Mine/Countermine Operations

Transcription

1 This reprint includes Changes 1 and 2. FM Mine/Countermine Operations Headquarters, Department of the Army DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

2 FM C2 Change 2 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 22 August 2001 Mine/Countermine Operations 1. Change FM 20-32, 30 September 1992, as follows: Remove Old s Insert New s i through xviii i through xviii 1-5 through through and and and and and and through through and and through through through through and and and and and and and and and and and and through through and and and and through through and and through through and and through through and and through through and and and and and and and and and and and and through through 12-12

3 Remove Old s Insert New s and and through through and and and and through through A-11 and A-12 A-11 and A-12 A-29 and A-30 A-29 and A-30 A-33 and A-34 A-33 and A-34 B-1 through B-6 B-1 through B-5 C-1 and C-2 C-1 and C-2 D-5 and D-6 D-5 and D-6 D-15 and D-16 D-15 and D-16 E-1 and E-2 E-1 and E-2 F-3 and F-4 F-3 and F-4 F-9 and F-10 F-9 and F-10 F-17 and F-18 F-17 and F-18 Glossary-7 through Glossary-10 Glossary-7 through Glossary-10 References-1 and References-3 References-1 and References-3 Index-1 through Index-6 Index-1 through Index-6 DA Form R DA Form R 2. A bar ( ) marks new or changed material. 3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication. 4. This change includes Change 1, 30 June DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official: ERIC K. SHINSEKI General, United States Army Chief of Staff JOEL B. HUDSON Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, Army National Guard, and US Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number , requirements for FM

4 *FM Field Manual No Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 29 May 1998 MINE/COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS Table of Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS...x Figures...x Tables... xv PREFACE...xvii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION MECHANICS OF MINES Characteristics and Functioning Components and Initiating Actions ANTITANK MINES Types of Kills Types of Sensing Types of Warheads ANTIPERSONNEL MINES Types of Kills Types of Sensing Types of Effects ANTIHANDLING DEVICES Part One. Mine Operations CHAPTER 2. MINE-WARFARE PRINCIPLES MINE-WARFARE CONCEPTS TYPES OF MINEFIELDS Protective Minefields Tactical Minefields Nuisance Minefields Phony Minefields PROTECTIVE VERSUS TACTICAL MINEFIELDS TACTICAL MINEFIELDS Minefield Variables Design DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This manual supersedes FM 20-32, 30 September i

5 TACTICAL-OBSTACLE INTEGRATION PRINCIPLES Obstacle Emplacement Authority Obstacle Control Obstacle Control Measures Fratricide Prevention Maneuver-Plan Support SITING AND EMPLACING TACTICAL MINEFIELDS Coordinating with the Maneuver Commander Siting the Minefield Emplacing Minefields Determining Resource Requirements MINEFIELD SUPPLY OPERATIONS Resupply Nodes Resupply Rules Supply Location Resupply Methods MINEFIELD MARKING Criteria Perimeter Techniques MINEFIELD TURNOVER MINEFIELD INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE CHAPTER 3. SCATTERABLE MINES AND MINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Antipersonnel Mines Antitank Mines CAPABILITIES Faster Response Remote Placement Increased Tactical Flexibility Efficiency Increased Lethality LIMITATIONS Extensive Coordination Proliferation of Targets Visibility Accuracy Orientation LIFE CYCLE LETHALITY AND DENSITY Lethality and Tactical-Obstacle Effect Density COMMAND AND CONTROL AUTHORITY COORDINATION EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLACEMENT Area-Denial Artillery Munitions and Remote Antiarmor Mines Gator Volcano Modular Pack Mine System ii

6 MARKING Safety Zones Fragment Hazard Zones Fencing CHAPTER 4. SPECIAL-PURPOSE MUNITIONS M18A1 CLAYMORE SELECTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT ATTACK MUNITION Operating Modes Antitamper Feature M93 HORNET Employment Considerations Employment Roles Tactical Emplacement Recording and Marking CHAPTER 5. CONVENTIONAL MINES ANTITANK MINES M M M ANTIPERSONNEL MINES M M EMPLACING MINES Mines With Prongs Mines With Pressure Plates Mines With Tilt Rods Bearing Boards Concealment Maneuver Assistance CHAPTER 6. ROW MINING USE RULES LOGISTICS Calculations Task Organization Site Layout Mine-Laying Vehicles Laying a Row Minefield Immediate-Action Drill Squad Drill Marking, Recording, and Reporting Row Minefields STANDARDIZED TACTICAL ROW MINEFIELDS Disrupt and Fix Turn Block HASTY PROTECTIVE ROW MINEFIELDS Rules Site Layout iii

7 CHAPTER 7. STANDARD-PATTERN MINEFIELDS COMPONENTS Mine Strips Mine Clusters Rules for Positioning Clusters Within a Strip Standard-Pattern Minefield Rules LOGISTICAL CALCULATIONS Cluster Calculation Platoon Organization Mine-Emplacement Procedures Mine Emplacement NUISANCE MINEFIELDS Siting Location Laying Inspection and Maintenance Handover CHAPTER 8. REPORTING AND RECORDING MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD REPORTS Report of Intention Report of Initiation Report of Completion Report of Transfer Report of Change Progress Reports MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD RECORDS Minefield Record Hasty Protective Row Minefield Record Nuisance Minefield SCATTERABLE MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD REPORTING AND RECORDING MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD OVERLAY SYMBOLS Part Two. Counteroperations CHAPTER 9. COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS DEFINITIONS Obstacle Reduction Breaching Area Clearance Route Clearance Mine Neutralization Proofing Demining BREACHING OPERATIONS Intelligence Fundamentals Organization Mass Synchronization iv

8 CLEARING OPERATIONS Upgrade of Breach Lanes Area Clearance Demining CHAPTER 10. MINEFIELD REDUCTION DETECTING Visual Physical Electronic Mechanical REPORTING REDUCING Explosive Mechanical Electronic Manual PROOFING MARKING Lane-Marking Terms Levels of Lane Marking and Patterns Commander's Guidance for Lane Marking Lane-Marking Devices Marking Requirements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization CHAPTER 11. ROUTE AND AREA CLEARANCE ROUTE CLEARANCE Planning Planning Considerations Task Organization Methods and Types AREA CLEARANCE Planning Planning Considerations Task Organization Methods and Types IMPROVISED MINE THREAT MINE LOCATIONS DISPOSITION OF MINES Mine-Removal Techniques Hand Neutralization SAFETY REPORTS Situation Report Progress Report Mine Incident Report v

9 Part Three. Special Mining Operations CHAPTER 12. MINING OPERATIONS IN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS STREAMBED AND RIVER MINING Employment Emplacement Recovery Recording Safety URBAN-TERRAIN MINING Antipersonnel Mines Conventional Antitank Mines Scatterable Mines Deception Measures SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS Cold Regions Jungles Deserts CHAPTER 13. BOOBY TRAPS AND EXPEDIENT DEVICES Section I. Setting Booby Traps TACTICS SITING TYPES OF TRAPS COMPONENTS AND PRINCIPLES ACTUATION METHODS METHODS OF CONNECTION Remote Direct PLANNING, SETTING, AND RECORDING Timeliness Orders and Briefing Rehearsal Organization and Procedure Reporting and Recording SITES SAFETY Section II. Clearing Booby Traps INDICATIONS DETECTION CLEARING METHODS COMBAT CLEARANCE CLEARANCE IN SECURE AREAS Policy and Planning Control Point Control and Size of Parties Marking Clearing of Open Areas Clearing of Buildings Exterior Reconnaissance and Entry Search Techniques vi

10 Clearing Installations and Facilities Clearing Obstacles Clearing Secure Areas CLEARANCE METHODS IMPROVISED TRAPS NONEXPLOSIVE TRAPS Punji Closing Trap Spike Board Venus Flytrap Section III. Expedient Devices AUTHORIZATION EMPLOYMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES High-Explosive, Artillery-Shell Antitank Device Platter Charge Improvised Claymore Grapeshot Antipersonnel Device Barbwire Antipersonnel Device APPENDIX A. INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL OF US MINES AND FIRING DEVICES...A-1 Section I. Antipersonnel Mines...A-2 M14... A-2 Characteristics... A-2 Installation... A-3 Removal... A-5 M16... A-6 Characteristics... A-6 Installation... A-7 Removal... A-10 Section II. Antitank Mines...A-11 M15... A-11 Characteristics... A-12 Installation Using the M624 Fuse... A-13 Removal Using the M624 Fuse... A-17 Installation Using the M603 Fuse... A-17 Removal Using the M603 Fuse... A-20 M19... A-21 Characteristics... A-22 Installation... A-22 Removal... A-24 M21... A-24 Characteristics... A-25 Installation... A-26 Removal... A-29 Section III. Firing Devices and Activators...A-29 M5 PRESSURE-RELEASE FIRING DEVICE (MOUSETRAP)... A-30 Characteristics... A-30 Installation... A-31 Removal... A-31 vii

11 M142 MULTIPURPOSE FIRING DEVICE...A-32 Characteristics...A-33 Arming and Disarming...A-33 M1 AND M2 ACTIVATORS...A-33 APPENDIX B. CONTROLS AND COMPONENTS OF SPECIAL-PURPOSE MUNITIONS... B-1 SELECTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT ATTACK MUNITION...B-1 M93 HORNET...B-1 APPENDIX C. THREAT MINE/COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS... C-1 MINE OPERATIONS...C-1 CHEMICAL MINES...C-6 COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS...C-7 Organization...C-7 Equipment...C-11 APPENDIX D. AIR VOLCANO... D-1 COMPONENTS... D-1 M87-Series Mine Canister... D-1 M139 Dispenser...D-2 LIMITATIONS... D-2 EMPLOYMENT... D-2 Deep Operations...D-3 Close Operations...D-4 Rear Operations...D-5 Minefield Effects... D-6 Planning... D-8 EMPLACEMENT... D-18 Outside Friendly Territory... D-20 Within Friendly Territory... D-20 REPORTING... D-22 Scatterable Minefield Warning... D-22 Scatterable Minefield Report and Record... D-22 APPENDIX E. SAFETY AND TRAINING... E-1 STORAGE...E-1 LIVE-MINE TRAINING...E-3 LIVE-MINE DEMONSTRATIONS...E-5 M16 Antipersonnel Mine...E-5 M18A1 Antipersonnel Munition...E-6 M15, M19, and M21 Antitank Mines...E-7 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LIVE-MINE DEMONSTRATIONS...E-8 RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LIVE-MINE TRAINING...E-10 APPENDIX F. MINE AWARENESS...F-1 SOLDIER...F-1 Visual Indicators...F-1 Probing...F-2 AN/PSS-12 Metallic Mine Detector...F-3 Evacuation Drills...F-10 viii

12 LEADER... F-14 Risk Management... F-14 Recording and Mine-Data Tracking... F-18 Mine-Incident Report... F-18 TRAINING... F-18 Individual Training... F-19 Leader Training... F-20 Unit Training... F-20 APPENDIX G. COUNTERMINE DATA...G-1 BREACHING ASSETS VERSUS THREAT OBSTACLES...G-1 FOREIGN MINE DATA...G-1 FOREIGN MINEFIELD EMPLACEMENT DATA...G-1 FOREIGN MINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS...G-1 APPENDIX H. METRIC CONVERSION CHART... H-1 GLOSSARY... Glossary-1 REFERENCES...References-1 INDEX...Index-1 ix

13 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Figure 1-1. Mine components Figure 1-2. Methods of actuating mines Figure 1-3. Types of fuses Figure 1-4. AHD incorporating a release mechanism Figure 1-5. AHD not attached to the mine Figure 1-6. Hand-emplaced US AHDs Figure 2-1. Tactical versus protective obstacles Figure 2-2. Tactical-obstacle effects Figure 2-3. Minefield variables Figure 2-4. Vehicle mine encounter probability versus minefield density Figure 2-5. Disrupt-effect group Figure 2-6. Fix-effect group Figure 2-7. Turn-effect group Figure 2-8. Block-effect group Figure 2-9. Obstacle zones Figure Obstacle belts Figure Obstacle groups Figure TF defense COA Figure TF direct-fire analysis Figure TF obstacle-intent integration and priorities Figure Obstacle-plan refinement Figure Scheme-of-obstacle overlay Figure Sample obstacle-execution matrix Figure Minefield siting Figure Example of minefield resourcing Figure Mine resupply Figure Supply-point resupply method Figure Service-station resupply method Figure Tailgate resupply method Figure Minefield marking Figure Marking of minefields and obstacle groups Figure Sample obstacle-turnover work sheet Figure 3-1. AP SCATMINEs Figure 3-2. AT SCATMINE Figure 3-3. Emplacement of ADAMs and RAAMs Figure 3-4. Gator SCATMINE system Figure 3-5. Gator minefield Figure 3-6. Volcano mine system Figure 3-7. Volcano components Figure 3-8. Volcano disrupt and fix minefields Figure 3-9. Volcano turn and block minefields Figure MOPMS x

14 Figure MOPMS emplacement and safety zone Figure MOPMS in a disrupt minefield Figure MOPMS in a fix minefield Figure Ground Volcano minefield Figure 4-2. M18A1 claymore Figure 4-3. SLAM Figure 4-4. SLAM in bottom-attack mode Figure 4-5. SLAM in side-attack mode Figure 4-6. SLAM in timed-demolition mode Figure 4-7. SLAM in command-detonation mode Figure 4-8. M93 Hornet Figure 4-9. Hornet reinforcing a conventional minefield Figure Hornet reinforcing a Volcano minefield Figure Hornet area-disruption obstacle Figure Hornet gauntlet obstacle (one cluster) Figure Hornet gauntlet obstacle (platoon) Figure Hornet-enhanced turn-and fix-obstacle groups Figure 5-1. AT mines Figure 5-2. AP mines Figure 5-3. Prong-activated AP mine Figure 5-4. Trip-wire-activated AP mine Figure 5-5. Buried mine with pressure plate Figure 5-6. Buried mine with tilt rod Figure 5-7. Buried and concealed mines Figure 6-1. Minefield requirements computation work sheet Figure 6-2. Step-by-step procedures for completing the minefield requirements computation work sheet Figure 6-3. Site layout Figure 6-4a. Laying a minefield Figure 6-4b. Laying a minefield (continued) Figure 6-5. Laying an IOE short row Figure 6-6. Sample strip feeder report Figure 6-7. Laying a row minefield Figure 6-8. Measuring distances between mines with sandbags Figure 6-9a. Sample DA Form 1355 for a row minefield (front) Figure 6-9b. Sample DA Form 1355 for a row minefield (back) Figure Standardized disrupt and fix row minefields Figure Standardized turn row minefield Figure Standardized block row minefield Figure Site layout Figure 7-1. Minefield layout Figure 7-2. Cluster compositions Figure 7-3. Arrangement of clusters in a mine strip Figure 7-4. IOE baseline with short strips Figure 7-5. Clusters on an IOE short strip Figure 7-6. Minefield lanes and gaps Figure 7-7. Mine-emplacement procedures Figure 7-8. Laying and fusing mines Figure 7-9. Lane closure xi

15 Figure 8-1. Conventional minefield/munition field reporting chain Figure 8-2a. Sample DA Form 1355 (front side) for a standard-pattern minefield/munition field Figure 8-2b. Sample DA Form 1355 (inside) for a standard-pattern minefield/munition field Figure 8-2c. Sample DA Form 1355 (back side) for a standard-pattern minefield/munition field Figure 8-3a. Sample DA Form 1355 (front side) for a Hornet minefield/munition field Figure 8-3b. Sample DA Form 1355 (back side) for a Hornet minefield/munition field Figure 8-4. Sample DA Form R Figure 8-5. Hasty protective row minefield/munition field record Figure 8-6a. Sample DA Form 1355 (front side) for a nuisance minefield/munition field Figure 8-6b. Sample DA Form 1355 (inside) for a nuisance minefield/munition field Figure 8-7. Scatterable minefield/munition field report and record work sheet Figure 8-8. Sample SCATMINWARN Figure 8-9. Scatterable minefield/munition field report and record for an ADAM/RAAM artillery mission Figure Sample SCATMINWARN for an artillery mission Figure Minefield/munition field overlay symbols Figure 9-1. Sample OBSTINTEL report Figure AN/PSS-12 mine detector Figure ASTAMIDS Figure IVMMD components Figure MICLIC Figure AVLM Figure MICLIC employment in a minefield less than 100 meters deep Figure MICLIC employment in a minefield of uncertain depth or greater than 100 meters Figure Skip zone Figure APOBS Figure Bangalore torpedo Figure Skim technique Figure MCB Figure Mine-blade width compared to track-vehicle widths Figure MCR Figure Mine-roller width compared to track-vehicle widths Figure Panther Figure MiniFlail Figure Grizzly Figure CEV with mine rake Figure Tripod Figure Initial lane marking Figure Intermediate lane marking Figure Full lane marking Figure Marking devices Figure NATO standard marker Figure NATO lane-marking conversion Figure NATO standard marking for limited visibility Figure IBASIC xii