CLIMATOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES NO.

Transcription

1 Monthly Station Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days MONTANA NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE, DATA, AND INFORMATION SERVICE NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER ASHEVILLE, NC

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3 MONTANA Page 3 NOTES Product Description: This Climatography includes normals of monthly and annual maximum, minimum, and mean temperature (degrees F), monthly and annual total precipitation (inches), and heating and cooling degree days (base 65 degrees F). Normals stations include both National Weather Service Cooperative Network and Principal Observation (First-Order) locations in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Pacific Islands. Abbreviations: No. = Station Number in State Map Latitude = Latitude in degrees, minutes, and hemisphere (N=North, S=South) COOP ID = Cooperative Network ID (1:2=State ID, 3:6=Station Index) Longitude = Longitude in degrees, minutes, and hemisphere (W=West, E=East) WBAN ID = Weather Bureau Army Navy ID, if assigned Elev = Elevation in feet above mean sea level Elements = Input Elements (X=Maximum Temperature, Flag 1 = * if a published Local Climatological Data station N=Minimum Temperature, P=Precipitation) Flag 2 = + if WMO Fully Qualified (see Note below) Call = 3-Letter Station Call Sign, if assigned MAX = Normal Maximum Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) HIGHEST MEAN/YEAR = Maximum Mean Monthly Value/Year, MEAN = Average of MAX and MIN (degrees Fahrenheit) MEDIAN = Median Mean Monthly Value/Year, MIN = Normal Minimum Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit) LOWEST MEAN/YEAR = Minimum Mean Monthly Value/Year, HDD = Total Heating Degree Days (base 65 degrees Fahrenheit) MAX OBS TIME ADJUSTMENT = Add to MAX to Get Midnight Obs. Schedule CDD = Total Cooling Degree Days (base 65 degrees Fahrenheit) MIN OBS TIME ADJUSTMENT = Add to MIN to Get Midnight Obs. Schedule Note: In 1989, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) prescribed standards of data completeness for the WMO Standard Normals. For full qualification, no more than three consecutive year-month values can be missing for a given month or no more than five overall values can be missing for a given month (out of 30 values). Stations meeting these standards are indicated with a '+' sign in Flag 2. Otherwise, stations are included in the normals if they have at least 10 year-month values for each month and have been active since January 1999 or were a previous normals station. Map Legend: Numbers correspond to No. in Station Inventory; Shaded Circles indicate Temperature and Precipitation Stations, Triangles (Point Up) indicate Precipitation-Only Stations, Triangles (Point Down) indicate Temperature-Only Stations, and Hexagons indicate stations with Flag 1 = *. Computational Procedures: A climate normal is defined, by convention, as the arithmetic mean of a climatological element computed over three consecutive decades (WMO,1989). Ideally, the data record for such a 30-year period should be free of any inconsistencies in observational practices (e.g., changes in station location, instrumentation, time of observation, etc.) and be serially complete (i.e., no missing values). When present, inconsistencies can lead to a nonclimatic bias in one period of a station s record relative to another, yielding an inhomogeneous data record. Adjustments and estimations can make a climate record homogeneous and serially complete, and allow a climate normal to be calculated simply as the average of the 30 monthly values. The methodology employed to generate the normals is not the same as in previous normals, as it addresses inhomogeneity and missing data value problems using several steps. The technique developed by Karl et al. (1986) is used to adjust monthly maximum and minimum temperature observations of conterminous U.S. stations to a consistent midnight-to-midnight schedule. All monthly temperature averages and precipitation totals are cross-checked against archived daily observations to ensure internal consistency. Each monthly observation is evaluated using a modified quality control procedure (Peterson et al.,1998), where station observation departures are computed, compared with neighboring stations, and then flagged and estimated where large differences with neighboring values exist. Missing or discarded temperature and precipitation observations are replaced using a weighting function derived from the observed relationship between a candidate s monthly observations and those of up to 20 neighboring stations whose observations are most strongly correlated with the candidate site. For temperature estimates, neighboring stations were selected from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN; Karl et al. 1990). For precipitation estimates, all available stations were potential neighbors, maximizing station density for estimating the more spatially variable precipitation values. Peterson and Easterling (1994) and Easterling and Peterson (1995) outline the method for adjusting temperature inhomogeneities. This technique involves comparing the record of the candidate station with a reference series generated from neighboring data. The reference series is reconstructed using a weighted average of first difference observations (the difference from one year to the next) for neighboring stations with the highest correlation with the candidate. The underlying assumption behind this methodology is that temperatures over a region have similar tendencies in variation. If this assumption is violated, the potential discontinuity is evaluated for statistical significance. Where significant discontinuities are detected, the difference in average annual temperatures before and after the inhomogeneity is applied to adjust the mean of the earlier block with the mean of the latter block of data. Such an evaluation requires a minimum of five years between discontinuities. Consequently, if multiple changes occur within five years or if a change occurs very near the end of the normals period (e.g., after 1995), the discontinuity may not be detectable using this methodology. The monthly normals for maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation are computed simply by averaging the appropriate 30 values from the record. The monthly average temperature normals are computed by averaging the corresponding monthly maximum and minimum normals. The annual temperature normals are calculated by taking the average of the 12 monthly normals. The annual precipitation and degree day normals are the sum of the 12 monthly normals. Trace precipitation totals are shown as zero. Precipitation totals include rain and the liquid equivalent of frozen and freezing precipitation (e.g., snow, sleet, freezing rain, and hail). For many NWS locations, indicated with an * next to HDD and CDD in the degree day table, degree day normals are computed directly from daily values for the period. For all other stations, estimated degree day totals are based on a modification of the rational conversion formula developed by Thom (1966), using daily spline-fit means and standard deviations of average temperature as inputs. References: Easterling, D.R, and T.C. Peterson, 1995: A new method for detecting and adjusting for undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series. Intl. J. Clim., 15, Karl, T.R., C.N. Williams, Jr., P.J. Young, and W.M. Wendland,1986: A model to estimate the time of observation bias associated with monthly mean maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures for the United States, J. Clim. Appl. Met., 25, Peterson, T.C., and D.R. Easterling, 1994: Creation of homogeneous composite climatological reference series. Intl. J. Clim., 14, Peterson,T.C., R. Vose, R. Schmoyer, and V. Razuvaev, 1998: Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of monthly temperature data. Intl. J. Clim., 18, Thom, H.C.S., 1966: Normal degree days above any base by the universal truncation coefficient, Month. Wea. Rev., 94, World Meteorological Organization, 1989: Calculation of Monthly and Annual 30-Year Standard Normals, WCDP-No. 10, WMO-TD/No. 341, Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. Release Date: Revised 02/2002* National Climatic Data Center/NESDIS/NOAA, Asheville, North Carolina

4 24 - MONTANA 116 W 114 W 112 W 110 W 108 W 106 W 104 W 46 N 48 N 50 miles BIL HVR HLN GGW 91 GTF FCA MSO 159

5 MONTANA Page 5 STATION INVENTORY No. COOP ID WBAN ID Elements Station Name Call Latitude Longitude Elev Flag 1 Flag XNP ALBION 1 N N W XNP ALDER 17 S N W XNP ANACONDA N W XNP AUGUSTA N W XNP AUSTIN 1 W N W XNP BABB 6 NE N W P BAKER 1 E N W XNP BALLANTINE N W XNP BARBER N W XNP BELGRADE AP (BOZEMAN) BZN N W P BELLTOWER N W P BIDDLE N W XNP BIDDLE 8 SW N W XNP BIGFORK 13 S N W XNP BIG SANDY N W XNP BIG SKY 2 WNW N W XNP BIG TIMBER N W XNP BILLINGS WATER PLANT N W XNP BILLINGS INTL AP BIL N W 3567 * XNP BIRNEY N W XNP BLACKLEAF N W XNP BLOOMFIELD 5 NNE N W XNP BOULDER N W XNP BOZEMAN MONTANA ST UNIV N W XNP BOZEMAN 6 W EXP FARM N W XNP BOZEMAN 12 NE N W P BRADY 27 ENE THE KNEES N W XNP BRANDENBERG N W XNP BREDETTE N W XNP BRIDGER 2 N N W XNP BROADUS N W XNP BROADVIEW N W XNP BROCKWAY 3 WSW N W P BROWNING N W P BRUSETT 3 N N W XNP BUSBY N W XNP BUTTE MOONEY AP BTM N W XNP CANYON FERRY DAM N W XNP CARLYLE 12 NW N W XNP CARTER 14 W N W XNP CASCADE 5 S N W XNP CASCADE 20 SSE N W XNP CHESTER N W XNP CHINOOK N W XNP CHOTEAU N W XNP CIRCLE N W XNP CLEVELAND 5 ENE N W XNP COHAGEN N W XNP COLSTRIP N W XNP COLUMBUS N W XNP CONRAD N W XNP CONTENT 3 SSE N W XNP COOKE CITY 2 W N W XNP CRESTON N W XNP CROW AGENCY N W XNP CULBERTSON N W XNP CUT BANK MUNICIPAL AP CTB N W XNP DARBY N W P DECKER 4 NNE N W XNP DEER LODGE 3 W N W XNP DEL BONITA N W XNP DENTON N W XNP DILLON AP N W XNP DILLON WMCE N W XNP DIVIDE N W P DODSON N W XNP DRUMMOND AVIATION 3DU N W XNP EAST GLACIER N W XNP EKALAKA N W XNP ENNIS N W

6 MONTANA Page 6 STATION INVENTORY No. COOP ID WBAN ID Elements Station Name Call Latitude Longitude Elev Flag 1 Flag P ETHRIDGE N W XNP EUREKA RANGER STN N W XNP FAIRFIELD N W P FISHTAIL N W XNP FLATWILLOW 4 ENE N W XNP FORKS 4 NNE N W XNP FORSYTH N W XNP FORT ASSINNIBOINE N W XNP FORT BENTON N W XNP FORTINE 1 N N W P FORT LOGAN 4 ESE N W XNP FORT PECK POWER PLANT N W P GALATA 16 SSW N W P GALLATIN GATEWAY 10SSW N W XNP GARDINER N W XNP GERALDINE N W P GIBSON 2 NE N W XNP GIBSON DAM N W XNP GILDFORD N W P GLASGOW 14 NW N W XNP GLASGOW INTL AP GGW N W 2294 * XNP GLEN 2 E N W XNP GLENDIVE N W XNP GOLDBUTTE 7 N N W P GRANT 5 SE N W XNP GRASS RANGE N W XNP GREAT FALLS INTL AP GTF N W 3664 * XNP HAMILTON N W P HARB N W XNP HARDIN N W XNP HARLEM 4 W N W XNP HARLOWTON N W XNP HAUGAN 3 E (DEBORGIA) N W XNP HAVRE CITY CO AP HVR N W 2585 * XNP HAXBY 18 SW N W XNP HEBGEN DAM N W XNP HELENA AP HLN N W 3828 * XNP HERON 2 NW N W P HIGHWOOD 7 NE N W P HINGHAM 12 N N W XNP HINSDALE 4 SW N W XNP HOLTER DAM N W XNP HUNGRY HORSE DAM N W XNP HUNTLEY EXPERIMENT STN N W XNP HYSHAM N W XNP HYSHAM 25 SSE N W XNP ILIAD N W XNP INGOMAR 14 NE N W XNP JACKSON N W XNP JOLIET N W XNP JOPLIN N W XNP JORDAN JDN N W XNP JORDAN 23 ENE N W P JUDITH GAP N W XNP JUDITH GAP 13 E N W XNP KALISPELL GLACIER PK AP FCA N W 2957 * P KNOBS 4 SW N W P KREMLIN N W XNP LAKEVIEW N W XNP LAME DEER N W P LAUREL 3 WSW N W XNP LENNEP 5 SW N W P LEWISTOWN 11 SSE N W XNP LEWISTOWN MUNICIPAL AP LWT N W XNP LIBBY DAM BASE N W XNP LIBBY 1 NE RS N W XNP LIBBY 32 SSE N W XNP LIMA N W XNP LINCOLN RANGER STN N W XNP LINDBERGH LAKE N W

7 MONTANA Page 7 STATION INVENTORY No. COOP ID WBAN ID Elements Station Name Call Latitude Longitude Elev Flag 1 Flag P LINDSAY N W XNP LIVINGSTON 12 S N W XNP LIVINGSTON AP LVM N W XNP LOMA 1 WNW N W XNP LUSTRE 4 NNW N W P MAC KENZIE N W XNP MALTA 7 E N W XNP MALTA 35 S N W P MANHATTAN N W XNP MARTINSDALE 3 NNW N W XNP MEDICINE LAKE 3 SE N W XNP MELSTONE N W XNP MELVILLE 4 W N W P MENARD 3 NE N W XNP MILDRED 5 N N W XNP MILES CITY AP MLS N W XNP MILLEGAN 14 SE N W XNP MISSOULA 2 NE N W XNP MISSOULA INTL AP MSO N W 3192 * XNP MIZPAH 4 NNW N W XNP MOCCASIN EXPERIMENT STN N W P MONIDA N W XNP MOORHEAD 9 NE N W XNP MOSBY 4 ENE N W XNP MYSTIC LAKE N W XNP NEIHART 8 NNW N W XNP NORRIS MADISON PUMP HS N W XNP NYE N W XNP OLNEY N W XNP OPHEIM 10 N N W XNP OPHEIM 12 SSE N W XNP OTTER 9 SSW N W XNP OVANDO 9 SSE N W P PENDROY 2 NNW N W XNP PHILIPSBURG R S N W XNP PLENTYWOOD N W XNP PLEVNA N W XNP POLEBRIDGE N W XNP POLSON N W XNP POLSON KERR DAM N W XNP PONY N W XNP POPLAR 2 E N W XNP PORT OF MORGAN N W XNP POTOMAC N W XNP POWDERVILLE 8 NNE N W P POWER 6 SE N W P PRYOR 1 S N W XNP RAPELJE 4 S N W XNP RAYMOND BORDER STATION N W XNP RAYNESFORD 2 NNW N W XNP RED LODGE 2 N N W XNP REDSTONE N W XNP RIDGEWAY 1 S N W P ROBERTS 1 N N W XNP ROCK SPRINGS N W P ROCKY BOY N W XNP ROGERS PASS 9 NNE N W XNP ROUNDUP N W XNP ROY 8 NE N W XNP ROY 24 NE MOBRIDGE N W XNP RUDYARD 27 N N W XNP RYEGATE 18 NNW N W XNP SACO 1 NNW N W XNP ST IGNATIUS N W XNP ST MARY N W XNP SAINT REGIS 1 NE N W XNP SAVAGE N W XNP SCOBEY 4 NW N W XNP SEELEY LAKE R S N W XNP SHONKIN 7 S N W 4300

8 MONTANA Page 8 STATION INVENTORY No. COOP ID WBAN ID Elements Station Name Call Latitude Longitude Elev Flag 1 Flag XNP SIDNEY N W P SIMMS 1 NE N W XNP SIMPSON 6 NW N W XNP SONNETTE 2 WNW N W P SPRINGDALE N W XNP STANFORD N W XNP STEVENSVILLE N W XNP SULA 3 ENE N W XNP SUNBURST 8 E N W XNP SUN RIVER 4 S N W XNP SUPERIOR N W XNP SWAN LAKE N W XNP SWEETGRASS N W XNP TERRY N W XNP TERRY 21 NNW N W XNP THOMPSON FALLS POWER HSE N W XNP TIBER DAM N W XNP TOWNSEND N W XNP TRIDENT N W XNP TROUT CREEK R S N W XNP TROY N W XNP TROY 18 N N W XNP TURNER 11 N N W XNP TWIN BRIDGES N W XNP VALENTINE N W XNP VALIER N W XNP VIDA 6 NE N W XNP VIRGINIA CITY N W P VOLBORG N W P WARRICK 2 NW N W P WEBSTER 3 E N W XNP WESTBY N W XNP WESTERN AG RESEARCH CNTR N W XNP WEST GLACIER N W XNP WEST YELLOWSTONE N W XNP WHITEFISH N W XNP WHITE SULPHUR SPRNGS N W P WHITEWATER N W XNP WIBAUX 2 E N W XNP WILSALL 8 ENE N W XNP WINIFRED N W XNP WISDOM N W P WISE RIVER 3 WNW N W XNP WOLF POINT N W XNP WYOLA 1 SW N W XNP YELLOWTAIL DAM N W P ZORTMAN N W 3873

9 MONTANA Page 9 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 001 ALBION 1 N MAX MEAN MIN ALDER 17 S MAX MEAN MIN ANACONDA MAX MEAN MIN AUGUSTA MAX MEAN MIN AUSTIN 1 W MAX MEAN MIN BABB 6 NE MAX MEAN MIN BALLANTINE MAX MEAN MIN BARBER MAX MEAN MIN BELGRADE AP (BOZEMAN) MAX MEAN MIN BIDDLE 8 SW MAX MEAN MIN BIGFORK 13 S MAX MEAN MIN BIG SANDY MAX MEAN MIN BIG SKY 2 WNW MAX MEAN MIN BIG TIMBER MAX MEAN MIN BILLINGS WATER PLANT MAX MEAN MIN BILLINGS INTL AP MAX MEAN MIN BIRNEY MAX MEAN MIN BLACKLEAF MAX MEAN MIN BLOOMFIELD 5 NNE MAX MEAN MIN BOULDER MAX MEAN MIN BOZEMAN MONTANA ST UNIV MAX MEAN MIN BOZEMAN 6 W EXP FARM MAX MEAN MIN BOZEMAN 12 NE MAX MEAN MIN

10 MONTANA Page 10 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 028 BRANDENBERG MAX MEAN MIN BREDETTE MAX MEAN MIN BRIDGER 2 N MAX MEAN MIN BROADUS MAX MEAN MIN BROADVIEW MAX MEAN MIN BROCKWAY 3 WSW MAX MEAN MIN BUSBY MAX MEAN MIN BUTTE MOONEY AP MAX MEAN MIN CANYON FERRY DAM MAX MEAN MIN CARLYLE 12 NW MAX MEAN MIN CARTER 14 W MAX MEAN MIN CASCADE 5 S MAX MEAN MIN CASCADE 20 SSE MAX MEAN MIN CHESTER MAX MEAN MIN CHINOOK MAX MEAN MIN CHOTEAU MAX MEAN MIN CIRCLE MAX MEAN MIN CLEVELAND 5 ENE MAX MEAN MIN COHAGEN MAX MEAN MIN COLSTRIP MAX MEAN MIN COLUMBUS MAX MEAN MIN CONRAD MAX MEAN MIN CONTENT 3 SSE MAX MEAN MIN

11 MONTANA Page 11 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 053 COOKE CITY 2 W MAX MEAN MIN CRESTON MAX MEAN MIN CROW AGENCY MAX MEAN MIN CULBERTSON MAX MEAN MIN CUT BANK MUNICIPAL AP MAX MEAN MIN DARBY MAX MEAN MIN DEER LODGE 3 W MAX MEAN MIN DEL BONITA MAX MEAN MIN DENTON MAX MEAN MIN DILLON AP MAX MEAN MIN DILLON WMCE MAX MEAN MIN DIVIDE MAX MEAN MIN DRUMMOND AVIATION MAX MEAN MIN EAST GLACIER MAX MEAN MIN EKALAKA MAX MEAN MIN ENNIS MAX MEAN MIN EUREKA RANGER STN MAX MEAN MIN FAIRFIELD MAX MEAN MIN FLATWILLOW 4 ENE MAX MEAN MIN FORKS 4 NNE MAX MEAN MIN FORSYTH MAX MEAN MIN FORT ASSINNIBOINE MAX MEAN MIN FORT BENTON MAX MEAN MIN

12 MONTANA Page 12 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 080 FORTINE 1 N MAX MEAN MIN FORT PECK POWER PLANT MAX MEAN MIN GARDINER MAX MEAN MIN GERALDINE MAX MEAN MIN GIBSON DAM MAX MEAN MIN GILDFORD MAX MEAN MIN GLASGOW INTL AP MAX MEAN MIN GLEN 2 E MAX MEAN MIN GLENDIVE MAX MEAN MIN GOLDBUTTE 7 N MAX MEAN MIN GRASS RANGE MAX MEAN MIN GREAT FALLS INTL AP MAX MEAN MIN HAMILTON MAX MEAN MIN HARDIN MAX MEAN MIN HARLEM 4 W MAX MEAN MIN HARLOWTON MAX MEAN MIN HAUGAN 3 E (DEBORGIA) MAX MEAN MIN HAVRE CITY CO AP MAX MEAN MIN HAXBY 18 SW MAX MEAN MIN HEBGEN DAM MAX MEAN MIN HELENA AP MAX MEAN MIN HERON 2 NW MAX MEAN MIN HINSDALE 4 SW MAX MEAN MIN

13 MONTANA Page 13 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 112 HOLTER DAM MAX MEAN MIN HUNGRY HORSE DAM MAX MEAN MIN HUNTLEY EXPERIMENT STN MAX MEAN MIN HYSHAM MAX MEAN MIN HYSHAM 25 SSE MAX MEAN MIN ILIAD MAX MEAN MIN INGOMAR 14 NE MAX MEAN MIN JACKSON MAX MEAN MIN JOLIET MAX MEAN MIN JOPLIN MAX MEAN MIN JORDAN MAX MEAN MIN JORDAN 23 ENE MAX MEAN MIN JUDITH GAP 13 E MAX MEAN MIN KALISPELL GLACIER PK AP MAX MEAN MIN LAKEVIEW MAX MEAN MIN LAME DEER MAX MEAN MIN LENNEP 5 SW MAX MEAN MIN LEWISTOWN MUNICIPAL AP MAX MEAN MIN LIBBY DAM BASE MAX MEAN MIN LIBBY 1 NE RS MAX MEAN MIN LIBBY 32 SSE MAX MEAN MIN LIMA MAX MEAN MIN LINCOLN RANGER STN MAX MEAN MIN

14 MONTANA Page 14 TEMPERATURE NORMALS (Degrees Fahrenheit) 140 LINDBERGH LAKE MAX MEAN MIN LIVINGSTON 12 S MAX MEAN MIN LIVINGSTON AP MAX MEAN MIN LOMA 1 WNW MAX MEAN MIN LUSTRE 4 NNW MAX MEAN MIN MALTA 7 E MAX MEAN MIN MALTA 35 S MAX MEAN MIN MARTINSDALE 3 NNW MAX MEAN MIN MEDICINE LAKE 3 SE MAX MEAN MIN MELSTONE MAX MEAN MIN MELVILLE 4 W MAX MEAN MIN MILDRED 5 N MAX MEAN MIN MILES CITY AP MAX MEAN MIN MILLEGAN 14 SE MAX MEAN MIN MISSOULA 2 NE MAX MEAN MIN MISSOULA INTL AP MAX MEAN MIN MIZPAH 4 NNW MAX MEAN MIN MOCCASIN EXPERIMENT STN MAX MEAN MIN MOORHEAD 9 NE MAX MEAN MIN MOSBY 4 ENE MAX MEAN MIN MYSTIC LAKE MAX MEAN MIN NEIHART 8 NNW MAX MEAN MIN NORRIS MADISON PUMP HS MAX MEAN MIN