Biodiesel from soybean oil in supercritical methanol with co-solvent
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1 Available online at Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) Biodiesel from soybean oil in supercritical methanol with co-solvent Jian-Zhong Yin *, Min Xiao, Ji-Bin Song School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 11612, PR China Received 14 March 27; accepted 3 October 27 Available online 2 February 28 Abstract Biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil using methanol was investigated at supercritical and subcritical conditions of methanol in a high pressure vessel of 25 cm 3 volume. Under the supercritical conditions, the maximum methyl ester yield exceeded 98% when the molar ratio of methanol to oil was 42:1 and the reaction temperature ranged from 26 C to 35 C. In order to decrease the operational temperature and pressures and increase the conversion efficiency of methanol, a novel idea was presented in which a co-solvent (hexane, carbon dioxide, KOH) was added to the reactants. The results indicated that the yield of methyl ester was improved when hexane or CO 2 was added. With CO 2 or hexane as co-solvent in the reaction system at 3 C, there was a significant increase of the methyl esters yield. With the optimal reaction temperature of 16 C and methanol to oil ratio of 24, a 98% yield of methyl esters was observed in 2 min at the subcritical condition with.1 wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH). Ó 27 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biodiesel; Transesterification; Supercritical; Hexane; Carbon dioxide; Potassium hydroxide 1. Introduction Biodiesel, defined as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with alcohols. Biodiesel is made from renewable sources and has become attractive because of its environmental benefits [1]. Biodiesel comes from vegetable or animal fat, making it biodegradable and nontoxic. It has been proven that biodiesel fuels have viscosities close to those of diesel fuel and have high cetane numbers and flash points [2]. It is an alternative for fossil fuels. So, biodiesel is becoming an area of high concern [3 5]. There are different ways of producing biodiesel with different kinds of materials, and the popular methods focus on catalyst or non-catalyst methods. As for the catalyst method, traditional chemical reactions use different kinds of catalysts, such as sodium or potassium hydroxides, sulfuric acid, ion exchange resins and lipases [6]. Synthesis of * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: jzyin@dlut.edu.cn (J.-Z. Yin). biodiesel by an alkaline catalytic transesterification reaction has several drawbacks: it is energy intensive, recovery of glycerol is difficult, the alkaline wastewater retains fatty acids and water interferes with the reaction. In addition, alkaline transesterification is low in selectivity, leading to undesirable side reactions [7,8]. Lipase has been used as a biocatalyst for synthesis of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats and can overcome the problems of conventional chemical processes. However, due to the high price of the enzyme and the time consuming reaction process, this method is not widely used in large scale production [9,1]. Saka has firstly proposed that biodiesel may be prepared from vegetable oil via a non-catalytic method with supercritical alcohol [11]. Compared with the traditional chemistry method, this novel method requires no catalyst, and nearly complete conversions can be achieved in a very short time. So, it can successfully resolve most problems in the conventional chemical processes. However, the synthesis of biodiesel by supercritical methanol has a drawback with the high cost of apparatus due to the high temperature and pressure, which are not viable in the large scale practice in industry. So, many researches /$ - see front matter Ó 27 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:1.116/j.enconman 转载
2 J.-Z. Yin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) have focused on how to decrease the severity of the reaction conditions. Co-solvents, such as carbon dioxide, hexane and calcium oxide [12 14], added into the reaction mixture can decrease the operating temperature, pressure and the amount of alcohol. In this study, biodiesel production from soybean oil in supercritical methanol was investigated. Then, hexane and carbon dioxide, as co-solvent, were added into the reactants, aiming to decrease the critical operational parameters. A little amount of potassium hydroxide was also added to the reactants, and a high yield was obtained with subcritical conditions. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) can considerably improve the transesterification reaction of soybean oil in supercritical methanol. 2. Experimental 2.1. Materials Refined edible soybean oil was used for the reactions. Methanol was purchased from Tianjing Chem. Co. Ltd. (analytical grade). Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was supplied by Shenyang Chem. Co. Ltd. (analytical grade). All other chemicals were obtained commercially and were of analytical grade Experimental procedure A 25 ml cylindrical autoclave made of stainless steel, equipped with a magnetic stirrer and internal cooling system was used. The pressure and temperature were monitored in real time up to maximum values of 32 MPa and 52 C, respectively. The reaction vessel was charged with a given amount of soybean oil and liquid methanol with different ratios. Then, the vessel was heated with an external heater, and the liquid solution was stirred at a constant rate of 3 rpm at the same time. When the desired temperature was reached, the process remained for a set time. The temperature of the reaction vessel was measured with a thermocouple. Then, the vessel was transferred to an ice water bath to quench the reaction. After that, the vessel was opened, and the contents of the autoclave were poured into a collecting vessel. The mixture product was decompression evaporated at 5 C for 3 min and then allowed to settle for about 6 min in order to allow the two phases to separate. The upper phase was the methyl ester, and the lower phase was glycerin GC analysis for fatty acid methyl ester The reaction samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent 689, FID). The GC (gas chromatograph) was equipped with a HP-5 column with dimensions 3 m.32 mm.25 lm. Sample volumes were.5 ll, the carrier gas was nitrogen and the GC sample was separated in a constant flow mode with a flow rate of 9. ml/ min. A split injector was used with a split ratio of 4:1 and a temperature of 29 C. The FID (flame ionization detector) was operated at 29 C. The oven was initially held at 13 C and then elevated to 26 C at 5 C/min, and remained for 4 min. Total run time for this method was 3 min. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Synthesis of biodiesel with supercritical methanol For synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol, the critical temperature and pressure of methanol is K and 8.1 MPa, respectively. So, all reactions were performed above this condition, As shown in Fig. 1, the reaction was conducted at various temperatures (26 C, 3 C, 35 C) with a constant molar ratio of alcohol to oil of 42 at a fixed rotation speed of 3 rpm. The conversion increased with increase in temperature. The system pressure also increased with increasing temperature, and the maximal pressures were up to 2 MPa. With the reaction temperature of 35 C, a high conversion of soybean oil to methyl esters is obtained with a yield of 95% in 1 min. The optimum molar ratio of methanol to oil was obtained by conducting the reaction with different ratios at 3 C(Fig. 2). In conclusion, the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil by supercritical methanol is promising. Because of sufficient mixing among the reactants, a high conversion can be obtained within a short time Synthesis of biodiesel with supercritical methanol and hexane Methanol and soybean oil do not dissolved in each other at room temperature. To form a single phase of the reactants, hexane was added into the mixture. Fig. 3 shows the conversion varied by the amount of hexane. It indicated Methyl ester yield, % Time, min Fig. 1. Synthesis of biodiesel at various temperatures in supercritical methanol. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at a molar ratio of 42:1 with a constant shaking at 3 rpm.
3 91 J.-Z. Yin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) The molar ratio of methanol to oil Fig. 2. Synthesis of biodiesel with different molar ratio of methanol to oil. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at 3 C with a constant shaking at 3 rpm for 2 min. (239 C, 8.9 MPa). Fig. 4 shows the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil under supercritical methanol with CO 2 as co-solvent. With a reaction temperature of 3 C, a CO 2 / methanol ratio of.2 and a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 42, a high yield of methyl ester is obtained with 9.6% in 3 min. Furthermore, CO 2 is both easy to add to the system and remove from the system through depressurization Synthesis of biodiesel with subcritical methanol and potassium hydroxide Fig. 5 presents the variations of methyl ester yield with reaction temperature. The synthesis of biodiesel was conducted at various temperatures (12 24 C) at the fixed molar ratio of alcohol to oil of 24:1. The mass ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to oil ranged from to The ratio of co-solvent Fig. 3. Synthesis of biodiesel using supercritical methanol and hexane as co-solvent. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at 3 C with a constant shaking at 2 rpm for 3 min The molar ratio of CO 2 to methanol Fig. 4. Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil with supercritical methanol and carbon dioxide. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at 3 C with a constant shaking at 2 rpm for 3 min. the molar ratio of methanol to oil was that a little hexane could improve the conversion. For example, the methyl ester yield was 67.7% without the hexane, while the yield was obtained as 85.5% with 2.5 wt% of hexane. However, when the amount of hexane added was any more, the yield decreased a little, but the maximum yield was still above 67.7%. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the mutual solubility between methanol and soybean oil was improved with the addition of hexane so the reaction speed was increased Synthesis of biodiesel with supercritical methanol and carbon dioxide Methyl ester yield, % Hexane is an excellent solvent for vegetable oil, which shows the use of a co-solvent is feasible. Supercritical CO 2 is a good solvent for small and moderate organic molecules, and it is a low cost and facile material. CO 2 has critical parameters of 31 C and 7.38 MPa, which is easy to achieve under the supercritical methanol condition Temperature, Fig. 5. Synthesis of biodiesel at various temperatures in subcritical methanol. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at a molar ratio of 24:1 with a constant shaking at 3 rpm. The reaction time was 2 min.
4 J.-Z. Yin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) wt%. It is noticed that very low yield (<5%) was obtained in the subcritical conditions without any catalyst. With the addition of the catalyst KOH into the reaction mixture, even a very little amount, the methyl ester yield remarkably increased. When the mass ratio of KOH to oil was.1% and the reaction temperature was 16 C, a 98% methyl ester yield was obtained. It should be pointed out that the system pressure was only 1 MPa at this temperature, which should be in the subcritical range. Comparing with the supercritical methanol method, the reaction temperature was decreased from 35 C to 16 C to obtain the same yield. On the other hand, comparing with the alkali catalysis method (ACM), the catalyst amount used in our subcritical methanol was only 1% of that used in the ACM. Therefore, by coupling catalysis with subcritical conditions, the catalyst amount can be largely decreased while the operation conditions became less severe. Fig. 6 shows the changes in percentage of methyl esters formed with different molar ratios of methanol to oil. In order to determine the optimal molar ratio of methanol to oil, the reactions were conducted at a fixed potassium hydroxide (KOH) mass of.1 wt% and fixed reaction time of 3 min at the stirring speed of 3 rpm. It can be seen that increasing the molar ratio of methanol to oil from 6:1 to 24:1 at a reaction temperature of 16 C increased the methyl ester yield from 38% to 1%. Clearly, the methanol utilization can be significantly improved when comparing with the case without any catalyst. One of the advantages of operation in supercritical conditions is that the reaction time is very short. By coupling catalysis with subcritical conditions, such an advantage also exists. As shown in Fig. 7, after a reaction time of 1 min, the methyl ester yield almost attained its maximum value. On the other hand, when the reaction time was longer than 1 min, the variation in the reaction temperature did not result in a marked difference in the methyl ester The mole ratio of methanol to oil Fig. 6. Effect of molar ratio for biodiesel synthesis with methanol. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was fixed with quality ratio to oil of.1 wt% and a constant shaking at 3 rpm. The reaction time was 3 min yield. However, at a shorter reaction time (e.g. 5 min), increasing the reaction temperature from 16 C to 24 C led to an increase of methyl ester yield from 6% to 98%. This result indicates that under our condition, the transesterification reaction is essentially complete after the 1 min run. Therefore, comparing with the catalysis method, the reaction time could be shortened from about 12 min to 1 min. This is in favor of decreasing the biodiesel production cost and enhancing the production efficiency for large scale industry practice. 4. Conclusions Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil with supercritical methanol is superior to the conventional chemical method. Compared with the conventional method, a less purified process is required. The supercritical methanol method with a co-solvent can improve the product yield. Hexane and condensed CO 2 are excellent solvents for the vegetable oil. So, the methyl ester yield is increased with the co-solvent. Furthermore, the CO 2 is good for the environment, is easy to obtain and has good properties in the supercritical conditions. The supercritical methanol method with potassium hydroxide can largely decrease the reaction parameters, such as decreasing temperature and pressure. References Reaction time (min) Fig. 7. Effect of time for biodiesel synthesis with methanol. Methanol and soybean oil were taken at a molar ratio of 24:1 with a constant shaking at 3 rpm. Quality ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to oil was fixed at.1 wt%. [1] Demirbas A. Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Process Energy Combus Sci 25;31: [2] Kalam MA, Masjuki HH. Biodiesel from palm oil-an analysis of its properties and potential. Biomass Bioenergy 22;23:471 9.
5 912 J.-Z. Yin et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) [3] Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energy Rev 27;11: [4] Royon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Locatelli S. Biodiesel production using a membrane reactor. Biores Technol 27;98: [5] Canakci M. The potentical of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks. Biores Technol 27;98: [6] Meher LC, Sagar DV, Naik SN. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 26;1: [7] Noureddini H, Gao X, Philkana RS. Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Biores Technol 25;96: [8] Nie KL, Xie F, Wang F, Tan TW. Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: optimization of the biodiesel production. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 26;43: [9] Mamoru I, Chen BX, Masashi E, Takashi K, Surekha S. Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alcohol using immobilized lipase. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 21;16:53 8. [1] Orcaire O, Buisson P, Pierre AC. Application of silica aerogel encapsulated lipases in the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification reactions. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 26;42: [11] Saka S, Kusdiana D. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol. Fuel 21;8: [12] Han HW, Cao WL, Zhang JC. Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and CO 2 as co-solvent. Process Biochem 25;4: [13] Cao WL, Han HW, Zhang JC. Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and co-solvent. Fuel 25;84: [14] Demirbas A. Biodiesel from sunflower oil in supercritical methanol with calcium oxide. Enery Conv Manage 27;48:
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