Who we are - What we do

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1 ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg Ensuring the Environmental Sustainability of Jatropha Production and Use Dr Guido Reinhardt International Workshop Bioenergy Policies for Sustainable Development in Africa Bamako, Mali, November 2008 Who we are - What we do IFEU - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg, since 1978 Independent scientific research institute organised as a private non profit company with currently about 40 employees Research / consulting on environmental aspects of - Energy (including Renewable Energy) - Transport - Waste Management - Life Cycle Analyses - Environmental Impact Assessment - Renewable Resources - Environmental Education 1

2 Who we are - What we do TREMOD: Transport Emission Model Modelling emissions of road vehicles, trains, ships and airplanes Official database of the German Ministries for emission reporting Life cycle analyses (LCA) and technology impact assessments since 1990: Biofuels (all biofuels, all applications) Alternative transportation modes Renewable Energy Who we are - What we do IFEU - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg, since 1978 Our clients (on biofuel studies) - World Bank - UNEP, FAO, GTZ, etc. - European Commission - National and regional Ministries - Associations (industrial, Life Cycle Analyses) - Local authorities - WWF, Greenpeace, etc. - Companies (DaimlerChrysler, German Telecom, etc.) - Foundations (German Foundation on Environment, British Foundation on Transport, etc.) 2

3 ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg Ensuring the Environmental Sustainability of Jatropha Production and Use Dr Guido Reinhardt International Workshop Bioenergy Policies for Sustainable Development in Africa Bamako, Mali, November 2008 Jatropha curcas L. 3

4 Jatropha curcas L. Bilder Jatropha curcas: Miracle plant? Cultivation scenario Yield fruits [kg / (ha*yr)] Yield seeds [kg / (ha*yr)] Yield oil [kg / (ha*yr)] Today 2,270 1, Optimised 3,811 2, Best 6,572 4, Reinhardt et al

5 Jatropha: Miracle plant? Traditional uses: Whole plant: Husks (and shells): Oil (toxic): Press cake (toxic): Future uses: Whole plant: Husks (and shells): Oil (toxic): Press cake (toxic): enclosure fences, medicine (seeds, leaves, bark, latex) fertiliser soap, purgative fertiliser erosion control, carbon sequestration fuel biofuel (pure plant oil or biodiesel) fuel or animal feed (detoxified!) Vision: Low-input biofuel from the green desert for the benefit of the rural population Agenda Environmental implications Optimization by using byproducts Use of the oil Land use issues Water demand Conclusions & recommendations 5

6 Biofuels Environmental advantages and disadvantages: + CO 2 neutral Save energetic resources Organic waste reduction Less transport etc. Land use Eutrophication of surface water Water pollution by pesticides Energy intensive production etc. Total: positive or negative? 6

7 Life cycle analysis (LCA) ISO & Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Interpretation Impact assessment LCA: Life cycle comparison Fossil fuel Biofuel Credits Fuel Pesticides Resource extraction Raw material production Agriculture Fallow maintenance Transport Processing Co-products Equivalent products Utilisation 7

8 Life cycle analysis (LCA) ISO & Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Interpretation Impact assessment LCA: Inventory Analysis Inputs Outputs e.g.: - natural gas - crude oil - brown coal - hard coal - uranium - water Fossil fuel Resource extraction Raw material production Transport Processing Utilisation Fuel Biofuel Pesticides Agriculture e.g.: - CO 2 - SO 2 - CH 4 - NO X - NH 3 - N 2 O - HCl - CO - C 6 H 6 - VOC 8

9 Life cycle analysis (LCA) ISO & Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Interpretation Impact assessment LCA: Impact assessment Impact category Resource demand Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Acidification Eutrophication Photosmog Human and Ecotoxicity Parameter Sum of depletable primary energy carriers Mineral resources CO 2 equivalents F11 equivalents, (Nitrous oxide) SO 2 equivalents PO 4 equivalents Ethylene equivalents Substances (LCI) Crude oil, natural gas, coal, Uranium, Lime, clay, metal ores, salt, pyrite, Carbon dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide, methane, different CFCs, methyl bromide, CFC, halone, methyl bromide, Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, Nitrogen oxides, ammonia, phosphate, nitrate Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, diesel particles, dust, ammonia, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, sulphur dioxide, dioxines (TCDD), 9

10 Convent. diesel fuel JME: Life cycle comparison Jatropha biodiesel Ancillary products Crude oil extraction and pre-treatment Cultivation Apiary products Honey, wax etc. Alternative land use Equivalent products Transport Transport Extraction & refining Husks Oily cake Mineral fertiliser Mineral fertiliser Jatropha oil Fatty acids Soap Tensides Processing Transesterification Glycerine K-fertiliser Pure Glycerine Chemicals Mineral fertiliser Diesel fuel JME Product Process Equivalent system Results: JME versus diesel fuel Energy savings Credits Expenditures JME* Diesel fuel Advantages Disadvantages for JME Balance Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor Biomass fertilis. & PSM Biomass beekeep. prod. Biomass transport GJ / (ha*yr) Production electricity Production steam & hexane Production refining Transesterification Beekeep. prod. Husks Cake Fatty acids Glycerine Foss. equivalent production Foss. equivalent usage ** JME = Jatropha oil methyl ester = Jatropha oil biodiesel Source: IFEU

11 Results: JME versus diesel fuel Greenhouse effect Credits Expenditures JME* Diesel fuel Advantages Disadvantages for JME Balance -1-0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor Biomass fertilis. & PSM Biomass beekeep. prod. Biomass field emissions Biomass transport t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*yr) Production electricity Production steam & hexane Production refining Transesterification Usage Beekeep. prod. Husks Cake Fatty acids Glycerine Foss. equivalent production Foss. equivalent usage ** JME = Jatropha oil methyl ester = Jatropha oil biodiesel Source: IFEU 2007 Results: JME versus diesel fuel Acidification Credits Expenditures JME* Diesel fuel Advant. Disadvantages for JME Balance kg SO 2 equiv. / (ha*yr) Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor Biomass fertilis. & PSM Biomass beekeep. prod. Biomass field emissions Biomass transport Production electricity Production steam & hexane Production refining Transesterification Usage Beekeep. prod. Husks Cake Fatty acids Glycerine Foss. equivalent production Foss. equivalent usage ** JME = Jatropha oil methyl ester = Jatropha oil biodiesel Source: IFEU

12 Results: JME versus diesel fuel All environmental impact categories Advantage Disadvantage for JME GJ 100 kg CO2 equiv. kg SO2 equiv. Energy Greenhouse effect Acidification 100 g PO4 equiv. Eutrophication 100 g ethylene equiv. 100 g Summer smog (POCP) Summer smog (NcPOCP) 100 g N 2 O Nitrous oxide Unit / (ha*yr) Advantageous (e.g. energy), disadvantageous (e.g. acidification) and ambiguous results (summer smog) Source: IFEU 2007 Synopsis of environmental impacts Jatropha biodiesel shows both environmental advantages (e.g. saving of non-renewable energy carriers) and disadvantages (e.g. acidification and eutrophication) compared to fossil diesel fuel An objective decision for or against a particular fuel cannot be taken. However, based on a subjective value system a decision is possible. If, for example, saving of non-renewable energy carriers and greenhouse gases is given the highest priority, Jatropha biodiesel performs better than fossil diesel fuel Trends and patterns also known for other biofuels Let s minimize the negative implications and optimize the positive ones! 12

13 Convent. diesel fuel JME: Optimisation potentials Jatropha biodiesel Ancillary products Crude oil extraction and pre-treatment Cultivation Apiary products Honey, wax etc. Alternative land use Equivalent products Transport Transport Extraction & refining Jatropha oil Husks Oily cake Mineral fertiliser Mineral fertiliser Fatty acids Soap Tensides Processing Transesterification Glycerine K-fertiliser Pure Glycerine Chemicals Mineral fertiliser Diesel fuel JME Product Process Equivalent system Optimisation: By-product utilisation Crude oil extraction and pre-treatment Cultivation Transport Apiary products Husks Briquetting Honey, wax etc. Cement factory fuel Equivalent products Mineral fertiliser Coal Basic scenario Basic scenario Power* Power mix Transport Boiler fuel Stove fuel Fossil diesel fuel Kerosene Processing (dehusking and/or pressing, decortication, and milling, refining) Oily cake 1 Mineral fertilizer De-oiled Power* Power mix cake 2 Extraction Protein concentrate Soy meal Shells 3 Power Power mix Basic scenario Processing Meal 3 Detoxification Fodder Biogas Soy meal Kerosene Jatropha oil Fatty acids 1 Soap Tensides Basic scenario Transesterification Glycerine K-fertiliser 1 Pure glycerine Chemicals Mineral fertiliser Basic scenario Basic scenario Diesel fuel JME 13

14 Results: By-product utilisation Greenhouse effect Advantage for Jatropha oil Local - Fert. / Fert. Local - Power / Fert. Local - Fert. / Power Local production Local - Power / Power Central production Central - Fert. / Fert. Central - Power / Power -2,5-2 -1,5-1 -0,5 0 t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*yr) Best results, if by-products are used for bioenergy Huge optimization potential Source: IFEU 2007 Results: Product utilisation Greenhouse effect Advantage for Jatropha product Local production Pure oil - power unit Pure oil - stove Central production JME - mobile Range JME power unit Pure oil - power unit Pure oil - stove -1-0,8-0,6-0,4-0,2 0 t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*yr) Local production not as effective as central production No big difference of pure oil to JME use Source: IFEU

15 Agenda Environmental implications Optimization by using byproducts Use of the oil Land use issues Water demand Conclusions & recommendations Land use change / C stock change 15

16 Optimisation: Land use change Carbon stock changes Crude oil extraction and pre-treatment Ancillary products Alternative land uses No vegetation + 5 t C / ha Transport Cultivation of Jatropha Scarce vegetation ± 0 t C / ha Medium vegetation 20 t C / ha Transport Processing Processing Diesel fuel Jatropha oil or JME Source: IFEU 2007 Results: Land use change Greenhouse effect Credits Advantag. Expenditures Disadvantages for JME Scarce vegetation Basic scenario No vegetation Medium vegetation Diesel fuel Balance Scarce vegetation Balance No vegetation Balance Medium vegetation t CO 2 equiv. / (ha*yr) Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent: Biomass tractor Biomass fertilis. & PSM Biomass beekeep. prod. Biomass field emissions Biomass transport Production electricity Production steam & hexane Production refining Transesterification Usage Husks Foss. equivalent production Cake Foss. equivalent usage Fatty acids Glycerine Reference system Carbon stock changes decisive for GHG balance Source: IFEU

17 Water demand Rainfall per year after 2 years mm > 2000 mm Land use change Oil palm plantation Jatropha plantation 17

18 Jatropha and water demand Water issue can be a big threat: High yields if much water available Competition on land use especially when big investors are involved and large plantations are planned Food versus fuel debate Agenda Environmental implications Optimization by using byproducts Use of the oil Land use issues Water demand Conclusions & recommendations 18

19 Main results: Conclusions Jatropha biodiesel shows both environmental advantages and disadvantages compared to fossil diesel If saving of fossil energy carriers and greenhouse gases is given the highest priority, the use of JME is advantageous but results point at a great optimisation potential Detailed results: Land use change: large influence of carbon loss / gain By-products / credits for bioenergy: bioenergy leads to higher savings depending on energy carrier replaced Conversion: centralised production more beneficial than decentralised Primary products: Jatropha oil and JME from centralised production perform eqally. Recommendations Establishment of new plantations Reduction of carbon stock must be prevented: plantations on poor, sparsely vegetated soils, e.g. degraded land, is best solution This also avoids land use competition with food production and minimizes risk of water System optimisation Full potential of optimisation measures should be tapped: e.g. use of by-products for bioenergy generation Jatropha production & use can be sustainable High potential for a sustainable low-input production and use of Jatropha oil especially for rural population 19

20 Thank you for your attention Dr Guido Reinhardt Any questions?. Don t hesitate to ask. Assistance to calculate energy / CO 2 balances or to process certification issues?. guido.reinhardt@ifeu.de Downdloads: Further reading Ifeu Institut für Energieund Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH ifeu - Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg GmbH CSMCRI - Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar ifeu University of Hohenheim Institute für of Animal Energieund Production Umweltforschung in the Heidelberg Tropics and Subtropics ggmbh Screening Life Cycle Assessment of Jatropha Biodiesel Final Report Commissioned by Daimler AG, Stuttgart Authors: Dr. Guido Reinhardt Dipl.-Phys. Sven Gärtner Dipl.-Geoökol. Nils Rettenmaier Dipl.-Geoökol. Julia Münch Dipl.-Ing. Eva von Falkenstein Heidelberg, 11 December 2007 Basic Data CO 2 for Mitigation through Biofuels in the Transport Jatropha Sector Production and Use Status and Perspectives Authors: Dr. Guido Reinhardt (IFEU) coordinator Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker (Univ. of Hohenheim) Dr. D.R. Chaudhary (CSMCRI) Dr. Dr. J. Guido Chikara Reinhardt (CSMCRI) Dipl.-Ing. Sven Gärtner Eva von Falkenstein (IFEU) Dr. Markus George Quirin Francis (Univ. of Hohenheim) Dipl.-Phys. Ing. Sven O. Gärtner (IFEU) Martin Pehnt M.R. Gandhi (CSMCRI) Dr. A. Ghosh (CSMCRI) Dr. Pushpito K. Ghosh (CSMCRI) Prof. Dr. Harinder P.S. Makkar (Univ. of Hohenheim) Dipl.-Geoökol. Commissioned Julia by Münch the (IFEU) Dr. J.S. Patolia (CSMCRI) Dr. Research M. P. Reddy Association (CSMCRI) for Dipl.-Geoökol. CombustionNils Engines Rettenmaier (FVV)(IFEU) S.C. Upadhyay (CSMCRI) Heidelberg, 2004 Updated version June

21 Jatropha: Quo vadis? 21