HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FROM THE BIODIESEL MANUFACTURING
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1 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FROM THE BIODIESEL MANUFACTURING * J. Arauzo, A. Valiente, M.Oliva, J. Ruiz, L.García Thermoical Processes Group (GPT), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza (Spain) * jarauzo@unizar.es Bioenergy III: Present and New Perspectives on Biorefineries, Lanzarote (Spain), May 25th, 2011
2 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
3 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
4 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD RESULTS 1. Introduction and objectives CONCLUSIONS THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION STEAM REFORMING AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING AQUEOUS PHASE REFORMING (APR) SUPERCRITICAL WATER REFORMING PARTIAL OXIDATION Reforming + Shift T ~ ºC P = 1 atm S/C=2-4 Me/CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 Air + Reforming + Shift Reforming T ~ 374ºC P = 221 bar No catalyst T ~ ºC C/O=0.3 S/C=3 Pd/Ni/Al 2 O 3 T ~ 227ºC P = bar Pt-Ni/Al 2 O 3 air T ~ ºC C/O=0.43 Pt/Al 2 O 3 H 2 /CO 2 Adhikari et al. Ener. Conv. Management (2009)
5 1. Introduction and objectives CH OCO R 1 CH OCO R 1 CH OCO R 1 Triacylglycerol + 3 CH 3 OH Methanol CH 2 OH CH OH CH 2 OH Glycerol + 3 CO OCH 3 R 1 Alkyl ester valuable products H 2 USES: CO + H 2 fuel cells
6 Synthesis of biodiesel in the laboratory: 1. Introduction and objectives RAW MATERIAL GLYCEROL REACTION : BIODIESEL SEPARATION T = 60 ºC 3h NEUTRALIZATION USING ACETIC ACID Reagents: Pure glycerol () Glycerol from biodiesel manufacturing (co-prod): Average of organics: MeOH: 4% Acetic Acid: 38% Glycerol: 58% GLYCEROL
7 1. Introduction and objectives H H O O -C-C-H H H H 2 H 2 H 2 H 2 H-H O O -C-C-H * * H O H -C-C-O H * * H 2 O Cleavage C-C H 2 Cleavage C-O H 2 O Water-gas-shiftshift H 2, CO 2H 2, CO 2 H H O -C-C-H H H Alcohol Methanation and Fisher- Tropsch reaction H O -C-C-OH H Organics acids Alkanes H 2, CO 2, H 2 O Davda et al. App. Cata. B (2005)
8 OBJECTIVES Experimental work with glycerol as a waste of biodiesel process at micro-scale reactor. Development of suitable catalysts for the process: Adequate catalytic activity and selectivity towards H 2. Resistance to deactivation.
9 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
10 2. Experimental method Experimental conditions: T = 500 K P = 33 bar Glycerol aqueous solution 2-10 wt% Liquid flow rate: 1 ml/min WHSV = 3 (g glycerol/ g catalyst h) Run time: 5 h Characteristics: Micro-scale reactor test. Fixed bed (sand + catalyst) particle sizes: µm. Upward flow. Stainless steel reactor (9mm i.d).
11 Experimental system 2. Experimental method
12 2. Experimental method Catalysts prepared by a coprecipitation method 28 and 41% Ni/(Ni+Al) Ni(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O Al(NO 3 ) 3 9H 2 O ph = 7.9 NH 4 OH CALCINATION CALCINED PRECURSOR T = 40ºC COPRECIPITACION T = 750ºC 140 cm 3 /min air 3 h HYDRATED PRECURSOR REDUCTION 100 cm 3 /min H 2 1 h T=650 ºC Filtering Drying ACTIVATED CATALYST Al-Ubaid, A. and E.E. Wolf, Appl. Catal., 40 (1988), 73
13 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
14 Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content: 3. Results H 2 selectuvity (%) Alkane selectivity (%) Time (min) H 2 yield (g/g glycerol) CO 2 yield (g/g glycerol) 0,018 0,016 0,014 0,012 0,010 0,008 0,006 0,004 0,002 0,000 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0, Time (min) 2% ( ) 2% co-prod ( ) 5% ( ) 5% co-prod ( ) 10% ( ) 10% co-prod ( ) Catalyst: 28% Ni The co-prod glycerol showed higher hydrogen selectivity and smaller alkane selectivity. Constant gas yield values were obtained with time, no deactivation was observed. H 2 and CO 2 yields when the co-prod glycerol is fed.
15 3. Results 100 Organics conversion (%) co-prod co-prod co-prod Organic conversion is similar between both feedstock. However, an improvement was observed with the highest glycerol content wt% 5 wt% 10 wt% 50 Carbon conversion (%) co-prod co-prod co-prod Higher carbon conversion to gas is obtained in glycerol from ical reagent compared to co-product in biodiesel manufacturing. 0 2 wt% 5 wt% 10 wt%
16 3. Results Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content: 2% 2% co- prod 5% 5% co- prod 10% 10% co- prod Yield(g ical/g organics) MeOH EtOH Acetol Acetic acid Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol Product yields when the glycerol content
17 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
18 Effect of the catalysts composition: 3. Results 0, H 2 selectivity (%) Alkane selectivity (%) Time (min) CO yield (g/g glycerol) H yield (g/g glycerol) 2 2 0, , , , , , , , , 2 0 0, 1 5 0, 1 0 0, 0 5 0, T i m e ( m i n ) 28% Ni ( ) 28% Ni co-prod ( ) 41% Ni ( ) 41% Ni co-prod ( ) 41 wt% Ni catalyst tested showed a slightly deactivation in co-prod glycerol. Co-prod glycerol: H 2 and CO 2 yields are similar for both catalysts, after deactivation period of 41 wt% Ni catalyst. Chemical glycerol: H 2 and CO 2 yields when %Ni
19 3. Results 100 Organics conversion (%) co-prod 5 wt% co-prod The organic conversion is similar for both feeds and catalysts except for the 41% Ni catalyst and coproduct feeding, that is higher %Ni 41%Ni 50 Carbon conversion (%) co-prod 5 wt% co-prod Higher carbon conversion to gas is obtained in glycerol from ical reagent. 0 28%Ni 41%Ni
20 Effect of the catalysts composition: 3. Results 28% Ni 28% Ni 41% Ni 41% Ni 5% 5% co-prod 5% 5% co-prod Yield (g ical/g organics): MeOH EtOH Acetol Acetic acid Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol
21 OUTLINE 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Effect of the feedstock and the glycerol content Effect of the catalyst composition 4. CONCLUSIONS
22 CONCLUSIONS The co-prod glycerol showed higher hydrogen selectivity and smaller alkane selectivity. Organic conversion is similar between both feedstock. However, an improvement was observed with the highest glycerol content. Higher carbon conversion to gas is obtained in glycerol from ical reagent compared to co-product in biodiesel manufacturing. Co-prod glycerol showed a slightly deactivation in 41 wt % Ni catalyst tested. FUTURE WORK Upgrade of waste biomass aqueous streams from several industrial processes; cheese whey and black liquor in a bench scale.
23 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING OF GLYCEROL FROM THE BIODIESEL MANUFACTURING * J. Arauzo, A. Valiente, M.Oliva, J. Ruiz, L.García Thermoical Processes Group (GPT), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), Zaragoza (Spain) * jarauzo@unizar.es Bioenergy III: Present and New Perspectives on Biorefineries, Lanzarote (Spain), May 25th, 2011
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