The Production of Perennial Forages. Paul E. Nyren

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1 The Production of Perennial Forages for Biofuels Paul E. Nyren Central Grasslands Research Extension Center

2 Biomass Power Back to the Future ,000,000 horses & mules in USA < 5,000,000 Resulted in major land use change. 80,000, acres of pasture & hayland (biomass) released for other uses If we are to reach the federal governments goal of 1 billion tons of biomass for ethanol by 2030 then we will see a similar land use change again.

3 A study in cooperation with the USDA-ARS in Lincoln Nebraska was started in 2002 to evaluate the production and economics of raising switchgrass for ethanol.

4 Research Objectives Determine the biomass yield and select chemical composition of perennial herbaceous crops at several locations throughout central and western North Dakota

5 Research Objectives Determine the optimum harvest dates for maximum biomass yield and maintenance of the stands.

6 Research Objectives Compare annual and biennial harvest on total biomass yield and maintenance of the stands.

7 Research Objectives Evaluate carbon sequestration and storage Evaluate carbon sequestration and storage of the various perennial crops

8 Research Objectives Evaluate the economic feasibility of the various perennial herbaceous energy crops with competing crops in the surrounding area.

9 Funding provided by the following: North Dakota Natural Resources Trust NDSU Agricultural l Exp. Stationti USDA-ARS Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory ato ND Game and Fish Department ND Department of Commerce ND Farmers Union Jamestown/Stutsman Development Corporation Dakota West RC&D Dakota Prairie RC&D Natural a Resources Conservation o Service (NRCS)

10 Hettinger REC Plot Locations Williston REC, Dryland and Irrigated North Central REC, Minot Carrington REC Central Grasslands REC, Streeter

11 Experimental Design harvested annually and biennially Sunburst Switchgrass Trailblazer Switchgrass (Hettinger, CGREC, & Carrington) Dakota Switchgrass (Williston & North Central) Alkar Tall Wheatgrass Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass CRP Mix (Intermediate + Tall Wheatgrass)

12 CRP mix (Intermediate + Tall + Alfalfa + Sweetclover) Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Altai Wildrye Magnar Basin Wildrye + Mustang Altai Wildrye

13 Soil samples were taken prior to seeding by researchers Kristy Nichols and Mark Halverson of the USDA-ARS Field Laboratory in Mandan.

14 Plots are 15 X 30 replicated 4 times, seeded with a cone seeder specially designed for seeding grasses and legumes

15 2007 yields on the dryland plots at Hettinger. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) 1.79 a Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 1.53 a CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 1.46 ab Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 0.86 abc Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass 0.81 abc Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 0.40 bc Trailblazer Switchgrass 0.00 c Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 0.00 c Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 0.00 c Sunburst Switchgrass 0.00 c LSD R

16 2007 yields on the dryland plots at Williston. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass 1.16 a 0.79 a CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 1.07 a 0.72 a Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 1.00 a 0.70 a Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 0.98 a 0.68 a CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) +S l ab a Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 0.34 bc 0.75 a Dakota Switchgrass 0.34 bc 0.60 a Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 0.33 bc 0.69 a Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 0.27 bc 0.61 a Sunburst Switchgrass 0.14 c 0.50 a LSD NS R NS

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18 2007 yields on the dryland plots at Carrington. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC Trailblazer Switchgrass 6.06 a 4.57 abc Sunburst Switchgrass 5.41 ab 5.13 a Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 5.36 ab 4.86 ab Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 5.14 bc 4.00 abcd Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 5.11 bc 4.96 ab Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 4.71 bcd 4.37 abc CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) 4.65 bcd 3.79 bcd Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass 4.49 cd 3.35 cd CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 4.26 d 3.75 bcd Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 4.00 d 3.12 d LSD R

19 2007 yields on the dryland plots at CGREC. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 3.67 a 3.09 a CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 3.36 a 2.67 a Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 3.34 a 2.63 ab Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass 2.74 b 2.74 ab CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) 2.59 b 1.65 cd Trailblazer Switchgrass 1.87 c e Sunburst Switchgrass 1.84 c 0.74 de Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 1.65 c 2.10 bc Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 1.57 c 1.98 bc Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 1.51 c 1.51 cd LSD R

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21 2007 yields on the dryland plots at Minot. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 4.49 a 4.10 a CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 4.22 ab 3.58 ab Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 4.26 ab 4.09 a CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) 3.75 ab 3.23 ab Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass bc 4.13 a Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 2.61 cd 3.57 ab Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 2.59 cd 2.47 bc Sunburst Switchgrass 2.32 cde 1.63 c Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 2.10 de 1.68 c Dakota Switchgrass 1.34 e 1.32 c LSD R

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23 2007 yields on the Irrigated plots at Williston. All yields at each location followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the.05 level. Site Species YieldT/AC Sunburst Switchgrass + Mustang Alti wildrye 6.39 a 5.69 b Sunburst Switchgrass 5.75 ab 7.28 a Sunburst Switchgrass + Tall Wheatgrass 5.73 ab 4.27 d Alkar Tall Wheatgrass 5.02 bc 3.16 e Sunburst Switchgrass + Sunnyview Big Bluestem 596bc b 5.87 CRP Mix (Intermediate & Tall Wheatgrass) 4.52 cd 3.24 e Dakota Switchgrass 4.32 cd 4.91 c Haymaker Intermediate Wheatgrass 4.11 cd 3.35 e Magnar Basin + Mustang Alti wildrye 4.00 d 3.06 e CRP Mix (Wheatgrasses +alfalfa+swt.clover) 3.94 d 2.80 e LSD R

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25 How Much Energy is Saved if Cellulosic Biomass is used for Ethanol A study started at the Central Grasslands and other sites across the Northern Great Plains in 2001 evaluated switchgrass for biofuels for that for every unit of energy in there was 5.4 units of energy out.

26 Estimated displacement (%) of GHG emissions by replacing conventional gasoline (baseline) with cellulosic ethanol derived from switchgrass. Schmer, M. R., Vogel, K. P., Mitchell, R. B. & Perrin, R. K. Net energy of cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, (2008)

27 ???Questions???