EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER WATER COOLED DIESEL ENGINE USING ETHYL ESTERS OF SESAME OIL BLENDS WITH AIR PREHEATING

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1 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON 4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER WATER COOLED DIESEL ENGINE USING ETHYL ESTERS OF SESAME OIL BLENDS WITH AIR PREHEATING B.Ramesh 1, A.Madhuri 2 and R.Vijay Krishna 3 1 Student, NRI Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pothavarapadu, Agiripalli, Krishna, Andhra Padesh, India. 2 Assistant Professor, NRI Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pothavarapadu, Agiripalli, Krishna, Andhra Padesh, India. 3 Associate Professor, NRI Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pothavarapadu, Agiripalli, Krishna, Andhra Padesh, India. Abstract Increasing the consumption of fuel in power and automobile sector, increase the pollution of the environment. Smoke and NOX are main pollutants of emission from diesel engine and it is very difficult to control them simultaneously Petroleum based fuels is a finite resource that is rapidly depleting. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuel made from vegetable oil, friendly for environment and has no effect on health and can reduce the emission compared with diesel fuel. The experiments are done in various stages and it covers the various aspects of biodiesels fuel derived from crude black sesame oil and performance emissions study on four stroke compression ignition engine. The obtained bio diesel fuel properties of SOEE are measured. Finally the optimum blend is selected as S20. After finding optimum blend, in the next stage tests are conducted on the same engine of optimum blend with air pre-heating at different temperatures to find out performance and emission parameters. In the end stage tests are conducted on the same engine of the optimum blend with supercharging at different pressures to find out performance and emission parameters. The performance and emission parameters measured from the above tests are to be compared with diesel base line data and optimum blend S20. The blend S20 with added air pre-heating showed best performances increase in brake thermal efficiency, decrease in BSFC and reductions in emissions CO, HC. However, its diesel blends with air pre-heating showed maximum brake thermal efficiency. Finally results shown engine performance and emissions have been to justify the potentiality of the ethyl esters of sesame oils of as alternative fuel for compression ignition engine fuel. Index Terms Bio-Diesel, Alternate fuels, Supercharging of Blends, Air preheating of Blends. I. INTRODUCTION Energy is key input for technological, industrial, social and economical development of a nation. Five generations (125 years) ago, wood supplied up to 90% of our energy needs. Due to the convenience and low prices of fossil fuels wood use has fallen globally. The present energy scenario now is heavily biased towards the conventional energy sources such as petroleum products, coal, atomic energy etc, which are finite in nature besides causing environmental pollution. Of the available energy, the present energy utilization pattern is heavily biased for meeting the high energy requirement in urban and metropolitan cities. Globally, about 40% of worlds energy needs are being met from petroleum products as of today. The anticipated growth in demand was expected to be 7%. There has been a significant and impressive growth in this sector which has surpassed and failed all the estimates, forecast and projections made in this regard. It is estimated that the world oil consumption will increase from 68 million barrel per day to 94 million barrel per day in next decade. India is hard pressed for this important modern resources and is making all possible efforts to explore the off and on shore crude and gas production besides having more than required refining capacity. The successful exploration of crude and natural gas from desert area of the country and afterwards building infrastructure for its commercially IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 86

2 production and setting facilities are given due importance. With the indigenous production of 32 MMT and import of 80 MMT now and 350 MT by 2025 AD (according to Hydro Carbon Vision 2025) the consumption is lightly to increase to 150 MMT by next 8 years, which will be difficult to meet with indigenous reserves, which are only 0.6% of world reserve. This will increase the import bill to an all time high during next decade. The energy generation sources and capacity in India have some limitations. Starting from 1347 MW of installed power capacity in 1947 and limited food production, today we are generating about 1,22,000 MW, where as we need around 1,50,000 MW power to meet our requirements in all sectors, including intensive agriculture. The peak hour shortage is estimated 20%. The agriculture sector is worst effected from shortage of power. Despite of promise and our serious efforts we are unable to provide electricity even for 8 hours during standing crop irrigation period in rural areas. The demand for petroleum products in India has been increasing at a rate higher than the increase in domestic availability. In the wake of this situation there is urgent need to promote use of alternative fuels which must be technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and readily available. Bio-diesel is a name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with conventional diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression ignition diesel engine with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Due to problems encountered in the use of neat vegetable oil, Bio-diesel is now referred to as the mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines. Ethyl ester is usually made from 80-90% vegetable oil, 10-20% alcohol and % catalyst. II. STEPS IN PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL 1. Transesterification. 2. Settling and Separation of esters and glycerine. 3. Washing of bio-fuel 4. Heating. The most common derivatives of agricultural oil for fuels are methyl esters. These are formed by transesterification of the oil with methanol in the presence of a catalyst (usually basic) to give methyl ester and glycerol. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is the most common catalyst, though others such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) can also be used. Contents used in transesterification process are Vegetable oil: Sesame Seed Oil. Alcohols: Methanol. Catalyst: Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide. 100gr oil + 25gr methanol + 1gr KOH a 95gr biodiesel+26gr glycerine Crude Sesame Sulphuric Acid Fig.1.The Flow chart of transesterification process of EESO III. Alcohol + Catalyst (Ethyl Alcohol) (KOH) Heating and stirring in Reactor ( c) Transest EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE Glycer Washing (Distillation Water and Blown Air) Drying Vegetable Ethyl Ester Using EESO oil tests are to be conducting on different equipment s, to be found some of the fuel properties. Later performance and emission tests were conducted on 4- stroke single cylinder water cooled diesel engine coupled with a rope brake dynamometer, with the help of Smoke meter and multi gas analyser. Experimental set up consists of a water cooled single cylinder vertical diesel engine coupled to a rope pulley brake arrangement, to absorb the power produced necessary weights and spring balances are induced to apply load on the brake drum suitable cooling water arrangement for the brake drum is provided. A fuel measuring system consists of a fuel tank mounted on a stand, burette and a three way cock. Air consumption is measured by using a mild steel tank which is fitted with an orifice and a U-tube water manometer that IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 87

3 measures the pressures inside the tank. For measuring the emissions the gas analyser is connected to the exhaust flow. A. Procedure Note down engine specifications and ambient temperature. 1. Calculate full load (W) that can be applied on the engine from the engine specifications. 2. Clean the fuel filter and remove the air lock. 3. Check for fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water supply. 4. Start the engine using decompression lever ensuring that no load on the engine and supply the cooling water 5. Allow the engine for 10 minutes on no load to get stabilization. 6. Note down the total dead weight, spring balance reading, speed, time taken for 20cc of fuel consumption and the manometer readings. 7. Repeat the above step for different loads up to full load. 8. Allow the engine to stabilize on every load change and then take the readings. 9. Before stopping the engine remove the loads and make the engine stabilized. 10. Stop the engine pulling the governor lever towards the engine cranking side. Check that there is no load on engine while stopping. 39.0%, among the three the maximum break thermal efficiency is obtained for blend with air pre-heating. Fig.2: Variation of Brake thermal Efficiency with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating C. Mechanical Efficiency At full load diesel contains 59.94%, 64.78% for blend with air pre-heating and 71.0% for blend with supercharging From these observations plot it is observed optimum blend and various blends of air preheating and supercharging slightly increases at full load conditions than diesel fuel. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. For Air Preheating Experiments were conducted on the specified diesel engine at constant speed using S20 blend with air preheating at 45 0 C, 55 0 C and 65 0 C noted down the observation at zero load, spring balance reading, speed, time taken for 20cc of fuel consumption and the manometer readings. With the help of multi gas analyser note down exhaust emissions were recorded in the form of tables. By varying loads in steps 1/4, 1/2,3/4 and full loads note down all the readings in diesel engine and gas analyser, observations are tabulated in table. B. Brake Thermal Efficiency The variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power for different fuels is presented in Fig. In all cases, it increased with increase with brake power. BTE of diesel at full load is 32.74% while the blends of S20 are 30.40%, blend with air pre-heating at 65 0 c is 49.69%, and blend with supercharging (1.2bar) is Fig.3: Variation of Mechanical Efficiency with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating D. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption It can be observed that the BSFC of kg/kW-hr were obtained for diese 0.208kg/kW-hr for S20, 0.17 kg/kw-hr for blend with air pre-heating and 0.235kg/kW-hr for supercharging. Out of these blend with air pre-heating shows less BSFC. IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 88

4 Fig.4: Variation of Brake Specific fuel consumption with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating E. Air-Fuel Ratio Diesel contains 21.34, S20 contains 24.02, and air pre heating contains and supercharging contains at full load. From the graphs observed that air pre-heating increases up to 17.69% compare with optimum blend S20. As load increases more power is to be developed by the engine to compensate the load. Fig.7: Variation of Carbon Dioxide with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating. Fig.8: Variation of Oxides of Nitrogen with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating. Fig.5: Variation of Air-Fuel ratio with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating Fig.9: Variation of Hydro Carbons with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating. Fig.6: Variation of Carbon monoxide with Brakepower using S20 Blend with air pre-heating V. CONCLUSION The maximum brake thermal efficiency for S20 (30.40%) was higher than that of diesel. IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 89

5 The brake thermal efficiency increased in 4.07% compared with diesel Brake specific fuel consumption is decreases in blended fuels. In S20 fuel the BSFC is lower than the diesel in 4.56%. Significant reductions were obtained in unused oxygen emissions with S20 was decreased by 8.5% compared to diesel at maximum load of the engine. The highest decrease in CO emissions was obtained with S20 as 32%compared to diesel fuel. Reductions in unburned hydrocarbon emissions were 9.2% compared to diesel The brake thermal efficiency of S20 with air preheating at 65 0 c increased in 8.21% compared with S20. Brake specific fuel consumption is decreases in blended fuels. In S10 with air pre-heating fuel the BSFC is lower than the S20 in 8.16%. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK In the present investigation the performance and emission are evaluated with constant operating parameters such as injection pressure, injection timing, compression ratio, speed and crank angle. In the future work the investigation will be carried out by varying the operating parameters like injection pressure, injection timing and compression ratios by using Ethyl Esters of sesame oils blends. With varying these parameters to be finding inside cylinder pressure, combustion analysis and heat release rate. Major modification in engine design will be change to evaluate performance up to blends S50 &S60 with air pre-heating and supercharging also possible. REFERENCES [ 1 ] A. Gopinath, SukumarPuhan, G. Nagarajan., Effect of biodiesel structural configuration on its ignition quality, International Journal of energy and environment, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010 pp , [ 2 ] L. RanganathanS. Sampath A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance International journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, Issue 1, Vol 1 October 2011 ISSN [ 3 ] Clever Ketlogetswe, JerekiasGandure Blending Cooking Oil Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel: A Comparative Performance Test on a Variable IC Engine Scientific researchdoi: /sgre ,publish ed Online May [ 4 ] İlkersugözüacengizönera and Şehmusaltunb, The Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Int.Jornal of.engineering Research Development, Vol.2,No.1,January [ 5 ] Murgu Mohan Kumar Kndasamy & Mohanraj Thangavelu Operational Characteristics of Diesel Engine Run by Ester of Sunflower Oil and Compare with Diesel Fuel Operation Journal of Sustainable development, Vol. 2, No.2, July 2009, pages no : [ 6 ] Dutra, Teixeira, Colaco, Alves, Caldeira and Leiroz, Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emissions of an Engine Operating with Palm Oil Ethyi and Ethyl esters and Their Blends with Diesel, 20 th International congress of Mechanical Engineering, Gramado, RS, Brazil November 15-20, 2009, [ 7 ] Mushatq Ahmad, Shoaib Ahmed, Fayyaz-Ui- Hassan,Muhammad Arshad,MirAjab Khan, Muhammad Zafar and Shazia Sultana, Base Catalyzed Transesterfication of Sunflower Oil Biodiesel African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.9(50), 13 December,2010 pp [ 8 ] S.Jaichandar and K.Annamalai, The Status of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine An Overview Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment 2 (2011) pages no: [ 9 ] Mathur Y. B., Poonia M. P. and Jethoo A. S., Economics, Formulation Techniques and Properties of Biodiesel A Review Universal Journal of Environmental Research and technology, Volume1, 2011, Issue 2: [ 10 ] Pranil J. Singh, Jagjit Khurma, Anirudh Singh, Preparation, Characterisation, Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Coconut Oil Based Hybrid Fuels. Renewable Energy an international journal.vol.35 (2009), page no IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 90

6 [ 11 ] S. Jindal. Effect of engine parameters on NOx emissions with Jatropha biodiesel as fuel, International Journal of energy and environment, Volume 1, Issue 2, 2010 pp [ 12 ] Vern Hofman and Elton Solseng Biodiesel Fuel Use In an Unmodified Diesel Engine. An ASAE /CSAE Meeting Presentation, Paper No: MBSK [ 13 ] M. Pugazhvadivu and G. Sankaranarayanan, Experimental studies on a diesel engine using mahua oil as fuel, Indian Journal of Science and Technology,Vol. 3 No. 7 (July 2010) ISSN: [ 14 ] GVNSR Ratnakara Rao, V. Ramachandra Raju and M. Muralidhara Rao. Optimizing The Compression Ratio ForAMahua Fuelled C.I. Engine ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Vol.4, NO. 3, May 2009, ISSN [ 15 ] Md.Nurun Nabi and S.M. Najmul Hoque, Biodiesel Production From Linseed oil and Performance study of a Diesel Engine with Diesel Bio-Diesel,journal of Mechanical Engineering,vol. ME39,NO1,June 2008,pp:40-43 [ 16 ] Sunday Albert lawal, and Ahmed Babakano Performance Evaluation of Palm Oil as Biodiesel Leonardo Journal of Sciences ISSN Issue 18, January-June 2011 p [ 17 ] C.V. Sudhir,N.Y. Sharma and P.Mhonanan, Potenttial of waste Cooking Oils as Biodiesel Feed Stock, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 12 (3) (2007),pages no: [ 18 ] S. ehmusaltun Performance and exhaust emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil and inedible animal tallow ethyi esters Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. 35 (2011), Make : kirloskar Type of ignition : compression Ignition No.of cylinders : 01 Dynamometer Specifications Type: Rope brake Diameter of brake drum: 300mm Diameter of rope : 12mm Effective radius of brake drums: 157.5mm Appendex BHP : 5HP Speed : 1500 rpm Bore : 80mm Stroke : 110mm Compression ratio : 16.5:1 Orifice diameter : 20mm Method of start : crank start IJIRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 91