Fuel Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used

Transcription

1 Rand and Verstuyft Rand serves on Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of its subcommittees. He is also a member at large of the executive subcommittee. During his tenure on D02 he has been vice chairman of the committee, the chair of Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D C on Color and Reactivity, and has been particularly involved in developing standards in these areas. He has also been a member of ASTM s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO). Rand has been recognized with the ASTM Award of Merit in 1999; a Service Award from the ASTM Committee on Technical Committee Operations in 2008; the Lowrie B. Sargent Jr Award in 2006; the George V. Dyroff Award of Honorary Committee D02 Membership in 2004; and the Committee D02 Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement in In 2010, Rand received the Charles B. Dudley Award for Manual 1, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, which has become ASTM s best selling Manual. For many years, Rand has been teaching two ASTM training courses that he developed: Gasoline: Specifications, Testing and Technology, and Fuels Technology. He has presented these courses in many cities throughout the world, and he has also made many varied presentations globally on ASTM fuels specifications and standardization procedures. Professionally, prior to his retirement from industry and forming his consultancy, Rand directed the Fuels Test Laboratory which analyzed both liquid and gaseous fuels, at the Texaco Research and Development Center in Beacon, New York. He provided technical information and services to Texaco installations worldwide on fuel distribution, marketing and operations; as well as laboratory inspection, auditing, and personnel training both within Texaco and external to the company. He also served as an adjunct professor in the graduate school of chemistry at the University of St. Joseph. Dr. Al Verstuyft, an independent petroleum industry consultant, has been an ASTM International member for over twenty years. He is a member of D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of its subcommittees, including Subcommittees D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis and D02.94 on Quality Assurance and Statistics. He is also a member of D19 on Water and D34 on Waste Management. Al has been or is currently a member of the American Petroleum Industry (API) Test Methods Task Force and Environmental Monitoring Task Force; Western State Petroleum Association (WSPA) Test Methods Task Force (Petroleum Fuels); American Chemical Society (ACS), Committee on Reagent Chemicals and the California Section ChemOlympiad Coordinator. Professionally, prior to his retirement from industry and forming his consultancy, Al was the Global Laboratory Coordinator at the Chevron Energy Technology Company in Richmond, CA. He provided petroleum and environmental analysis and was a chemistry consultant with expertise in turning complex chemical analysis data into information for decisions. He is experienced in solving complex sampling, analysis and quality problems for petroleum and environmental laboratories and operations. He is recognized in petroleum and environmental laboratory business for improving technical soundness and defensibility of data and operations; as well as laboratory inspection, auditing, and personnel training both within Chevron and external to the company. He also was a Visiting Research Scientist at Burner Engineering Laboratory of Sandia-Livermore National Laboratory. Al, who is the author of a number of research technical publications, is a 46-year member of the American Chemical Society, where he is a past chairman of its California Section. He holds a Ph.D. in Inorganic/Organometallic Chemistry from the University of Nevada at Reno, and a B.S. in Chemistry in Santa Clara University, and was Postdoctoral Associate in Physical Organic Chemistry at the University of Utah. Fuel Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used Dr. Salvatore J. Rand, an independent petroleum industry consultant, has been an ASTM International member for over thirty years. He was recently honored with ASTM s most prodigious award, the William T. Cavanaugh Memorial Award. He was recognized for his contributions to the promotion of, leadership in, and education about petroleum standards worldwide. ASTM INTERNATIONAL Helping our world work better Fuel Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used Co Editors: Salvatore J. Rand Allen W. Verstuyft ISBN: Stock #: MNL69 Rand, who is the author of a number of research technical publications, is a 65-year member of the American Chemical Society, where he is a past chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section. He holds a PhD in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a BS in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University.

2 Salvatore J. Rand and Allen W. Verstuyft Fuels Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used ASTM Stock Number: MNL69 DOI: /MNL69-EB ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA Printed in the U.S.A.

3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Rand, Salvatore J., editor. Verstuyft, Allen W., editor. Title: Fuels specifications : what they are, why we have them, and how they are used / [compiled by] Salvatore J. Rand and Allen W. Verstuyft. Description: West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, [2016] ASTM Stock Number: MNL69 DOI: /MNL69. Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN ISBN Subjects: LCSH: Motor fuels Specifications Government policy. Motor fuels Additives Standards Government policy. Diesel fuels Government policy. Classification: LCC TP343.F DDC /38 dc23 LC record available at Copyright 2016 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) ; Publisher: ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA Phone: (610) Fax: (610) ISBN ASTM Stock Number: MNL69 DOI: /MNL69-EB ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication. ASTM International does not endorse any products represented in this publication. Printed in Mayfield, PA June, 2016

4 iii Foreword THIS PUBLICATION, Fuels Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants. The co-editors are Salvatore J. Rand, consultant, North Fort Myers, Florida, and Allen W. Verstuyft, Al Verstuyft Consulting, LLC, Napa, California.

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6 v Acknowledgments The publication of this manual was accomplished through the combined efforts of many individuals. First and foremost, we would like to convey our sincerest appreciation to all of them particularly the thirteen authors, who are all experts in their particular fields and who bring a broad spectrum of interests, experience, and knowledge of fuels specifications to this manual. They have devoted considerable time, energy, and resources to support this endeavor. We also appreciate the assistance of the ASTM publication staff particularly Kathy Dernoga, Monica Siperko, Sara Welliver, and Rebecca Edwards who have given us much behind-the-scenes guidance and assistance from the outset of this venture. In addition, we are grateful to the 20 experts who have reviewed the various chapters and who, through their perusal of the chapters, made suggestions that permitted good manuscripts to be made better. Finally, we would like to extend our utmost appreciation to the industrial and governmental employers of all those involved in this publication. They, ultimately, make it possible for us to produce manuals such as this for the benefit of those who use petroleum standards worldwide.

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8 To Agnes and Judy vii

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10 ix Contents Foreword Acknowledgments iii v 1. Introduction 1 Salvatore J. Rand and Allen W. Verstuyft 2. Specifications What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used 3 Randy F. Jennings, N. David Smith, Ronald G. Hayes, and Stephen D. Benjamin 3. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (ASTM D1835) 9 Fred Van Orsdol 4. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Gasoline (ASTM D4814) 15 James J. Simnick 5. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Fuel Ethanol for Blending (ASTM D4806) 23 Kristin A. Moore 6. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends (ASTM D5798) 27 Kristin A. Moore 7. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Butanol for Gasoline Blending (ASTM D7862) 33 Glenn R. Johnston 8. Discussion on Uses of the Specifications for Aviation Turbine Fuels (ASTM D1655) and Aviation Gasoline (ASTM D910) 39 Roger J. Organ 9. Discussion on Uses of the Specification for Turbine Fuels Using Synthesized Hydrocarbons (ASTM D7566) 83 Gregory Hemighaus and Mark Rumizen 10. Discussion on Uses of the Specifications for Diesel Fuels (ASTM D975) and Fuel Oils (ASTM D396) 89 Steven R. Westbrook 11. Discussion on Uses of the Specifications for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock B100 (ASTM D6751) and Biodiesel Blends B6 to B20 (ASTM D7467) 95 Steven A. Howell Index 101

11 Rand and Verstuyft Rand serves on Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of its subcommittees. He is also a member at large of the executive subcommittee. During his tenure on D02 he has been vice chairman of the committee, the chair of Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D C on Color and Reactivity, and has been particularly involved in developing standards in these areas. He has also been a member of ASTM s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO). Rand has been recognized with the ASTM Award of Merit in 1999; a Service Award from the ASTM Committee on Technical Committee Operations in 2008; the Lowrie B. Sargent Jr Award in 2006; the George V. Dyroff Award of Honorary Committee D02 Membership in 2004; and the Committee D02 Sydney D. Andrews Scroll of Achievement in In 2010, Rand received the Charles B. Dudley Award for Manual 1, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, which has become ASTM s best selling Manual. For many years, Rand has been teaching two ASTM training courses that he developed: Gasoline: Specifications, Testing and Technology, and Fuels Technology. He has presented these courses in many cities throughout the world, and he has also made many varied presentations globally on ASTM fuels specifications and standardization procedures. Professionally, prior to his retirement from industry and forming his consultancy, Rand directed the Fuels Test Laboratory which analyzed both liquid and gaseous fuels, at the Texaco Research and Development Center in Beacon, New York. He provided technical information and services to Texaco installations worldwide on fuel distribution, marketing and operations; as well as laboratory inspection, auditing, and personnel training both within Texaco and external to the company. He also served as an adjunct professor in the graduate school of chemistry at the University of St. Joseph. Dr. Al Verstuyft, an independent petroleum industry consultant, has been an ASTM International member for over twenty years. He is a member of D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and several of its subcommittees, including Subcommittees D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, D02.04 on Hydrocarbon Analysis and D02.94 on Quality Assurance and Statistics. He is also a member of D19 on Water and D34 on Waste Management. Al has been or is currently a member of the American Petroleum Industry (API) Test Methods Task Force and Environmental Monitoring Task Force; Western State Petroleum Association (WSPA) Test Methods Task Force (Petroleum Fuels); American Chemical Society (ACS), Committee on Reagent Chemicals and the California Section ChemOlympiad Coordinator. Professionally, prior to his retirement from industry and forming his consultancy, Al was the Global Laboratory Coordinator at the Chevron Energy Technology Company in Richmond, CA. He provided petroleum and environmental analysis and was a chemistry consultant with expertise in turning complex chemical analysis data into information for decisions. He is experienced in solving complex sampling, analysis and quality problems for petroleum and environmental laboratories and operations. He is recognized in petroleum and environmental laboratory business for improving technical soundness and defensibility of data and operations; as well as laboratory inspection, auditing, and personnel training both within Chevron and external to the company. He also was a Visiting Research Scientist at Burner Engineering Laboratory of Sandia-Livermore National Laboratory. Al, who is the author of a number of research technical publications, is a 46-year member of the American Chemical Society, where he is a past chairman of its California Section. He holds a Ph.D. in Inorganic/Organometallic Chemistry from the University of Nevada at Reno, and a B.S. in Chemistry in Santa Clara University, and was Postdoctoral Associate in Physical Organic Chemistry at the University of Utah. Fuel Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used Dr. Salvatore J. Rand, an independent petroleum industry consultant, has been an ASTM International member for over thirty years. He was recently honored with ASTM s most prodigious award, the William T. Cavanaugh Memorial Award. He was recognized for his contributions to the promotion of, leadership in, and education about petroleum standards worldwide. ASTM INTERNATIONAL Helping our world work better Fuel Specifications: What They Are, Why We Have Them, and How They Are Used Co Editors: Salvatore J. Rand Allen W. Verstuyft ISBN: Stock #: MNL69 Rand, who is the author of a number of research technical publications, is a 65-year member of the American Chemical Society, where he is a past chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section. He holds a PhD in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a BS in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University.