Laser induced spark ignition of coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames
|
|
- Jonah Goodman
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Laser induced spark ignition of coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames Xiaohui Li, 1,2,3 Yang Yu, 1,2 Xin Yu, 1,2 Chang Liu, 1,2 Rongwei Fan, 1,2 and Deying Chen 1,2,* 1 National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 15000, China 2 Institute of Opto-electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 15000, China 3 lixiaohuihit@163.com * dychen@hit.edu.cn Abstract: We report the laser induced spark ignition (LSI) of coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames using the 64 nm output of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) and ignition time of the LSI has been determined by measuring the emission signals due to the ignited flames. The effects of the gas mixture properties, including the overall equivalence ratio (Ф), oxygen concentration and flow rate, and the ignition positions on the two parameters have been investigated systematically. The variation of the MIE and ignition time with the experimental conditions has been compared with the existing results and discussed with a special concentration on the effects of the local Ф Optical Society of America OCIS codes: ( ) Laser-induced breakdown; ( ) Combustion diagnostics; ( ) Emission; ( ) Laser induced spark ignition, laser ignition. References and links 1. P. D. Ronney, Laser versus conventional ignition of flames, Opt. Eng. 33(2), (1994). 2. T. A. Spiglanin, A. Mcilroy, E. W. Fournier, R. B. Cohen, and J. A. Syage, Time-resolved imaging of flame kernels: laser spark ignition of H 2 /O 2 /Ar mixtures, Combust. Flame 2(3), 3 32 (1995). 3. T. X. Phuoc, Laser-induced spark ignition fundamental and applications, Opt. Lasers Eng. 44(5), (2006). 4. D. Bradley, C. G. W. Sheppard, I. M. Suardjaja, and R. Woolley, Fundamentals of high-energy spark ignition with lasers, Combust. Flame 13(1-2), (2004). 5. M. Weinrotter, H. Kopecek, E. Wintner, M. Lackner, and F. Winter, Application of laser ignition to hydrogenair mixtures at high pressures, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 30(3), (2005). 6. L. Zimmer, K. Okai, and Y. Kurosawa, Combined laser induced ignition and plasma spectroscopy: fundamentals and application to a hydrogen-air combustor, Spectrochim. Acta, B At. Spectrosc. 62(12), (2007). 7. J. L. Beduneau, N. Kawahara, T. Nakayama, E. Tomita, and Y. Ikeda, Laser-induced radical generation and evolution to a self-sustaining flame, Combust. Flame 156(3), (2009).. T. X. Phuoc and F. X. White, Laser-induced spark ignition of CH 4 /air mixtures, Combust. Flame 119(3), (1999). 9. M. H. Morsy and S. H. Chung, Laser-induced multi-point ignition with a single-shot laser using two conical cavities for hydrogen/air mixture, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 27(4), (2003).. J. X. Ma, D. R. Alexander, and D. E. Poulain, Laser spark ignition and combustion characteristics of methaneair mixtures, Combust. Flame 112(4), (199). 11. G. Herdin, J. Klausner, E. Wintner, M. Weinrotter, J. Graf, and K. Iskra, Laser ignition - a new concept to use and increase the pontentials of gas engines, in ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2005 Fall Technical Conference: AERS-ARICE Symposium on Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines(Ottawa, Canada, 2005). 12. Y.-L. Chen and J. W. L. Lewis, Visualization of laser-induced breakdown and ignition, Opt. Express 9(7), (2001). 13. M. Lackner, S. Charareh, F. Winter, K. Iskra, D. Rüdisser, T. Neger, H. Kopecek, and E. Wintner, Investigation of the early stages in laser-induced ignition by Schlieren photography and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Opt. Express 12(19), (2004). 14. N. Pavel, M. Tsunekane, and T. Taira, Composite, all-ceramics, high-peak power Nd:YAG/Cr 4+ :YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition, Opt. Express 19(), (2011). (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3447
2 15. G. Liedl, D. Schuocker, B. Geringer, J. Graf, D. Klawatsch, H. P. Lenz, W. F. Piock, M. Jetzinger, and P. Kapus, Laser induced ignition of gasoline direct injection engines, Proc. SPIE 5777, (2004). 16. S. Brieschenk, S. O Byrne, and H. Kleine, Laser-induced plasma ignition studies in a model scramjet engine, Combust. Flame 160(1), (2013). 17. R. J. Osborne, J. A. Wehrmeyer, H. P. Trinh, and J. W. Early, Evaluation and characterization study of dual pulse laser-induced spark(dplis) for rocket engine ignition system application, in 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit(AIAA Huntsville, Alabama, 2003), paper T. Razafimandimby, M. De Rosa, V. Schmidt, J. Sender, and M. Oschwald, Laser ignition of a GH 2 /LOX spray under vacuum conditions, in The European Combustion Meeting(2005), pp K. Hasegawa, K. Kusaka, A. Kumakawa, M. Sato, and M. Tadano, Laser ignition characteristics of GOX/GH 2 and GOX/GCH 4 propellants, in 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit(AIAA, Huntsville, Alabama, 2003), paper L. C. Liou, Laser ignition in liquid rocket engines, in 30th AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference(AIAA, Indianapolis, IN, 1994), paper F. B. Carleton, N. Klein, K. Krallis, and F. J. Weinberg, Laser ignition of liquid propellants, Symposium (International) on Combustion 23, (1991). 22. M. De Rosa, J. Sender, H. Zimmermann, and M. Oschwald, Cryogenic spary ignition at high altitude conditions, in 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit(AIAA, Sacramento, CA, 2006), paper C. Pauly, J. Sender, and M. Oschwald, Ignition of a gaseous methane/oxygen coaxial jet, Prog. Propulsion Phys. 1, (2009). 24. V. Schmidt, U. Wepler, O. Haidn, and M. Oschwald, Characterization of the primary ignition process of a coaxial GH 2 /LOx spray, in 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit(AIAA, Reno, Nevada, 2004). 25. J. L. Beduneau, B. Kim, L. Zimmer, and Y. Ikeda, Measurements of minimum ignition energy in premixed laminar methane/air flow by using laser induced spark, Combust. Flame 132(4), (2003). 26. H. Kopecek, H. Maier, G. Reider, F. Winter, and E. Wintner, Laser ignition of methane-air mixtures at high pressures, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 27(4), (2003). 27. T. X. Phuoc, C. M. White, and D. H. McNeill, Laser spark ignition of a jet diffusion flame, Opt. Lasers Eng. 3(5), (2002). 2. F. B. Carleton, N. Klein, K. Krallis, and F. J. Weinberg, Laser ignition of liquid propellants, Twenty third symposium (International) on combustion 23, (1991). 29. T.-W. Lee, V. Jain, and S. Kozola, Measurements of minimum ignition energy by using laser sparks for hydrocarbon fuels in air: propane, dodecane, and jet-a fuel, Combust. Flame 125(4), (2001). 30. X. Li, B. W. Smith, and N. Omenetto, Laser spark ignition of premixed methane/air mixtures: parameter measurements and determination of key factors for ultimate ignition results, Combust. Flame. Submitted. 31. B. Lewis and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases (Academic Press, 197). 32. A. Lifshitz, K. Scheller, A. Burcat, and G. B. Skinner, Shock-tube investigation of ignition in methane-oxygenargon mixtures, Combust. Flame 16(3), (1971). 33. F. Ferioli, P. V. Puzinauskas, and S. G. Buckley, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for on-line engine equivalence ratio measurements, Appl. Spectrosc. 57(9), (2003). 34. J. Kiefer, J. W. Tröger, Z. S. Li, and M. Aldén, Laser-induced plasma in methane and dimethyl ether for flame ignition and combustion diagnostics, Appl. Phys. B 3(1), (2011). 1. Introduction During the last two decades, laser induced spark ignition (LSI) has been proposed as a promising ignition technique [1 13] with many potential benefits, including easier control of ignition position and ignition timing, no electrodes and thus no heat loss towards the combustion chamber that may lead to extinguishment of the combustion systems [5], wider ignitable equivalence ratio range [11], feasibility of multi-point ignition [9] and ease of synchronization with the diagnostic systems [7]. With the developments of compact and stable solid laser systems [14] for LSI, practical applications of LSI have been demonstrated in several combustion systems, including internal combustion engines [15], natural gas engines [11], model scramjet engine [16], and rocket engines [17 24]. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) and ignition time are two important parameters for the design and evaluation of the combustion systems that apply the LSI technique. Several groups have recently characterized the laser ignition processes, with special concentration on the MIE measurements. Phuoc and White [] successfully ignited methane/air mixtures in a combustion cell using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser, and found that the lowest ignition energy for equivalence ratios (Ф) in the range of was about 3-4 mj. Beduneau et al. [25] (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 344
3 investigated the MIE of premixed methane/air mixtures and observed similar trends as those obtained by Phuoc et al. []. Kopecek et al. [26] performed laser ignition of methane/air mixtures in a combustion chamber at elevated initial pressures and reported that the minimum laser pulse energy was in the range of -15 mj and decreased with the increasing pressure and Ф. All the above measurements were performed on premixed fuel/oxidant mixtures, and few researchers have reported the MIE values for the LSI of diffusion flames except for Phuoc et al. [27]. Meanwhile, the ignition time is also an important parameter for the LSI systems, especially for the laser igniters of rocket engines which require rapid and punctual response and control. If the ignition time is too long, the propellants will accumulate in the chamber and may lead to hard starts and even catastrophic explosions. To our knowledge, only Phuoc et al. [27] reported the ignition time of LSI in a jet diffusion methane flame, and detailed results on the effects of the oxygen concentration, flow rate and ignition position on the ignition time have not been reported before. The LSI of coaxial gaseous hydrogen/liquid oxygen spray and gaseous methane/oxygen has been reported by Oschwald and his collaborators [22 24]. However, they mainly concentrated on the investigations of the transient propellant spray and flame behaviors using a high-speed imaging technique, the MIE and ignition time were not reported. In this paper, we performed the laser induced spark ignition of coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames to simulate the LSI behaviors on a model rocket engine with coaxial injectors. The MIE and ignition time of the LSI were determined, and the effects of gas mixture properties, including the overall Ф, oxygen concentration and flow rate, and ignition positions on the two parameters were investigated and discussed systematically. 2. Experimental apparatus The experimental apparatus for the LSI of the coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of three subsystems: the gas mixing and burner system, laser ignition and diagnostic system, and synchronization system. Fig. 1. Experimental apparatus for the LSI of the methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames. The burner consists of two coaxial quartz tubes. The inner tube has an inner and outer diameter of 7.2 mm and mm, respectively, while the annulus tube has an outer diameter of 12 mm. The detailed schematic of the coaxial burner is shown in Fig. 2. The oxygen and nitrogen is premixed to a specific oxygen concentration (χ O2 ) which is defined as the mole concentration of the oxygen in the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, and then flows into the inner tube. Pure methane (>99.5%) is introduced through the outer annulus tube. The flow rate and overall Ф of the gas mixture are controlled by three calibrated mass flow meters (D07-19B, Sevenstar electronics). To enable spatially resolved measurements, the burner is (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3449
4 mounted on a three-dimensional translation stage that can be adjusted relative to the laser generated sparks. For the diffusion flame, the ignition position is an important factor for a successful ignition, thus a coordinate system is introduced to address the ignition position. As shown in Fig. 2, the origin of the coordinates is fixed to the axis of the burner on the plane of the burner tip. The positive direction of the X axis is the same with the laser incidence direction. The positive direction of the Y axis is perpendicular to the X axis and to the right when facing the laser incidence direction. The Z axis is then determined using the right-handed coordinate system. The ignition position in the flow field is then given with the coordinates in the form of (X, Y, Z) throughout the whole paper. Fig. 2. Schematic of the coaxial burner and definition of the coordinate system. A laser diode pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (SpitLight DPSSL-250, Innolas) is used for the laser ignition measurements. The 64 nm, ~ nanosecond output of the laser is focused into the methane/oxygen/nitrogen gas flow using a 25mm diameter BK7 lens with a focal length of 150 mm to generate the laser sparks. Assuming that the focused laser beam around the focal spot is cylindrical with a Gaussian beam profile, the diameter and length of the focal region are estimated as.47 μm and μm, respectively, using the formulas given by Beduneau et al. [25]. The laser is operated at a pulse rate of 2 Hz. The input laser pulse energy is measured with energy detector 1 (J-MB-HE, Coherent) through a beam splitter with a 5% energy extraction. The residual energy after the generation of the laser sparks is measured with energy detector 2 (J-50MB-HE, Coherent). The output of the two energy meters is collected using a two-channel energy meter (EPM2000, Molectron) and read out through a RS232-USB interface. The spark energy is then calculated as the difference of the input energy and the residual energy. The success or failure of the laser ignition events is determined by measuring the emission due to the ignited flames during the ignition processes. Typically, in the case of a successful ignition, a stable flame will be generated above the burner after firing of the laser spark, and strong flame emission can be observed. The flame emission is imaged onto the window of a fast photomultiplier tube (PMT, rise time < 2 ns) using a 25 mm diameter, 75 mm focal length BK7 lens. The PMT signal is amplified 25 times using a low noise four-channel preamplifier (SR445A, Stanford Research Systems) and then monitored and collected using a 1 GHz sampling rate digital storage oscilloscope (DPO7014, Tektronix). The PMT signal profiles are then read out and saved through a GPIB-USB port. The synchronization of the whole measurement system is realized using a digital delay generator (DG645, Stanford Research Systems). The external triggers for the flashlamp and Q-Switch of the Nd:YAG laser, the energy meter, and the oscilloscope are all provided by the output of the delay generator. With the synchronization system, the spark energy and the (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3450
5 PMT profile of each ignition event can be simultaneously obtained, enabling the correlation of the parameters with each other. 3. Results and discussions 3.1 Definitions and methods The MIE is defined as the smallest spark energy applied for a successful ignition event [2]. For the measurements presented here, since all the flames can burn stably above the burner after been successfully ignited, the MIE measurement is performed in a single-pulse mode [27]. The stable flame is extinguished by switching off the methane flow, and after that the methane flow is resumed and stabilized for 30 seconds for the next ignition test. Considering the stochastic behaviors of the laser induced breakdown processes, the single-pulse measurements are repeated 7 times and the MIE is determined as the average value of the spark energies of all the successful ignition events [25, 29]. The typical flame emission signal profile observed for a successful ignition event is shown in Fig. 3. The strong peak signal observed at the early time is due to the laser plasma emission which usually lasts for about 1-2 μs. It is shown that when the laser spark is generated in the gas mixture, there is a time gap before the flame emission signal emerges. The ignition time is then defined as the time gap between the onset of the laser spark and the time when the flame emission signal emerges. PMT signal (a.u.) Flame emission Ignition time Laser plasma emission Time (μs) Fig. 3. Determination of the success of the LSI and definition of the ignition time. 3.2 MIE and ignition time of different gas mixture properties Overall equivalence ratio effect We measured the MIE and ignition time of the LSI of the methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames with different overall Ф in the range of The ignition position is fixed to (3, 0, 15), the χ O2 is fixed to 50%, and the total flow rate is fixed to 2.2 liter per minute (LPM). Shown in Fig. 4(a) is the MIE of different overall Ф. The error bars shown in the figure are the standard deviation of the measured spark energies. It is shown that the MIE is around 4 mj and varies little with the overall Ф of and increases to ~7.5 mj with the overall Ф of 0.3. The MIE values obtained here are similar to the results obtained by Phuoc et al. [27] who reported a spark energy of ~4 mj to successfully ignite a methane jet diffusion flame. However, the trend of the variation of the MIE with the overall Ф is different from the results obtained in the LSI of the premixed methane/air mixtures [, 25, 30]. For the premixed methane/air mixtures, the variation of the MIE with the overall Ф is typically of U-shape, i.e., the MIE approaches its minimum value around the stoichiometry, but increases rapidly towards the fuel lean and rich ends [, 25, 30]. The differences between the MIE values of the (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3451
6 diffusion flame and the premixed flame is probably due to the deviation of the local Ф at the ignition spot from the nominal overall Ф set by the mass flow meters for the diffusion flame. In the reported relationship of MIE vs. Ф for the premixed methane/air mixtures, the MIE varies little with the Ф in the range of [] or [30], depending on the burner systems applied. Meanwhile, the local Ф region for the invariant MIE might be expanded, since wider flammability limits have been reported in electric spark initiated ignition of the oxygen-enriched gas mixtures [31]. For the overall Ф in the range of , the local Ф may well within the invariant region, thus leading to an almost constant MIE value. When the overall Ф is too lean, the corresponding local Ф may approach the fuel lean end, and as reported in the LSI of premixed methane/air mixtures [, 25, 30], the MIE will then increase accordingly. Detailed distributions of the local Ф in the diffusion flow field will be presented in section 3.3. MIE (mj) Equivalence ratio Ignition time (μs) Equivalence ratio (a) (b) Fig. 4. MIE (a) and ignition time (b) of different overall equivalence ratios. The ignition time of different overall Ф is shown in Fig. 4(b). It is shown that the minimum ignition time is obtained as ~200 μs with overall Ф of When the overall Ф varies towards the fuel lean end, the ignition time firstly increases gradually to ~400 μs with overall Ф of and then increases quickly to ~100 μs with overall Ф of 0.2. The variation of the ignition time with the overall Ф to the fuel rich end has a different trend. The ignition time varies little with the Ф in the range , and keeps at around 400 μs. The ignition time reported here is about one order of magnitude lower than that obtained by Phuoc et al. [27] and Li et al. [30]. This is probably due to the relatively higher oxygen concentration in the gas mixture: the χ O2 is 50% in the measurements presented in this work, while both Phuoc et al. [27] and Li et al. [30] used a χ O2 of 21%. Actually, the ignition time of methane/oxygen mixtures has been investigated in a shock-tube facility [32]. Ignition time of -600 μs was obtained and the ignition time (τ) was reported to be approximately inversely proportional to the oxygen mole concentration in the gas mixture ([O 2 ]) with a relationship of τ [O 2 ] -1.03, which again indicates that higher χ O2 might lead to a shorter ignition time Oxygen concentration effect The MIE and ignition time of the LSI of the methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames with different oxygen concentrations of the oxygen/nitrogen mixture are shown in Fig. 5. The ignition position is fixed to (3, 0, ). The flow rate is fixed to 2.2 LPM. The overall Ф are 0.7, 1.0 and 1.3, respectively, and the χ O2 is 20%, 40% and 60%, respectively. It is shown that for all the three overall Ф, the MIE does not have a specific trend with the increasing oxygen concentration. The MIE values of different oxygen concentrations are comparable with each other. However, the ignition time has a clear trend with the increasing oxygen concentration. It decreases gradually with the increase of the oxygen concentration. The decrease of the (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3452
7 ignition time may be due to the reduced dilution effect of the nitrogen when the oxygen concentration is high. MIE (mj) Oxygen concentration (%) (a) Overall Φ=0.7 Overall Φ=1.0 Overall Φ=1.3 Ignition time (μs) 900 Overall Φ=0.7 Overall Φ= Overall Φ= Oxygen concentration (%) Fig. 5. MIE (a) and ignition time (b) of different oxygen concentrations Flow rate effect The MIE and ignition time of the LSI of the methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames with different flow rates are shown in Fig. 6. The ignition position is set to (3, 0, ). The χ O2 is fixed to 50%. The overall Ф are 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3, respectively, and the total flow rates are varied from 2.2 LPM to 4.4 LPM. The flow velocities at the ignition position are estimated as cm/s from the gas flow velocities in the inner tube. According to Spiglanin et al. [2] and Beduneau et al. [25], the gas flow can be considered as stagnant during the laser spark generation and flame kernel formation processes, which have a typical expansion speed of the order of 5-6 cm/s [3] and 4 cm/s [25], respectively. Thus the gas flow should have little effect on the laser spark formation. It is shown that the MIE values are comparable with each other for all the flow rates investigated. The MIE values of different overall Ф are also comparable with each other, which is consistent with the results shown in Fig. 4(a). However, the ignition time is sensitive to the variation of the flow rates. The ignition time increases gradually with the increasing flow rates. The higher flow rates may cause more convection losses in the flame kernel [25], and lead to a lower initial flame kernel temperature. The lower initial temperature then lengthens the time needed to reach the critical ignition temperature, thus resulting a longer ignition time. (b) MIE (mj) 1 Overall Φ=0.7 Overall Φ= Overall Φ= Ignition time (μs) Overall Φ=0.7 Overall Φ=1.0 Overall Φ= Flow rate (LPM) Flow rate (LPM) (a) Fig. 6. MIE (a) and ignition time (b) of different flow rates. (b) (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3453
8 3.3 MIE and ignition time of different ignition positions For diffusion flames, since the fuel and oxidant diffuses and mixes with each other, the local mixing condition at different spatial positions relative to the burner assembly will vary greatly. Therefore, the ignition position can affect the MIE and ignition time greatly. The MIE and the ignition time of different ignition positions are measured by adjusting the burner assembly relative to the formed laser sparks. The total flow rate is fixed to 2.2 LPM. The overall Ф is set to 1.0, and the χ O2 is set to 50%. During the measurements, the Y coordinate is set to 0, i.e., the laser passes through the center of the inner tube (refer to the illustration of the coordinates system shown in Fig. 2). The horizontal position (X coordinate) is varied in the range of 0-5 mm, i.e., from the burner axis to the outer diameter of the inner tube. The vertical position (Z coordinate) is varied in the range of 1-11 mm. The measurements are performed in the XOZ plane with a spatial grid size of 1 mm 1 mm, and the contour distributions of the MIE and ignition time are obtained. Shown in Fig. 7 is the contour plot of the MIE values at different ignition positions. The white blank areas in the left, lower left and lower right parts of the plot indicate the spatial regions in which the gas mixture is unable to be ignited. It is shown that in the horizontal dimension, the MIE values of the ignition positions near the burner axis (with smaller X values) are smaller than those of the positions far from the burner axis (with larger X values). In the vertical dimension, the MIE varies with the vertical position with different trends in different horizontal regions. In the region with X coordinates of mm, the MIE is generally almost the same throughout the vertical regions investigated. In the region with X coordinates of mm, the MIE firstly increases gradually with the vertical position until Z coordinates of 6- mm, then decreases gradually with the vertical position. In the region with X coordinates of mm, the MIE decreases gradually with the vertical position. The largest MIE value is obtained as 17-1 mj in the region with X coordinates of mm and Z coordinates of mm. 11 Oxygen/Nitrogen Methane Vertical position Z (mm) Horizontal position X (mm) Fig. 7. Contour plot of the MIE values at different ignition positions. The contour plot of the ignition time at different ignition positions is shown in Fig.. It is shown that the shortest ignition time is obtained as less than 140 μs in the region with X coordinates of mm and Z coordinates of mm. Then the ignition time increases gradually towards the smaller and larger X coordinates, especially for the latter case. The longest ignition time is obtained as ~200 μs in the region with X coordinates of mm and Z coordinates of mm. (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3454
9 The MIE and ignition time of different ignition positions may be closely related to the local Ф at the corresponding ignition spots. The inner and outer diameters of the inner tube are shown in the contour plots with two dashed lines. Since the oxygen/nitrogen mixture and the pure methane begin to mix after they flow out the separated inner and outer tubes, it is conceivable that the local Ф will vary with the spatial positions. In the inner tube region (X<3.6 mm), since the oxidant is dominant, the gas mixture tends to be fuel lean. Actually, on the axis of the inner tube (X = 0) and in the lower left part of the contour plots, the mixture is too lean to be ignited. Since the pure methane flows through the horizontal region beyond the outer diameter of the inner tube (X>5 mm), the local Ф near the horizontal region with X = 5.0 mm tend to be fuel rich. Actually, in the lower right part of the contour plots, the gas mixture is too rich to be ignited. On the boundary of the oxidant and methane, due to the diffusion of the oxidant and fuel into each other, the local Ф will vary from fuel lean to stoichiometry and then to fuel rich with the increase of the X coordinates. Meanwhile, since the gas mixture will also mix with the ambient air above the burner, the local Ф will decrease with the increasing vertical positions. 11 Oxygen/Nitrogen Methane Vertical position Z (mm) Horizontal position X (mm) Fig.. Contour plot of the ignition time values at different ignition positions. The detailed distributions of the mole fraction of oxygen, mole fraction of methane and local Ф in the diffusion flow field are simulated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. As shown in Fig. 9, the simulation is performed in the spatial regions with X coordinates of 0-20 mm and Z coordinates of 0-96 mm. The flow conditions are the same with that of Fig. 7 and Fig., i.e., the flow rate is 2.2 LPM, the overall Ф is 1.0, and the χ O2 is 50%. Since the burner is axisymmetric, only the distribution on half of the XOZ plane is given. It is shown in Fig. 9(a) that the oxygen mole fraction approaches its highest value in the region near the burner axis and then decreases gradually when the ignition position moves vertically up along the burner axis or away from the burner axis. The lowest oxygen mole fraction is located in the region near the methane outlet. While for the methane flow (see Fig. 9(b)), the highest mole fraction values are obtained near the methane outlet and then it decreases gradually with the diffusion of the methane. The local Ф are calculated using the simulated mole fraction distributions of the oxygen and methane. As shown in Fig. 9(c), there are great variations in the local Ф of the diffusion flow field. The highest local Ф (>) is obtained near the methane outlet with X coordinates of 5-6 mm. Then the local Ф decreases gradually when the ignition position moves outwards from the methane outlet, due to the diffusion and mixing of the methane flow with both the oxidant flow and the ambient air. The lowest local Ф (~zero) is obtained in the region near the burner axis where the oxidant flow outlet locates and in the regions far beyond the methane outlet. It can be seen that the simulated distribution of the local Ф in the flow field are generally consistent with our above qualitative estimations. (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3455
10 Vertical position Z (mm) Vertical position Z (mm) Horizontal position X (mm) (a) Horizontal position X (mm) (b) Vertical position Z (mm) Horizontal position X (mm) 0 (c) Fig. 9. Simulated contour distributions of the mole fraction of oxygen (a), mole fraction of methane (b) and local equivalence ratio in the diffusion flow field. The flow rate is 2.2 LPM, the overall Ф is 1.0, and the χ O2 is 50%. The variation of the MIE and ignition time with the Ф in the LSI of the premixed methane/air mixtures has been investigated before [,25,30]. The MIE usually approaches its minimum value near the stoichiometry and increases gradually towards the fuel lean and rich ends. The MIE values of the fuel lean and rich ends are usually one order of magnitude higher than that of the stoichiometry, and the MIE values of the rich end is usually 2-5 times of that of the lean end [30]. The ignition time usually approaches its minimum value at the stoichiometric condition, and then increases towards the fuel rich and lean ends, and the ignition time of the rich end is slightly longer than that of the lean end [30]. It is shown that the measured spatial distributions of the MIE and ignition are generally consistent with the estimations using the relationships of the MIE and ignition time with the Ф obtained for the premixed methane/air mixtures. This again proves that the variation of the MIE and ignition time should be closely related to the local Ф in the diffusion flow field. 3.4 Discussions The local mixing condition within the flow field of the coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames can affect the ignition properties to a large extent. The simulation based on the CFD calculations can offer a general estimation on the local mixing conditions in the flow field and explain most of the experimental results. However, it is fair to point out that the CFD calculation presented here has its limitations. It seems that the local Ф are underestimated by the CFD calculations, especially in the regions near the burner axis. In the region with X coordinates of 1-2 mm and Z coordinates of 1- mm, the gas mixture would be unable to be ignited with the very low calculated local Ф values, which contradicts the measured results. Accurate measurement of the local Ф can offset the limitations of the CFD model. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique has been applied for the local Ф measurements [27,30,33,34]. By correlating the local Ф with the intensity ratio of two atomic (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3456
11 lines originating from the elements of the fuel and oxidant, respectively, the local Ф can be obtained. We have tried to measure the local Ф by using the line intensity ratio of H α line to the nitrogen atomic triplet lines around 742 nm or to the oxygen atomic triplet lines around 777 nm. However, due to the limitations of our spectrograph system, the above atomic emissions cannot be collected in the same detection window, and thus cannot be measured simultaneously. Therefore, the local Ф was not measured in the present paper. Work to reconstruct another spectrograph system with wider detection window is now in progress, and the local Ф can then be obtained. It should also be noted that the MIE values shown in Fig. 4(a) is lower than those shown in other figures. We think this is mainly due to its relatively higher ignition position. The ignition position in Fig. 4(a) is at (3, 0, 15). At the higher ignition position, the local Ф may be more close to the stoichiometry and thus lower MIE values were obtained. 4. Conclusions Laser spark ignition (LSI) of coaxial methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flames has been achieved using a 64 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) and ignition time of the LSI have been obtained by measuring the emission signals due to the ignited flames. The effects of the gas mixture properties, including the overall equivalence ratio (Ф), oxygen concentration, and flow rate, and the ignition positions on the MIE and ignition time have been investigated systematically. Several conclusions draw from our investigations can be summarized as follows: (i) Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations indicate that the local Ф varies greatly within the diffusion flow field. The local Ф approaches its maximum value near the methane outlet, and then decreases gradually when the ignition position moves outwards from the methane outlet, due to the diffusion and mixing of the methane flow with both the oxidant flow and the ambient air. The lowest local Ф is obtained in the region near the burner axis and far beyond the methane outlet. (ii) The spatial contour distributions of the MIE and ignition time have been measured, and they agree generally with the estimations based on the CFD simulations and the existing relationships of the MIE and ignition time with the Ф for the LSI of premixed methane/air mixtures. The MIE values of the ignition positions near the burner axis are smaller than those of the positions far from the burner axis. The shortest ignition time is obtained as less than 140 μs in the horizontal region mm away from the burner axis and vertical region mm above the burner tip. Then the ignition time increases gradually towards the smaller and larger distances away from the burner axis. The variation of the MIE and ignition time is believed to be closely related to the local Ф at the ignition positions. (iii) For the ignitions at (3, 0, 15), the MIE is around 4 mj and varies little with the overall Ф of and increases to ~7.5 mj with overall Ф of 0.3. The ignition time approaches it minimum value ~200 μs with overall Ф of , and increases to ~400 μs with Ф of and , and further to ~100 μs towards the fuel lean end. (iv) For the ignitions at (3, 0, ), the oxygen concentration and flow rate has little effect on the MIE. The ignition time decreases gradually with the increasing oxygen concentration, while increases gradually with the increasing flow rate. The MIE and ignition time values obtained for the LSI of the coaxial diffusion flames can serve as references for design and evaluation of the LSI system for the model rocket engines using coaxial injectors. Acknowledgments The authors thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No ) and Special Grants for National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development (Project No.2012YQ040164). (C) 2014 OSA February 2014 Vol. 22, No. 3 DOI:.1364/OE OPTICS EXPRESS 3457
METHANE/OXYGEN LASER IGNITION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET COMBUSTION CHAMBER: IMPACT OF MIXING AND IGNITION POSITION
SP2016_3124927 METHANE/OXYGEN LASER IGNITION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET COMBUSTION CHAMBER: IMPACT OF MIXING AND IGNITION POSITION Michael Wohlhüter, Victor P. Zhukov, Michael Börner Institute of Space
More informationLaser induced ignition of gasoline direct injection engines
Laser induced ignition of gasoline direct injection engines G. Liedl *a,d.schuöcker a,b.geringer b,j.graf b, D. Klawatsch b,h.p.lenz b,w.f.piock c,m. Jetzinger c, P. Kapus c a Institute for Forming- and
More informationSPECTROSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC OF TRANSIENT PLASMA PRODUCED BY A SPARK PLUG *
SPECTROSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC OF TRANSIENT PLASMA PRODUCED BY A SPARK PLUG B. HNATIUC 1, S. PELLERIN 2, E. HNATIUC 1, R. BURLICA 1, N. CERQUEIRA 2, D. ASTANEI 1 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical
More informationEffects of Dilution Flow Balance and Double-wall Liner on NOx Emission in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Combustors
Effects of Dilution Flow Balance and Double-wall Liner on NOx Emission in Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Combustors 9 HIDEKI MORIAI *1 Environmental regulations on aircraft, including NOx emissions, have
More informationNormal vs Abnormal Combustion in SI engine. SI Combustion. Turbulent Combustion
Turbulent Combustion The motion of the charge in the engine cylinder is always turbulent, when it is reached by the flame front. The charge motion is usually composed by large vortexes, whose length scales
More informationExperimental Testing of a Rotating Detonation Engine Coupled to Nozzles at Conditions Approaching Flight
25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 205 Leeds, UK Experimental Testing of a Rotating Detonation Engine Coupled to Nozzles at Conditions Approaching Flight Matthew L. Fotia*, Fred Schauer Air Force Research Laboratory
More informationCombustion characteristics of n-heptane droplets in a horizontal small quartz tube
Combustion characteristics of n-heptane droplets in a horizontal small quartz tube Junwei Li*, Rong Yao, Zuozhen Qiu, Ningfei Wang School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing
More informationShock-tube study of the addition effect of CF 2 BrCl on the ignition of light hydrocarbons
25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK Shock-tube study of the addition effect of CF 2 BrCl on the ignition of light hydrocarbons O. Mathieu, C. Gregoire, and E. L. Petersen Texas A&M University, Department
More informationLaser ignition of a multi-injector research combustion chamber under high altitude conditions 1
7 TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE SCIENCES (EUCASS) Laser ignition of a multi-injector research combustion chamber under high altitude conditions 1 Michael Börner* and Chiara Manfletti**
More informationIgnition Transient of Supercritical Oxygen/Kerosene Combustion System
25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK Ignition Transient of Supercritical Oxygen/Kerosene Combustion System Dohun Kim, Keunwoong Lee Graduate School of Korea Aerospace University Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic
More informationAuto-ignition of Premixed Methane/air Mixture in the Presence of Dust
25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK Auto-ignition of Premixed Methane/air Mixture in the Presence of Dust V.V. Leschevich, O.G. Penyazkov, S.Yu. Shimchenko Physical and Chemical Hydrodynamics Laboratory,
More informationExperimental Investigation of Hot Surface Ignition of Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures
Paper # 2D-09 7th US National Technical Meeting of the Combustion Institute Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Mar 20-23, 2011. Topic: Laminar Flames Experimental Investigation of Hot Surface
More informationWhat is ignition? A Combustion File downloaded from the IFRF Online Combustion Handbook ISSN Maximilian Lackner and Franz Winter
What is ignition? A Combustion File downloaded from the IFRF Online Combustion Handbook ISSN 1607-9116 Combustion File No: 256 Version No: 1 Date: 12-01-2004 Author(s): Source(s): Sub-editor: Referee(s):
More informationSTATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF LASER IGNITION OF A CRYOGENIC RESEARCH RCS THRUSTER
STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF LASER IGNITION OF A CRYOGENIC RESEARCH RCS THRUSTER Michael Börner and Chiara Manfletti Institute of Space Propulsion, German Aerospace Center (DLR) June 3, 2014 1 Abstract 2
More informationDevelopment of the Micro Combustor
Development of the Micro Combustor TAKAHASHI Katsuyoshi : Advanced Technology Department, Research & Engineering Division, Aero-Engine & Space Operations KATO Soichiro : Doctor of Engineering, Heat & Fluid
More informationFundamental Kinetics Database Utilizing Shock Tube Measurements
Fundamental Kinetics Database Utilizing Shock Tube Measurements Volume 1: Ignition Delay Time Measurements D. F. Davidson and R. K. Hanson Mechanical Engineering Department Stanford University, Stanford
More informationALCOHOL LOX STEAM GENERATOR TEST EXPERIENCE
ALCOHOL LOX STEAM GENERATOR TEST EXPERIENCE Klaus Schäfer, Michael Dommers DLR, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Space Propulsion D 74239 Hardthausen / Lampoldshausen, Germany Klaus.Schaefer@dlr.de
More informationIgnition delay studies on hydrocarbon fuel with and without additives
Ignition delay studies on hydrocarbon fuel with and without additives M. Nagaboopathy 1, Gopalkrishna Hegde 1, K.P.J. Reddy 1, C. Vijayanand 2, Mukesh Agarwal 2, D.S.S. Hembram 2, D. Bilehal 2, and E.
More informationProposal to establish a laboratory for combustion studies
Proposal to establish a laboratory for combustion studies Jayr de Amorim Filho Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory SCRE Single Cylinder Research Engine Laboratory OUTLINE Requirements,
More informationPERFORMANCE ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF PULSE DETONATION ENGINE WITH DIFFERENT BLOCKAGE RATIOS FOR HYDROGEN-AIR MIXTURE
PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF PULSE DETONATION ENGINE WITH DIFFERENT BLOCKAGE RATIOS FOR HYDROGEN-AIR MIXTURE Nadella Karthik 1, Repaka Ramesh 2, N.V.V.K Chaitanya 3, Linsu Sebastian 4 1,2,3,4
More informationInvestigation of a promising method for liquid hydrocarbons spraying
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Investigation of a promising method for liquid hydrocarbons spraying To cite this article: E P Kopyev and E Yu Shadrin 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
More informationModule7:Advanced Combustion Systems and Alternative Powerplants Lecture 32:Stratified Charge Engines
ADVANCED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS AND ALTERNATIVE POWERPLANTS The Lecture Contains: DIRECT INJECTION STRATIFIED CHARGE (DISC) ENGINES Historical Overview Potential Advantages of DISC Engines DISC Engine Combustion
More informationRecent enhancement to SI-ICE combustion models: Application to stratified combustion under large EGR rate and lean burn
Recent enhancement to SI-ICE combustion models: Application to stratified combustion under large EGR rate and lean burn G. Desoutter, A. Desportes, J. Hira, D. Abouri, K.Oberhumer, M. Zellat* TOPICS Introduction
More informationHomogeneous Charge Compression Ignition combustion and fuel composition
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition combustion and fuel composition This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by
More information1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
HIGH PRESSURE HYDROGEN INJECTION SYSTEM FOR A LARGE BORE 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: INVESTIGATION OF THE MIXTURE FORMATION WITH LASER-OPTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS Dipl.-Ing. F.
More informationThe Effects of Chamber Temperature and Pressure on a GDI Spray Characteristics in a Constant Volume Chamber
한국동력기계공학회지제18권제6호 pp. 186-192 2014년 12월 (ISSN 1226-7813) Journal of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2014.18.6.186 Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 186-192, December 2014
More informationThe spray characteristic of gas-liquid coaxial swirl injector by experiment
The spray characteristic of gas-liquid coaxial swirl injector by experiment Chen Chen 1,2, Yan Zhihui 2, Yang Yang 2, Gao Hongli 1, Yang Shunhua 2 and Zhang Lei 2 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest
More informationIA HYSAFE & JRC IET WORKSHOP Research Priorities and Knowledge Gaps in Hydrogen Safety. Hydrogen Ignition and Light up Probabilities.
IA HYSAFE & JRC IET WORKSHOP Research Priorities and Knowledge Gaps in Hydrogen Safety Hydrogen Ignition and Light up Probabilities www.hsl.gov.uk An An Agency Agency of the of Health the Health and Safety
More informationUniversity Turbine Systems Research Industrial Fellowship. Southwest Research Institute
Correlating Induced Flashback with Air- Fuel Mixing Profiles for SoLoNOx Biomass Injector Ryan Ehlig University of California, Irvine Mentor: Raj Patel Supervisor: Ram Srinivasan Department Manager: Andy
More informationNumerical Investigation of the Effect of Excess Air and Thermal Power Variation in a Liquid Fuelled Boiler
Proceedings of the World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer (MHMT 16) Prague, Czech Republic April 4 5, 2016 Paper No. CSP 105 DOI: 10.11159/csp16.105 Numerical Investigation of the Effect of
More informationObservation of Flame Stabilized at a Hydrogen-Turbojet-Engine Injector Installed into a Lab-Scale Combustion Wind Tunnel
Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 1, No. ists28, pp. Pa_19-Pa_24, 212 Original Paper Observation of Flame Stabilized at a Hydrogen-Turbojet-Engine Injector Installed into a Lab-Scale Combustion Wind
More informationConfirmation of paper submission
Dr. Marina Braun-Unkhoff Institute of Combustion Technology DLR - German Aerospace Centre Pfaffenwaldring 30-40 70569 Stuttgart 28. Mai 14 Confirmation of paper submission Name: Email: Co-author: 2nd co-author:
More informationExperimental Research on Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fuel Ignition for Scramjet at Ma=4
Modern Applied Science; Vol. 7, No. 3; 2013 ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Experimental Research on Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fuel Ignition for Scramjet
More informationPaper ID ICLASS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SPRAY IMPINGEMENT ON A RAPIDLY ROTATING CYLINDER WALL
ICLASS-26 Aug.27-Sept.1, 26, Kyoto, Japan Paper ID ICLASS6-142 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SPRAY IMPINGEMENT ON A RAPIDLY ROTATING CYLINDER WALL Osman Kurt 1 and Günther Schulte 2 1 Ph.D. Student, University
More informationPOSIBILITIES TO IMPROVED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, USING C.F.D. PROGRAM
POSIBILITIES TO IMPROVED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, USING C.F.D. PROGRAM Alexandru-Bogdan Muntean *, Anghel,Chiru, Ruxandra-Cristina (Dica) Stanescu, Cristian Soimaru Transilvania
More informationModule 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions Lecture 3: Introduction to Pollutant Formation POLLUTANT FORMATION
Module 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions POLLUTANT FORMATION The Lecture Contains: Engine Emissions Typical Exhaust Emission Concentrations Emission Formation in SI Engines Emission
More informationImprovement of Atomization Characteristics of Spray by Multi-Hole Nozzle for Pressure Atomized Type Injector
, 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Brno, Czech Republic, September 2010 Improvement of Atomization Characteristics of Spray by Multi-Hole Nozzle for Pressure Atomized Type
More informationModule 2:Genesis and Mechanism of Formation of Engine Emissions Lecture 9:Mechanisms of HC Formation in SI Engines... contd.
Mechanisms of HC Formation in SI Engines... contd. The Lecture Contains: HC from Lubricating Oil Film Combustion Chamber Deposits HC Mixture Quality and In-Cylinder Liquid Fuel HC from Misfired Combustion
More informationExperimental Study of LPG Diffusion Flame at Elevated Preheated Air Temperatures
Experimental Study of LPG Diffusion Flame at Elevated Preheated Air Temperatures A. A. Amer, H. M. Gad, I. A. Ibrahim, S. I. Abdel-Mageed, T. M. Farag Abstract This paper represents an experimental study
More informationMultipulse Detonation Initiation by Spark Plugs and Flame Jets
Multipulse Detonation Initiation by Spark Plugs and Flame Jets S. M. Frolov, V. S. Aksenov N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Moscow Physical Engineering
More informationInternal Combustion Optical Sensor (ICOS)
Internal Combustion Optical Sensor (ICOS) Optical Engine Indication The ICOS System In-Cylinder Optical Indication 4air/fuel ratio 4exhaust gas concentration and EGR 4gas temperature 4analysis of highly
More informationHERCULES-2 Project. Deliverable: D8.8
HERCULES-2 Project Fuel Flexible, Near Zero Emissions, Adaptive Performance Marine Engine Deliverable: D8.8 Study an alternative urea decomposition and mixer / SCR configuration and / or study in extended
More informationA Study of EGR Stratification in an Engine Cylinder
A Study of EGR Stratification in an Engine Cylinder Bassem Ramadan Kettering University ABSTRACT One strategy to decrease the amount of oxides of nitrogen formed and emitted from certain combustion devices,
More informationPlasma Assisted Combustion in Complex Flow Environments
High Fidelity Modeling and Simulation of Plasma Assisted Combustion in Complex Flow Environments Vigor Yang Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
More informationVISUALIZATION OF AUTO-IGNITION OF END GAS REGION WITHOUT KNOCK IN A SPARK-IGNITION NATURAL GAS ENGINE
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 17, No. 4 21 VISUALIZATION OF AUTO-IGNITION OF END GAS REGION WITHOUT KNOCK IN A SPARK-IGNITION NATURAL GAS ENGINE Eiji Tomita, Nobuyuki Kawahara Okayama
More informationMarc ZELLAT, Driss ABOURI, Thierry CONTE and Riyad HECHAICHI CD-adapco
16 th International Multidimensional Engine User s Meeting at the SAE Congress 2006,April,06,2006 Detroit, MI RECENT ADVANCES IN SI ENGINE MODELING: A NEW MODEL FOR SPARK AND KNOCK USING A DETAILED CHEMISTRY
More informationINFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF NOZZLE HOLES ON THE UNBURNED FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE
INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF NOZZLE HOLES ON THE UNBURNED FUEL IN DIESEL ENGINE 1. UNIVERSITY OF RUSE, 8, STUDENTSKA STR., 7017 RUSE, BULGARIA 1. Simeon ILIEV ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to
More informationLaser Spark Ignition for Advanced Reciprocating Engines
Laser Spark Ignition for Advanced Reciprocating Engines Presenter: Mike McMillian December 3, 2003 2003 Distributed Energy Peer Review ARES Overview: Program Benefits The ARES Program provides greater
More informationTheoretical Study of the effects of Ignition Delay on the Performance of DI Diesel Engine
Theoretical Study of the effects of Ignition Delay on the Performance of DI Diesel Engine Vivek Shankhdhar a, Neeraj Kumar b a M.Tech Scholar, Moradabad Institute of Technology, India b Asst. Proff. Mechanical
More informationSmoke Reduction Methods Using Shallow-Dish Combustion Chamber in an HSDI Common-Rail Diesel Engine
Special Issue Challenges in Realizing Clean High-Performance Diesel Engines 17 Research Report Smoke Reduction Methods Using Shallow-Dish Combustion Chamber in an HSDI Common-Rail Diesel Engine Yoshihiro
More informationCALCULUS AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LASER PLUG
CALCULUS AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LASER PLUG UDC:662.6 INTRODUCTION The domain of the presented paper is an interdisciplinary domain. For one to make an integrated system that can ignite fuel mixtures using
More informationDevelopment of a Non-Catalytic JP-8 Reformer
2018 NDIA GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM POWER & MOBILITY (P&M) TECHNICAL SESSION AUGUST 7-9, 2018 - NOVI, MICHIGAN Development of a Non-Catalytic JP-8 Reformer Chien-Hua Chen,
More informationLaser induced ignition
Laser induced ignition G. Liedl *a, D. Schuöcker a, B. Geringer b, J. Graf b, D. Klawatsch b, H.P. Lenz b, W.F. Piock c, M. Jetzinger c, P. Kapus c a Institute for Forming and High Power Laser Technology,
More informationInitiation of detonation in iso-octane/air mixture under high pressure and temperature condition in closed cylinder
25 th ICDERS August 2 7, 2015 Leeds, UK in iso-octane/air mixture under high pressure and temperature condition in closed cylinder Zhi Wang a *, Xin He a,b, Hui Liu a, Yunliang Qi a, Peng Zhang b, Jianxin
More informationStudy on Flow Fields in Variable Area Nozzles for Radial Turbines
Vol. 4 No. 2 August 27 Study on Fields in Variable Area Nozzles for Radial Turbines TAMAKI Hideaki : Doctor of Engineering, P. E. Jp, Manager, Turbo Machinery Department, Product Development Center, Corporate
More informationThe study of an electric spark for igniting a fuel mixture
21, 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, OPTIM 21 The study of an electric spark for igniting a fuel mixture B Hnatiuc*, S Pellerin**, E Hnatiuc*, R Burlica*
More informationFEATURE ARTICLE. Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate Matter Using Flame Ionization Detectors. Hirokazu Fukushima
FEATURE ARTICLE FEATURE ARTICLE Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate Matter Using Flame Ionization Detectors Advanced Function Analyzers: Real-time Measurement of Particulate
More informationTHE USE OF Φ-T MAPS FOR SOOT PREDICTION IN ENGINE MODELING
THE USE OF ΦT MAPS FOR SOOT PREDICTION IN ENGINE MODELING Arturo de Risi, Teresa Donateo, Domenico Laforgia Università di Lecce Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell Innovazione, 731 via Arnesano, Lecce Italy
More informationSupersonic Combustion Experimental Investigation at T2 Hypersonic Shock Tunnel
Supersonic Combustion Experimental Investigation at T2 Hypersonic Shock Tunnel D. Romanelli Pinto, T.V.C. Marcos, R.L.M. Alcaide, A.C. Oliveira, J.B. Chanes Jr., P.G.P. Toro, and M.A.S. Minucci 1 Introduction
More informationCombustion and emission characteristics of HCNG in a constant volume chamber
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 25 (2) (2011) 489~494 www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x DOI 10.1007/s12206-010-1231-5 Combustion and emission characteristics of HCNG in a constant volume
More informationDaimlerChrysler Alternative Particulate Measurement page 1/8
DaimlerChrysler Alternative Particulate Measurement page 1/8 Investigation of Alternative Methods to Determine Particulate Mass Emissions Dr. Oliver Mörsch Petra Sorsche DaimlerChrysler AG Background and
More informationCONTROLLING COMBUSTION IN HCCI DIESEL ENGINES
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION IN HCCI DIESEL ENGINES Nicolae Ispas *, Mircea Năstăsoiu, Mihai Dogariu Transilvania University of Brasov KEYWORDS HCCI, Diesel Engine, controlling, air-fuel mixing combustion ABSTRACT
More informationPulverized Coal Ignition Delay under Conventional and Oxy-Fuel Combustion Conditions
Pulverized Coal Ignition Delay under Conventional and Oxy-Fuel Combustion Conditions Christopher Shaddix, Yinhe Liu, Manfred Geier, and Alejandro Molina Combustion Research Facility Livermore, CA 94550
More informationDevelopment of Bi-Fuel Systems for Satisfying CNG Fuel Properties
Keihin Technical Review Vol.6 (2017) Technical Paper Development of Bi-Fuel Systems for Satisfying Fuel Properties Takayuki SHIMATSU *1 Key Words:, NGV, Bi-fuel add-on system, Fuel properties 1. Introduction
More informationRotating Detonation Wave Stability. Piotr Wolański Warsaw University of Technology
Rotating Detonation Wave Stability Piotr Wolański Warsaw University of Technology Abstract In this paper the analysis of stability of rotating detonation wave in cylindrical channel is discussed. On the
More informationEFFECT OF INJECTION ORIENTATION ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE: THROUGH CFD SIMULATION
EFFECT OF INJECTION ORIENTATION ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE: THROUGH CFD SIMULATION *P. Manoj Kumar 1, V. Pandurangadu 2, V.V. Pratibha Bharathi 3 and V.V. Naga Deepthi 4 1 Department of
More informationLearning Equipment for the Flammability Limits of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
American Journal of Applied Sciences 9 (8): 1316-1320, 2012 ISSN 1546-9239 2012 Science Publications Learning Equipment for the Flammability Limits of Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1 Siriratchanee Sirisawat
More information8 th International Symposium TCDE Choongsik Bae and Sangwook Han. 9 May 2011 KAIST Engine Laboratory
8 th International Symposium TCDE 2011 Choongsik Bae and Sangwook Han 9 May 2011 KAIST Engine Laboratory Contents 1. Background and Objective 2. Experimental Setup and Conditions 3. Results and Discussion
More informationProblems of Plasma Ignition System
Problems of Plasma Ignition System Akio OKAHARA Abstract DENSO TEN joined the development of a microwave-based powerful ignition system (plasma ignition system) which was a core technology for realizing
More informationSTATE OF THE ART OF PLASMATRON FUEL REFORMERS FOR HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol. 3 (52) - 2010 Series I: Engineering Sciences STATE OF THE ART OF PLASMATRON FUEL REFORMERS FOR HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES R.
More information[Rao, 4(7): July, 2015] ISSN: (I2OR), Publication Impact Factor: 3.785
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY CFD ANALYSIS OF GAS COOLER FOR ASSORTED DESIGN PARAMETERS B Nageswara Rao * & K Vijaya Kumar Reddy * Head of Mechanical Department,
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ISSN:1991-8178 Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com Efficient and Environmental Friendly NO x Emission Reduction Design of Aero Engine Gas
More informationDual Fuel Engine Charge Motion & Combustion Study
Dual Fuel Engine Charge Motion & Combustion Study STAR-Global-Conference March 06-08, 2017 Berlin Kamlesh Ghael, Prof. Dr. Sebastian Kaiser (IVG-RF), M. Sc. Felix Rosenthal (IFKM-KIT) Introduction: Operation
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BLENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Haroun A. K. Shahad hakshahad@yahoo.com Department of mechanical
More informationISSN: ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 4, Issue 7, January 2015
Effect of Auxiliary Injection Ratio on the Characteristic of Lean Limit in Early Direct Injection Natural Gas Engine Tran Dang Quoc Department of Internal Combustion Engine School of Transportation Engineering,
More informationInfluence of ANSYS FLUENT on Gas Engine Modeling
Influence of ANSYS FLUENT on Gas Engine Modeling George Martinas, Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa 1, Nicolae Buzbuchi, Andreea Arsenie 2 1 CERONAV 2 Constanta Maritime University Romania georgemartinas@ceronav.ro,
More informationPotential of Large Output Power, High Thermal Efficiency, Near-zero NOx Emission, Supercharged, Lean-burn, Hydrogen-fuelled, Direct Injection Engines
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 29 (2012 ) 455 462 World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2012 Potential of Large Output Power, High Thermal Efficiency, Near-zero NOx Emission, Supercharged,
More informationMODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH ADDITION OF HYDROGEN-HYDROGEN-OXYGEN GAS
S465 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH ADDITION OF HYDROGEN-HYDROGEN-OXYGEN GAS by Karu RAGUPATHY* Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,
More informationCharging and Discharging Method of Lead Acid Batteries Based on Internal Voltage Control
Charging and Discharging Method of Lead Acid Batteries Based on Internal Voltage Control Song Jie Hou 1, Yoichiro Onishi 2, Shigeyuki Minami 3, Hajimu Ikeda 4, Michio Sugawara 5, and Akiya Kozawa 6 1 Graduate
More informationThe Impact of Common Rail System s Control Parameters on the Performance of High-power Diesel
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 16 (1) 67 7 1 International Conference on Future Energy, Environment, and Materials The Impact of Common Rail System s Control Parameters on the
More informationModule 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Lecture 14:Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions
Module 3: Influence of Engine Design and Operating Parameters on Emissions Effect of SI Engine Design and Operating Variables on Emissions The Lecture Contains: SI Engine Variables and Emissions Compression
More informationPaper ID ICLASS Spray and Mixture Properties of Group-Hole Nozzle for D.I. Diesel Engines
Paper ID ICLASS6-171 Spray and Mixture Properties of Group-Hole Nozzle for D.I. Diesel Engines Keiya Nishida 1, Shinsuke Nomura 2 and Yuhei, Matsumoto 3 ICLASS-26 Aug.27-Sept.1, 26, Kyoto, Japan 1 Assosiate
More informationSPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTI-CIRCULAR JET PLATE IN AN AIR-ASSISTED ATOMIZER USING SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY
SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTI-CIRCULAR JET PLATE IN AN AIR-ASSISTED ATOMIZER USING SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY Shahrin Hisham Amirnordin 1, Amir Khalid, Azwan Sapit, Bukhari Manshoor and Muhammad Firdaus
More informationHigh Pressure Spray Characterization of Vegetable Oils
, 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Brno, Czech Republic, September 2010 Devendra Deshmukh, A. Madan Mohan, T. N. C. Anand and R. V. Ravikrishna Department of Mechanical Engineering
More informationDetection of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas According to ASTM D5504 with an Agilent Dual Plasma Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detector
Detection of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas According to ASTM D554 with an Agilent Dual Plasma Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detector Application Note Author Rebecca Veeneman Abstract Sulfur compounds in natural
More informationHydrogen addition in a spark ignition engine
Hydrogen addition in a spark ignition engine F. Halter, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle Laboratoire de Mécanique et d Energétique Orléans, FRANCE GDRE «Energetics and Safety of Hydrogen» 27/12/2007 Main advantages
More informationCharacteristic Analysis on Energy Waveforms of Point Sparks and Plamas Applied a Converting Device of Spark for Gasoline Engines
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(24), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i24/95986, June 2016 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Characteristic Analysis on Energy Waveforms of Point
More informationATOMIZATION AND COMBUSTION IN LOX/H 2 - AND LOX/CH 4 -SPRAY FLAMES. M. Oschwald 1, F. Cuoco 2, B. Yang 3, M. De Rosa 1
ATOMIZATION AND COMBUSTION IN LOX/H 2 - AND LOX/CH 4 -SPRAY FLAMES M. Oschwald 1, F. Cuoco 2, B. Yang 3, M. De Rosa 1 1 Institute of Space Propulsion DLR Lampoldshausen, German Aerospace Center, 74239
More informationZürich Testing on Fuel Effects and Future Work Programme
Zürich Testing on Fuel Effects and 2016-2017 Future Work Programme Benjamin Brem 1,2, Lukas Durdina 1,2 and Jing Wang 1,2 1 Empa 2 ETH Zürich FORUM on Aviation and Emissions Workshop Amsterdam 15.04.2016
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Discourse on Laser Ignition in Liquid Rocket Engines
Theoretical and Experimental Discourse on Laser Ignition in Liquid Rocket Engines By Chiara Manfletti, Michael Oschwald and Joachim Sender Institute of Space Propulsion, German Aerospace Center (DLR),
More informationWhither Diesel? An Overview of Combustion Concepts and Research Directions for Compression Ignition Engines
An Overview of Combustion Concepts and Research Directions for Compression Ignition Engines Martin H. University of Oxford, UK FPC2015 Future Powertrain Conference National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull
More informationDETERMINATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF THE SPARK IGNITION SYSTEMS
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 17, No. 1 21 DETERMINATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF THE SPARK IGNITION SYSTEMS Bronisaw Sendyka, Wadysaw Mitianiec Marcin Noga, Wadysaw Wachulec Cracow University
More informationStudy on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine fuelled with dimethyl ether
Technical Note 101 Study on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine fuelled with dimethyl ether H W Wang, L B Zhou*, D M Jiang and Z H Huang Institute of Internal Combustion Engines,
More informationIncreased efficiency through gasoline engine downsizing
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Increased efficiency through gasoline engine downsizing This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.
More informationFLAME COOLING AND RESIDENCE TIME EFFECT ON NO x AND CO EMISSION IN A GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR
FLAME COOLING AND RESIDENCE TIME EFFECT ON NO x AND CO EMISSION IN A GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR MOHAMED S. T. ZAWIA Engineering College Tajoura Mech. Eng. Dept. El-Fateh University P.O Box 30797 Libya E-mail
More informationSimulation and Experimental Study on Secondary Voltage of Dual-coil Ignition System
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5(20): 4956-4960, 2013 ISSN: 2040-7459; e-issn: 2040-7467 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2013 Submitted: November 08, 2012 Accepted: December
More informationComparison of Swirl, Turbulence Generating Devices in Compression ignition Engine
Available online atwww.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2016, 8 (7):31-40 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Comparison
More informationOptical methods for combustion research
KCFP Södertälje May 8, 2008 Optical methods for combustion research Mattias Richter Associate Professor Division of Combustion, Sweden Tolvan Tolvansson, 2007 Johannes Lindén, Division of Combustion Chemiluminescence
More informationPresenter: Sébastien Bourgois (SN)
Multi point i injection i system development at Snecma Presenter: Sébastien Bourgois (SN) Outline Overview of Multipoint Injection System development at SNECMA Tools used for conception An example: LEMCOTEC
More informationMODERN OPTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN A RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONCEPTS
MODERN OPTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN A RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONCEPTS P. Prechtl, F. Dorer, B. Ofner, S. Eisen, F. Mayinger Lehrstuhl
More information