Regional Feedstock Partnership 2010 Switchgrass Report
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1 Regional Feedstock Partnership 21 Switchgrass Report Vance Owens South Dakota State University Knoxville, TN February 211 Field trial PIs: D. Bransby and C. Hopkings (AL), E. Heaton (IA), R. Farris (OK), R. Mitchell (NE), D. Viands and H. Mayton (NY), J. Fike (VA) Many others involved
2 Overall Objective! Establish and perform replicated field trials of diverse herbaceous biomass feedstocks at different locations for assessing potential expansion of these feedstocks as a bioenergy resource
3 Herbaceous crops information Species Relative plot size Species lead Institution Switchgrass Large Vance Owens SDSU Miscanthus Small Tom Voigt Univ. of Ill. Sorghum Small Bill Rooney Texas A&M Energycane Small Brian Baldwin Miss. State Univ. CRP mixtures Large DoKyoung Lee Univ. of Ill.
4 Switchgrass objective! Assess yield potential and quality parameters of switchgrass grown in different environments using standard agricultural practices
5 Switchgrass cultivar selection! Locally adapted cultivar for each location! Background and continued questions
6 North Central Sunburst Alamo Maturity differences Sunburst Alamo
7 Southeast lowland/upland
8 Long-term persistence Biomass yield (ton/ha) Cave-In-Rock Year Sunburst CIR DAC SBS
9 Switchgrass field trial locations and PIs! 28! Alabama David Bransby, Carla Hopkins! New York Don Viands, Hilary Mayton! Oklahoma Rodney Farris! South Dakota Vance Owens (sustainability site Tom Schumacher, Shannon Osborne, Dave Clay, Chang Oh Hong)! Virginia John Fike! 29! Iowa Emily Heaton! Nebraska Rob Mitchell
10 Switchgrass Trial Information Location Cultivar Planting Date Area (ha) Alabama Alamo May Oklahoma Blackwell 2 Sep New York Cave-In-Rock 29 May South Dakota Sunburst 17 May Virginia Alamo 1 July Iowa Cave-In-Rock 8 May Nebraska Shawnee 5 May
11 Experimental Design! Field scale (.4 to.8 ha experimental units)! Four replicates across landscape! Nitrogen (, 56, 112 kg ha -1 ) applied in 29 and 21 to all sites established in 28 or 29! NE location did not have N treatments! Locally adapted cultivar at each location Planting at Ames, IA 8 May 29
12 Alabama Switchgrass common trial location diversity Oklahoma Virginia Iowa New York South Dakota
13 Data collection! Initial soil characteristics utilizing minimum soil data set! Total organic carbon; soil ph; Total N; Bulk density; Soiltest P and K! Yield using standard equipment! Subsamples from plots for chemical characterization! Samples from windrow and/or from bales have been sent to INL! Samples are also being analyzed locally for other estimates of biomass quality! Other
14 Switchgrass harvest dates in 29 and 21 Location 29 Harvest 21 Harvest Area (ha) Alabama NA NA TBD Oklahoma 13 Nov. 28 Oct. 7.3 New York 22 Oct. 2 Nov. 4.9 South Dakota 28 Oct. 5 Nov. 9.7 Virginia 1 Jan. 21 Jan Iowa NA 18 Nov. 7.3 Nebraska An/Re An/PF 22.7
15 Fertilizer application Bristol, SD 5 June 29 (7 ft boom)
16 Switchgrass establishment based on frequency method of Vogel and Masters (21) SD NY Frequency (%) VA IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
17 Switchgrass establishment Bristol, SD 25 June 29 Bristol, SD 2 July 21
18 Switchgrass stand establishment in OK Frequency (Plants/m 2 ) N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
19 Switchgrass harvest Virginia 21 Ithaca, NY 22 October 29 Bristol, SD 28 October 29 Virginia 21
20 Switchgrass production at common treatment locations (SD, NY, VA, OK, and IA) and in NE. Field Scale Yield (Mg/ha) Year Anthesis Post-Frost Regrowth b a a SD a b b NY Dry matter yield (Mg ha-1) b ab a VA IA OK N application rate (kg N ha-1) N application rate (kg N ha-1)
21 Visual effect of N (SD in mid July)
22 Switchgrass biomass characteristics! Sample collection at each location! INL! Local analysis! Total N! Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) used to estimate cellulose and hemicellulose! Acid detergent lignin (ADL)! Ash
23 Nitrogen concentration in switchgrass (SD, NY, OK, and IA) SD NY 8 N concentration (g N kg -1 ) ab b a OK IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
24 Nitrogen removed in switchgrass (SD, NY, OK, and IA) N removal (kg N ha -1 ) b ab a b ab a SD OK NY IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
25 Apparent N recovery (SD, NY, OK, and IA) SD NY 5 N recovery (%) OK IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
26 Nitrogen use efficiency (SD, NY, OK, and IA) a SD NY 3 2 a a b NUE (kg biomass kg N -1 ) b b OK IA 2 1 a b b N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
27 Switchgrass cellulose concentration (SD, NY, OK, and IA) LSD.5 = 6.7 SD NY 3 2 Cellulose (g kg -1 ) OK IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
28 Switchgrass hemicellulose concentration (SD, NY, OK, and IA) LSD.5 = 1.8 SD NY 2 Hemicellulose (g kg -1 ) 1 3 LSD.5 = 12.8 OK IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
29 Switchgrass lignin concentration (SD, NY, OK, and IA) SD LSD.5 = 5.2 NY Lignin (g kg -1 ) 8 LSD.5 = 3.7 OK IA N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
30 Switchgrass ash concentrations (SD, NY, OK, and IA) SD NY 1 LSD.5 = 8.3 LSD.5 = LSD.5 = 6.1 Ash (g kg -1 ) LSD.5 = 4.7 OK IA 15 1 LSD.5 = N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
31 Harvest date and storage effects on switchgrass dry matter loss stored 12 months (NE) Bale & Storage August DM Loss Post Frost DM Loss Mean DM Loss Square (%) (%) (%) Open Covered Barn Round 3x Open Covered Barn Round 4x Open Covered Barn
32 Ethanol from Glucose was Reduced by an Average of 28.1% by Harvesting After Frost and Storing for 12 Months Bale & Storage August Ethanol Post Frost Ethanol Difference (August PF) Square (mg/g) (mg/g) (mg/g; %) Open (28.4) Covered (32.3) Barn (3.1) Round 3x Open (25.1) Covered (27.4) Barn (22.7) Round 4x Open (32.2) Covered (28.3) Barn (26.3)
33 Switchgrass harvest 21 (SD-top, NY-bottom)
34 Switchgrass root characteristics Switchgrass roots (right) in a Typic Fragiudept soil and root development in cool season grass alleyway (left) (NY).
35 Switchgrass root biomass at various depths the year after establishment (Bristol, SD) Root biomass (kg ha -1 ) Soil depth (cm) 45 6 N rate kg N ha -1 N rate 112 kg N ha
36 Total switchgrass root biomass to a depth of 1 m the year after planting (Bristol, SD) 29 Total root biomass (Mg ha -1 ) at 1 m depth N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
37 Switchgrass root C at various depths (Bristol, SD) Root C (kg C ha -1 ) Soil depth (cm) 45 6 N rate kg N ha -1 N rate 112 kg N ha
38 Total switchgrass root C to a depth of 1 m (Bristol, SD) Total root carbon (Mg C ha -1 ) at 1 m depth N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
39 Carbon concentration of switchgrass biomass (Bristol, SD 29) Carbon conc. of above ground biomass (g C kg -1 ) a b 112 N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
40 Switchgrass C removal (Bristol, SD 29) 29 Above ground biomass C (Mg C ha -1 ) N application rate (kg N ha -1 )
41 Monthly NO 3 concentration in leacheate collected from lysimeters placed 1 m deep (Bristol, SD) NO3 concentration (mg L -1 ) N kg N ha -1 N 112 kg N ha -1 LSD=.47 LSD= LSD=1.2 N kg N ha -1 N 56 kg N ha -1 N 112 kg N ha -1 LSD=1.11 Aug. Sep. Oct. Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Nov. Month
42 Cumulative leaching of NO 3 throughout growing season on switchgrass plots (Bristol, SD) NO3 leaching (kg N ha -1 ) Nitrogen application rate (kg N ha -1 )
43 Monthly DOC concentration in leacheate (Bristol, SD) DOC concentration (mg L -1 ) N kg N ha -1 N 112 kg N ha -1 Aug. Sep. Oct. Jun. Jul. Sep. Oct. Month
44 Dissolved organic carbon (Bristol, SD) DOC leaching (kg C ha -1 ) Nitrogen applicaiton (kg N ha -1 )
45 Gas measurements
46 Challenges thus far! Establishment (AL)! Weather/field conditions! Economics
47 211 Plans! All sites will apply treatments and harvest biomass! Biomass chemical composition! Continue sustainability work at SD location! Two publications! Economics of establishment and first two harvest years! N use
48 Summary! 21 yields from 4-12 Mg ha -1 depending on location! Variable response to N
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