Sustainability Metrics for Life Cycle Analysis

Transcription

1 Sustainability Metrics for Life Cycle Analysis The International Palm Oil Life Cycle Assessment Conference Kuala Lumpur October, 2009 Susan Tarka Sanchez Life Cycle Associates, LLC

2 Outline Outline Background California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Sustainability Metrics for Biofuels Palm LCA and LCFS Land Use and Sustainable Practice Conclusions

3 Background Global Biofuels Policies Expanding use of fuel LCA in global fuels policy California LCFS 10% reduction in GHG emissions by 2020 Separate gasoline and diesel pools Discreet fuel pathways and sub pathways EPA Renewable Fuel Standard RFS2 36 billion gallons by %, 50%, 60% GHG reduction thresholds EU Biofuels Directive (RED) and UK (RTFO) 10% mandate by 2020; Fuel Blend Targets Also FAO Approach and UK meta standard 3

4 GREET JRC Life Cycle Associates Background Comparison of LCA Study Results EU Rapeseed Malayisia Palm U.S. Soy Feedstock Production Feedstock Transport Oil Production + Co-Prod. Credit Refining/Esterification Fuel Transport Vehicle CO2 Vehicle CH4, N2O Glycerin Credit Diesel WTT + Vehicle GHG Emissions (g CO 2 e/mj)

5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (gco 2 e/mj fuel). Life Cycle Associates Background EPA-RFS Tailpipe Fuel Production Feedstock and Fuel Transport International Land Use Change International Farm Inputs and Fert N2O Domestic Soil Carbon International Livestock International Rice Methane Domestic Rice Methane Domestic Farm Inputs and Fert N2O Domestic Livestock 0-20 Gasoline DM NG Corn EtOH Corn Stover EtOH Sugar Cane EtOH Petroleum Diesel Soy BD

6 Background Sustainability Standards for Feedstocks U.S. Agencies: California Biomass Cooperative, EPA (DOE), ARS and USDA ERS, IATP Worldwide Fuel Charter ISO Tech Committee UK/EU Standards Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) UN Bioenergy Platform and FAO Voluntary: RSB, RSPO, FSC 6

7 Background Sustainability in the Life Cycle Feedstock: Farmed, Waste, Synthetic or... Production Facility Sustainable Process Analysis Transportation of Fuel 7

8 Background Sustainability Outside the LCA Wastes, Residues from Farming How To measure? Production coproducts and wastes Water 8

9 Background General Biofuel System Boundary Time Horizon Agricultural Inputs Biofuel pathway Biogenic CO 2 Direct LUC Cultivation and harvest Feedstock handling, transport Biofuel production Storage, blending, transport Biofuel use Indirect LUC Crop emission impacts Coproducts Electric Power Change in Carbon Stocks Alternative product Other Coproducts

10 Data and Indicators Demonstrate Research Implement AB 118 Sustainability Goals Lessons Learned Sustainability Criteria and Standards Global Biofuels Sustainability Regulations Environmental Economic Social Policy and Institutions LCA, Supply Chain Environmental Impacts GHG Emissions Land Use and Change Production, Transport, Use (Waste) Breakthrough Market Incentives Barriers LCA Social Impacts Health Attitude, Incentives and Barriers New Plans and Policies Directives, Incentives Barriers Institutional Capacity 10

11 LCFS California LCFS SUSTAINBILITY: not presently included, per se, but metrics under consideration FLEXIBLE: compared with other fuel programs historically that dictate fixed adoption schedules for specific fuels FOCUS GHG EMISSIONS via LCA: reflect carbon intensity (CI) value (gco 2 e/mj) FEEDSTOCK AND RANGES fuels/feedstocks/production pathway LAND USE: Direct and iluc? PATHWAYS: 15+ published (no palm!) 11

12 LCFS California Regulators: ARB/CEC Economic pressure driving farmers choice; environmental standards mostly voluntary mechanism under ecological constraints Not food vs fuel but how to create more productive and diverse agricultural systems. California is unique and diverse Water Scarcity Land highly diversified Agriculture is also diversified and intensive ARB develops fuel pathways and targets CEC to develop Sustainability Goals 12

13 LCFS California Fuels Plan California uses 20 b gal of fuel -95% petroleum. State Alternative Fuels Plan Goals (AB 1007); 9 % 2012 then to 26 % by How to achieve this goal? Displacing 4 b gal petroleum-based fuel 370 million gallons of new alt. supply annually Current in-state prod 80 million gallons ethanol and 25 million gallons biodiesel Bioenergy Action Plan= 20% of biofuels by 2010 from CA AB 32: Reduce GHG levels to 1990 levels by 2020 LCFS focus Lowering CI by 10% by 2020 lower fuel use with 16MMT emissions reduction by 2020 Will contribute to approx. 10% of the AB 32 Goals for reductions for California 13

14 LCFS ARB Published 15+ Alternative Fuels Pathways for LCFS Currently not for palm This is an ideal time to analyze and update the palm LCA ARB expects to publish up to 15 more pathways in 2010 The palm pathway is currently the only feedstock with a voluntary standard of its own: RSPO 14

15 California Mandate Requirement Impact on GREET analysis LCFS LCFS (California) AB 118 AB 1007 AB 32 CI based on LCA ; adjust for fuels impact on efficiency; Average analysis for electricity, gas, diesel Provides grants and loans to: reduce petroleum consumption, Reduce GHGs, increase alt. Fuel use, increase in-state biofuel production and vehicle efficiency Alternative fuels plan; Fuel cycle assessment; GHG criteria pollutants, multi-media impacts, toxicity factors; marginal analysis for new fuels; no net material increase in emissions Cap on GHG emissions; based on total CA inventory; Ave. Emissions by source, not fuel production pathway Support Average analysis; Consider + pathways for biofuels; GREET (LCA) model; more interest/buy-in from stakeholders Successful projects must demonstrate achievement of performance criteria in life cycle framework ; Likely determined with GREET Use existing GREET model; add water impacts; incorporate toxics into GREET; new pathways + More complex baseline for WTW; Declining gasoline GHG emissions over time; 15

16 LCFS CEC Sustainability Initiative for LCFS Stakeholder engagement, principles and criteria, best management practices (BMP), reporting and chain of custody (CoC), benchmarking, and monitoring and assessment. LCA Work for CEC includes: Water Impacts Analysis (at the plant) Soil Carbon Desktop Analysis Further sustainability metrics evaluation 16

17 LCFS LCFS Fuels CI Values 120 Carbon Intensity (gco2e/mj) Next: Palm, Waste Oil, Tallow etc. Land Use or Other effect Direct Emissions 17

18 Cultivation Inputs: Energy (process)land, Fertilizers, Herbicides, Seeds Outputs: Emissions to air, soil (CO, CO2, NO2) Harvesting FFBs Inputs: Energy (Water, steam, diesel fuel, electricity) to Harvest and Expel Wastes (water, chemicals) Outputs: Emissions to air, water; Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFBs) Production of CPO Inputs: Energy for Crude extraction (Electricity, Diesel) Outputs: CPO, Emissions, Co-products (wastewater for biogas, decanter cake, fiber, shells, EFBs to ash) Production of Biodiesel Inputs: Energy (Alcohol, catalyst, water, electricity) for FAME or NERD production Outputs: Emissions (air, water), glycerol, FAME or NERD LCA I/O for Palm Production source: Life Cycle Associates (2009) 18

19 Sustainability Metrics Voluntary Standards (RSPO) Palm RSPO first standard for biofuels Certification of other systems such as FSC feedstocks These other systems have institutional capacity What sustainability criteria can be carried over to legislative measures like LCFS? What about Trade Standards (WTO and CBD?) 19

20 Sustainability Metrics Multiple Feedstocks Require a Flexible Sustainability Model Source: Wageningen University

21 Sustainability Metrics Supply and Economic Issues Economic performance of conversion technologies uncertain Biomass availability Feedstock and fuel delivery infrastructure Labour / migrant farmers variable Ex) WGA Corn: 87.5 million dry ton available at just over $100 per ton= 30% of U.S. Corn crop STEPS Biofuel Supply Curve Data

22 Sustainability Metrics LCI for Sustainable Parameters? System Boundary Issues Landscape Ecology- How to Quantify? Environmental Quality: AIR, LAND, WATER GHG emissions (including NOx, SOx, Soil Carbon) and iluc Socio-economic Parameters and Values (Indirect effects) Best Management Practice 22

23 Sustainability Metrics Pathways for LCFS and New Fuels New Fuels must demonstrate >10 million gasoline gallon equivalents per year (1,156 MJ) of the fuel covered by the new sub-pathway proposal. This requirement applies only when the total amount of the fuel sold in CA by all providers of that fuel exceeds 10 million gas gal. eq/year Demonstrate new sub-pathway will yield a CI of at least 5 g CO 2 e/mj over the existing primary pathway. WTT improvement is calculated on a well-to-tank basis (or source-to-tank ) basis: all fuel lifecycle emissions except those resulting from the combustion of the fuel must be included

24 Sustainability Metrics Further Work in California CA LCFS to other states and Federal RFS-2 inclusion of new data (esp iluc) Systematic GREET updates for sustainability as data becomes available Work with other biodiversity related models: SimaPro, BEES, etc. Ground-truth existing systems (RTFO, EU, US, Asia etc.) establish model criteria, adapt for future technology 24

25 Palm LCA Palm Oil System Boundary EFBS =Biomass =Options Photo Source: Unnasch

26 Palm LCA Palm Biodiesel in LCFS LCA study for MPOC ARB is evaluating data: Inputs/outputs Pathway published under GREET model Table B. GHG Emissions Summary for Sugar Cane Ethanol Sugar Cane Ethanol Components GHGs * (g CO 2 e/mj) (Anhydrous) % Emission Contribution Sugar Cane Farming % Ag Chemicals Production and Use % Impacts Sugar Cane Transportation % Ethanol Production % Ethanol T&D % Total Well-to-Tank % Total Tank-towheel 0 0% Total Well-to-Wheel % Table Primary Energy Inputs by Fuel/Energy Input Type for Farm Operations Primary Energy Primary Energy Fuel Fuel Type Formula Input Input Share (Btu/tonne) (Btu/mmBtu) Residual Oil 0% 41,592*0% 0 0 Diesel Fuel 38.3% 41,592*38.3% 15,930 9,858 Gasoline 12.3% 41,592*12.3% 5,116 3,166 Natural Gas 21.5% 41,592*21.5% 8,942 5,534 Coal 0% 41,592*0% 0 0 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 18.8% 41,592*18.8% 7,819 4,839 Electricity 9% 41,592*9% 3,743 2,316 Direct Energy Consumption for Sugar Cane Cultivation 41,550 22,681 (unadjusted) 26

27 Palm LCA Palm Oil System Boundary Land Establishment Nursery Other Products Indirect LUC Chemical Fertilizer Immature Trees Palm Kernel Cooking Oil Methanol Chemical s Mature Tree Transport Mill Refinery Biodiesel Plant Transport & Delivery Biodiesel Vehicle Fresh Fruit Bunches Direct LUC Tree Removal Palm Trunk POME Fertilizer Open Lagoon Lagoon Digester Digester

28 Palm LCA Palm Oil System Boundary Land Establishment Nursery Other Products Indirect LUC Chemical Fertilizer Immature Trees Palm Kernel Cooking Oil Methanol Chemical s Mature Tree Transport Mill Refinery Biodiesel Plant Transport & Delivery Biodiesel Vehicle Fresh Fruit Bunches Direct LUC Tree Removal POME Lagoon Digester

29 Land Use Best Management Practice Conserve Carbon Conserve Biodiversity Soil Conservation Sustainable Water Use Air Quality Standards Compliance to Laws (social issues) Health & Safety: Contractors and subcontractors Freedom of association/ Collective bargaining Working Standards/ hours Child Labour Issues Fair Trade interface Wages Compensation Discrimination Forced Labour Issues Land Rights Issues 29

30 Land Use Palm Practices: Quantifiable? Zero burning practice YES Terracing to reduce water/soil loss Maybe N-fixing (leguminous) cover crops Maybe Integrated pest management (IPM) YES EFB and POME for fertilizer YES Treatment of POME to 100 mg/l for waterways and 5000 mg/l for land application Maybe Co-product use YES: Various methods 30

31 Land Use iluc California ARB: GTAP iluc estimates 30 gco2/mj for corn ethanol and 46 gco2/mj for Brazilian sugarcane This adder is currently under review and revision iluc values for other feedstock pathways, including fossil fuels, tbd, and all iluc values evaluated every 3 years EPA DRIA for RFS-2 iluc values based on a suite of peer-reviewed economic models w/ sensitivity analyses using FASOM/ FAPRI/GTAP/GREET models 31

32 Land Use Carbon Stock (trees/hectare) Source: WRI (2007) 32

33 SOC: Above Biomass (trunks) 33

34 Fargione (2008) IPPC Tier1 (2006) Woods Hole (UCB/ARB) Life Cycle Associates Land Use Soil Carbon Emission Factors U.S. Grasslands U.C. Chapparal Canadian Boreal LA-Tropical EF LA-Grassland LA-Temerate EF Asia-Tropical SF Asia Open Forest Asia Tropical MF U.S. Grassland U.S. Seasonal Croplands Global- Boreal Forests Global-Degraded Land Africa LA- Pantropical Sugarcane LA-Disturbed Humid Forest LA-Disturbed Dry Forest LA-Dry Forest LA-Humid Forest Asia- Dry Forest Low Estimate Asia-Wet Tropical High Estimate Asia Humid Palm Plantation U.S. CRP convert Prarie U.S. CRP convert Corn U.S. Central Grasslands LA-Woody Cerrado LA-Grassy Cerrado LA-Amazon Asia-Peat removed Asia-Peatlands Asia-Low Tropics Above Root Soil Soil Carbon (Mg C/ha) 34

35 Forested land Other woodland Life Cycle Associates Land Use Carbon from Forest Inventory Budgets in the N. Hemisphere SOC Forest floor Northern Hemisphere Soil Carbon (Pg C) Dead wood Live veg. SOC Forest floor Dead wood Live veg Canada U.S. Alaska U.S. Coterminous Europe Russia China Canada, U.S., Europe, Russia, China Source: Extrapolated from Goodale et al (2006) Ecol. Applications 35

36 Land Use Global Distribution of AEZ 36

37 Conclusion Observations-Palm Fuel LCA issues remain critical for biofuels New science Analysis methods result in range of results Co-product credits Aggregation of technologies Land use modeling Soil carbon Range in palm production technologies Pathway specific categories including BMP will support innovation 37

38 Thank you! Susan Tarka Sanchez Mobile (U.S.) Life Cycle Associates, LLC 38