) ,

8 Let s compare Source Category Actual Emissions (TPY) NO X SO X CO HC PM Stationary Sources Mobile Sources , Absolute Difference (Mobile - Stationary) Relative Difference (Mobile / Stationary) ,

9 What does it all mean?? Mobile & nonroad emissions are SIGNIFICANTLY greater than stationary source emissions Mobile & nonroad emissions are more difficult to calculate than stationary source emissions Fewer emission factors & algorithms available Available algorithms are harder to use Many more types of sources Less accessible activity data for sources General conformity & NEPA require mobile & nonroad emissions to be considered 9

10 How to evaluate mobile & nonroad Type of source emission sources? Aircraft, Combat, Engineering, GOV, Nonroad, POV, Tactical Activity level Hours of operation, mileage, fuel use Source attributes Model year, engine type, # engines, operating mode, fuel type Emission factors EPA, manufacturer, contract specification, stack test Emission algorithms Good luck. 10

11 Operating and Support Management Information System Online relational database Tracks operating and support data for 1,000 + Army weapon/material systems Can sort by weapon category or individual item Can be queried from MACOM to battalion level Contains activity data for all items; differentiates between garrison and deployed usage Weapon categories include: artillery/missile, aviation, combat, electronic, engineering & tactical 11

12 OSMIS OSMIS Aviation: rotary and fixed wing aircraft Artillery/Missile: artillery weapons, artillery support vehicles, air defense artillery and missiles, surface-to to- surface missiles, and detection systems Combat: tanks and combat vehicles Electronic/Communications: radio receivers, teletypewriters and terminal sets, switches (voices and message), communications and data processing systems, radar sets, and terminals Engineering: engineer, construction, electrical power generation, and floating equipment Tactical: wheeled vehicles 12

13 OSMIS OSMIS Aviation: AH-64, CH-47D, OH-58D, UH-60A Artillery/Missile: Avenger, Javelin, AFATDS, BTV- Linebacker Combat: Abrams, Bradley, Paladin, Hercules, Fox Engineering: cranes, forklifts, truck lifts, portable generators Tactical: CUCV, HEMTT, HMMWV, LMTV, MTV, M35, M809, M939, PLS 13

14 How to Calculate Emissions Emission Factors: Aircraft Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 3 (Aircraft Engine Emissions) EPA 450/ , Air Pollutant Emission Factors for Military and Civil Aircraft, October 1978 Example Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = Fuel Rate (lbs fuel/hr) x Operating Hours (hrs/yr) x EF (lbs pollutant/1,000 lbs fuel-engine) x # engines/aircraft Data Needs: Aircraft type, engine type, # engines/aircraft, fuel flow rate (lbs/hr), time in power setting (% or hrs/yr), total operating hours (hrs/yr), fuel sulfur content (%) 14

15 How to Calculate Emissions Cars and Trucks Emission Factors: EDMS: p/models/edms_model/ Mobile6: Example Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/mile) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g) Data Needs: Vehicle model year, vehicle weight (lbs), average speed (mph), annual mileage (mi/yr), local elevation (ft above sea level), fuel type 15

16 How to Calculate Emissions Nonroad Engines Emission Factors: NONROAD software: Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 7 (Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment) Example Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Engine Rating (hp) x Operating Hours (hrs/yr) x [Load Factor/100] x (lb/g) Data Needs: Fuel type, vehicle model year, engine rating (hp), load factor (%), operating hours (hrs/yr), emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi) 16

17 How to Calculate Emissions Tactical Vehicles Emission Factors: Production contract specification for engine exhaust (Meets EPA emission standard??) Example Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Conversion Factor (bhp-hr/mi) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g) Data Needs: Fuel type, vehicle weight (lbs), annual mileage (mi/yr), engine emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi) 17

18 18