ABB n.v Power Quality in LV installations
|
|
- Bruce Nelson Craig
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ABB n.v Power Quality in LV installations
2 PQ problems in LV installations Volts Amps :25: :25: :25: :25: :25: :25:43.77 CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25: ABB n.v Volts msec
3 Key elements of poor LV Power Quality Harmonics Reactive power Load imbalance ABB n.v
4 Reasons for investing in Power Quality Traditional reasons Technical problems leading to system downtime Production loss Compliance with regulations (local/iec/company standards) Penalties if no compliance No connection if no compliance But also Energy savings potential Poor Power Quality results in higher system losses A topic which is becoming more important due to increasing energy prices ABB n.v
5 Introduction: Types of linear load Three categories of linear loads RESISTIVE R Ohms Ω INDUCTIVE L Henry H CAPACITIVE C Farad F ABB n.v
6 Introduction: Categories of linear loads Resistive load VAC IR R Ohms (Ω) Example: Traditional resistive heater Phasor representation: ω VAC IR IR VAC ϕ = 0 ϕ = ABB n.v If ϕ = 0, active power is transferred at minimal current If ϕ = 0, cos ϕ = Displacement Power Factor (DPF) = 1 Active Power P = U 2 /R [W]
7 Introduction: Categories of linear loads Inductive load VAC IL L Henry (Η) Example: Ideal reactor Phasor representation: VAC IL ω ϕ = 90 lagging VAC ϕ = 90 IL ABB n.v If ϕ = 90, no active power is transferred although current flows If ϕ = 90, cos ϕ = Displacement Power Factor (DPF) = 0 Reactive Power Q = U 2 /(ωl) [var]
8 Introduction: Categories of linear loads Capacitive load VAC IC C Farad (F) Example: Ideal capacitor Phasor representation: VAC IC IC ω ϕ = 90 leading ABB n.v ϕ = 90 VAC If ϕ = 90, no active power is transferred although current flows If ϕ = 90, cos ϕ = Displacement Power Factor (DPF) = 0 Reactive Power Q = (ωc)*u 2 [var]
9 Real-life linear loads All real-life inductive loads require two kinds of power to function properly: -Active power (kw) F performs the work (useful power) -Reactive power (kvar) F sustains electromagnetic field (non useful power) kw kvar kva ABB n.v Apparent power (kva) F total power consumed
10 Power triangle for real-life inductive loads ABB n.v Reactive power kvar kvar Example: Active or useful power ϕ Apparent power kw kva Displacement Power factor cos ϕ = kw / kva Active power at full load : 410kW Initial power factor : cos ϕ = 0.7 Then Ł Apparent power kva= 410/0.7= 586 kva Ł Reactive power kvar = kva* sin ϕ=586*0.714=419 kvar Ł 846 A current is flowing for 592 A of useful current Ł Inefficient use of the feeding network kva = kw² + kvar²
11 Effects of a poor power factor ABB n.v The feeding transformer losses increase Ł increased temperature, Ł reduced lifetime The transformer/generator is fully loaded Ł not possible to add new loads The feeding cable losses increase Ł increased temperature Ł reduced lifetime Protecting devices may trip Active power P Reactive power Q The voltage output of the transformer may become too low Ł loads may refuse to start Impermissible voltage variations on the feeding network may result Utility requirements for cos ϕ and voltage variations may not be met Ł Penalties may be levied M
12 Examples of loads and their typical cos j ABB n.v Traditional motors Direct On Line cos ϕ when running steady state: Pay attention to start-up: Istart-up is high (e.g. 5 times In), cos ϕ = AC motors controlled by VFD s: cos ϕ = (Power Factor may be lower!) TL/CFL lamps (non-compensated) cos ϕ = 0.5 (compensated lamps will have higher cos ϕ) PCs/laptops/Servers cos ϕ = (compensated units may have capacitive cos ϕ) Conventional welding equipment cos ϕ = 0.4 Thyristor controlled equipment with Iwelding significantly higher than In cos ϕ = (according to operating point of the equipment) PF DPF Starting current of VFD driven AC motor Cos ϕ Power factor TimeSec
13 Improving the power factor: principle A capacitor connected in parallel with a load draws kvar in the same way as the load but in phase opposition (leading) IC kw kvar1 kvar_c kva ϕ = 90 leading IR ω VAC ϕ = 90 lagging IL ABB n.v
14 Improving the power factor: principle Load representation: Load + capacitor representation: kw ϕ1 ϕ1 kw kvar1 kva1 kvar_c kvar1 kva1 Result: kvar2 ϕ1 ϕ2 kw kva2 kvar_c ABB n.v kvar_c = kvar1 kw (tan ϕ1 tan ϕ2) kva1
15 Improving the power factor: example Active power at full load: 410kW Initial power factor: cos ϕ1 = 0.7 Initial Apparent power kva1= 410/0.7 = 586 kva Ł 846 A current is flowing for 592 A of useful current Desired power factor: cos ϕ 2 = 0.95 kw=410 j1 j2 kva1=586 kva2=432 kvar1=419 kvar2= Needed kvar : = 410 ( tan ϕ 1-tan ϕ 2) = 410 ( ) = 284 kvar Final Apparent power kva2 = 410/0.95 = 432 kva ABB n.v Ł 624 A current is drawn from the supply for 592 A of useful current Ł Very efficient use of the power supply network
16 Advantages of a good power factor Current drawn from the network is reduced Transformers and distribution cables unloaded ( I) Reduced Joule losses (RI²) in cables, transformers, protecting devices Current reduction with increased cos ϕ Cable loss reduction with increased cos ϕ % reduction in losses 46 cos f final values 27% ABB n.v cos f initial values
17 Advantages of a good power factor Voltage drop reduced in cables, transformers and feeding network Increased power available at transformer terminals No penalty from electricity supplier Possibly sponsorship of government for good cos ϕ Voltage drop in transformers as a function of load cos ϕ Voltage drop 5.1 Normal losses Low losses ABB n.v cos f
18 Energy saving calculation Consumer's electricity bill: 1 cable 70 mm² 20 m A 400 kva 400 V 2 cables 70 mm² 100 m B Monthly kwh consumed = Monthly kvarh consumed = Assuming an activity of : 340 days/year 15 hours/day Average kw = 70125/425 = 165 (66% of the full load) Average kvar = 63081/425 = 148 Average kva = 165² + 148² = 222 Average cos j = kw/ kw² + kvar² = 0.74 P=80 kw cos f = 0.75 P=170 kw cos f = 0.75 ABB n.v
19 Energy saving calculation Min cos j value to avoid penalty : 0.93 capacitor required = kw (tgϕ1 - tgϕ2) =165 ( ) = 83kvar (in practice cap. size is increased by 5 to 10% to ensure a P.F.> 0.93) New situation kw = 165 (unchanged) kvar = = 65 ( ) kva = 165² + 65² = 177 ( ) (222 previously) Monthly demand (kva) is reduced by 20%! Transformer and cable losses are also reduced! ABB n.v Typical pay-back period for a contactor switched capacitor bank is from a few months to two or so years
20 Effects of load unbalance Neutral current increase Voltage build-up between neutral and earth leading to technical problems Load imbalance leads to voltage imbalance Voltage imbalance leads to increased stress and reduced efficiency in motors etc. ABB n.v
21 What are harmonics? Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of any periodical waveform are called Harmonics e.g. Acoustic waves Electrical waves ABB n.v For power networks, 50 Hz (60 Hz) is the fundamental frequency and 150 Hz (180 Hz), 250 Hz (300 Hz) etc. are higher order harmonics viz. 3 rd & 5 th Odd Harmonics (5 th, 7 th..) Even Harmonics (2 nd, 4 th.) Triplen Harmonics (3 rd, 9 th, 15 th..) Non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of any periodical waveform are called Inter-harmonics e.g. 2.5 th => 125 Hz at 50 Hz base
22 What is the line current from this device?? ABB n.v
23 ABB n.v Current waveform
24 ABB n.v Fundamental only
25 ABB n.v Fundamental + fifth harmonic
26 ABB n.v H1 + H5 + H7
27 Harmonics representation Time domain 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Frequency domain ABB n.v
28 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Relative importance of harmonics regarding to fundamental C 2 k k= 2 ( expressed in %) THD = C 1 THD(U): meaningful THD(I):??? what is the reference??? ABB n.v
29 Example of variable speed drives in oil field LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENTS AT PUMPING CLUSTER Volts Amps :25: :25: :25: :25: :25: :25:43.77 CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps ABB n.v Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25: Voltage: THDV = 12% Current: THDI = 27%
30 Harmonics dimensionless numbers THDF (Transformer Harmonic Derating Factor) kva derated = THDF*kVA KF (K-Factor) Extra heat brought by harmonics TIF-Factor (Telephone Interference Factor) Describes interference of a power transmission line on a telephone line ABB n.v
31 Where do the harmonics come from? Power electronics, converters, drives... Rectifiers Inverters... ABB n.v
32 Where do the harmonics come from? Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) Network Accu ABB n.v Load
33 Where do the harmonics come from? Fluorescent lighting systems ABB n.v
34 Where do the harmonics come from? Computers Printers Faxing machines... Small but... ABB n.v If lots of such devices on same transformer
35 Where to find harmonic loads: summarized Harmonic (non-linear) loads are everywhere and in ever increasing number Industrial loads (mainly 3-wire systems) AC and DC drives (UPS systems) Harmonics between phases, imbalance, sometimes reactive power Commercial loads (mainly 4-wire systems) All office equipment such as computers, saving lamps, photocopiers, fax machines, Harmonics in neutral and between phases, imbalance, sometimes reactive power ABB n.v
36 Effects of ever increasing harmonics Total harmonic distortion 0% 33% 39% 44% Peak 100% 133% 168% 204% RMS 100% 105% 108% 110% ABB n.v Modification of the peak value of the waveform Increase of the RMS value of the waveform
37 Problems created by harmonics Nuisance tripping of circuit breaker Increase of RMS Thermally Increase of peak Magnetically Blown fuses ABB n.v
38 Problems created by harmonics Excessive heating of devices Distortion Increase of RMS Losses # R. I 2 RMS = R. I R. Σ I h 2 Extra heat brought by harmonics ABB n.v
39 Problems created by harmonics Excessive harmonic current may lead to overheating (or even burning) of network components ABB n.v
40 Problems created by harmonics Motor problems Additional losses in windings & iron (RMS increase & skin effect) Perturbing torques on shaft (negative sequence harmonics) ABB n.v
41 Harmonics classification Order Group Effects n = 1 Fundamental active power n = 3k+1 + sequence heating n = 3k-1 - sequence heating & motor problems n = 3n 0 sequence heating & neutral problems ABB n.v
42 Problems created by harmonics Damage to electronic sensitive equipments Electronic communications interferences ABB n.v
43 Problems created by harmonics Excessive neutral current (mainly zero-sequence harmonics) ABB n.v
44 Problems created by harmonics Capacitor problems Decrease of impedance with frequency Resonance problems Z C # 1/f & = Frequency Capacitor overload ABB n.v
45 Problems created by harmonics Capacitor problems Due to its lower impedance, capacitors are even more susceptible to higher order harmonics. If not protected from harmonic stress, a capacitor may fail pretty soon ABB n.v
46 Capacitor banks and harmonics: resonance When harmonics are present in the network, special care has to be given to the capacitor bank design. Ł This is due to possible resonance excitation Series resonance path: U Parallel resonance path: M U ABB n.v
47 Capacitor banks and harmonics: resonance Series resonance leads to high capacitor stress due to background harmonic distortion Parallel resonance leads to high voltage and current stress due to the injection of harmonic currents into a high impedance Series impedance Parallel impedance Capacitive behaviour Inductive behaviour R Inductive behaviour w 0 Capacitive behaviour w 0 n 0 = n 0 = S Q sct C Frequency S Q sct C Frequency ABB n.v Ł When harmonics trigger a resonance frequency, a lot of damage may result!
48 Capacitor banks and harmonics: resonance Example: Feeding network: 11 kv, Ssc = 100 MVA Transformer: 11 kv/400v, 600 kva, 5.5 % Case 1: Motor load: 200 kw, cos ϕ = 0.7, desired cos ϕ = 0.92 Ł Install contactor switched capacitor bank 5 steps, 25 kvar/step Ł Resulting cos ϕ = 0.93 and bank stress acceptable OK ABB n.v
49 Capacitor banks and harmonics: resonance Example: Case 2: DC drive load: 200 kw, cos ϕ = 0.7, desired cos ϕ = 0.92 Ł If samecapacitor bank is usedas usedbefore!!! ABB n.v
50 Capacitor banks and harmonics: resonance Solution: Ł When harmonics are present in the network, install capacitor banks fitted with detuning reactors. U ABB n.v Ł Important: Tuning must always be chosen below the first significant harmonic that is present! Applications where single phase loads are present (e.g. office buildings, hotels, ), first harmonic is 3rd, hence tuning should be below 3rd (e.g. 14% or 12.5 %) Applications where only three phase loads are present (e.g. industrial plants), first harmonic is 5th, hence tuning should be below 5th (e.g. 7% or 5.67%)
51 Example Case 2 - Solution 2 Capacitor bank, 5 steps, 25 kvar/step incorporating protecting reactors rated at p = 7% ABB n.v This solution is acceptable: - Power factor is reached - Bank stress is within specifications - Harmonic filtering effect is present Resonance frequency below 5th harmonic
52 Standards and regulations for harmonics Purpose: Ensure that the network distortion does not exceed permissible levels that guarantee proper operation of connected equipment Typical levels and tendencies: THDV 5% and limit for each harmonic component (acceptable even for very sensitive loads) Derive current limits to obtain voltage limits Take into account high order harmonics Standard references: IEC-standards, IEEE (USA), G5/4 (UK) ABB n.v
53
Power IT LV Active Filters PQFI - PQFM PQFK - PQFS
Power IT LV Active Filters PQFI - PQFM PQFK - PQFS ABB Active Filters : When Power Quality matters! ABB n.v. - 1 - The ultimate solution to poor LV Power Quality ABB n.v. - 2 n ABB Active Filters: Flexible
More informationPQC-STATCON. PPHVC-Power Quality Solutions. Instantaneous and stepless power quality compensation for dynamic reactive power and unbalanced loads
PQC-STATCON PPHVC-Power Quality Solutions Instantaneous and stepless power quality compensation for dynamic reactive power and unbalanced loads Contents What is poor power quality? Reasons for investing
More informationChapter 3.1: Electrical System
Part-I: Objective type Questions and Answers Chapter 3.1: Electrical System 1. The heat input required for generating one kilo watt-hour of electrical output is called as. a) Efficiency b) Heat Rate c)
More informationElectrical Power Electric power electrical electric power Electric power electric electric
Power Calculations Electrical Power Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Electric power is
More informationPower Factor Correction
Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction and Voltage Optimisation have been around since the turn of the 20 th century and although in many cases their individual benefits and attributes make them
More informationWelcome. Power Survey International
Welcome Company profile Established in 1948 Exclusively manufacture capacitor banks and harmonic filters Manufacturer of low and medium voltage products: Power Factor correction system Harmonic Filter
More informationPower Quality. Power Factor Wiring and Service. Background. Introduction. bchydro.com
Power Quality Power Factor Wiring and Service Scope Power factor is a major consideration in efficient building or system operation. It is the measure of how effectively your equipment is converting electric
More information1 Low-voltage Power-factor Correction capacitors KNK APPLICATION DESIGN
APPLICATION The KNK capacitors are used for power - factor correction of inductive consumers (transformers, electric motors, rectifiers) in industrial networks for voltages of up to 660 V. DESIGN Cylindrical
More informationMedium Voltage. Power Factor Correction Reactive Compensation Harmonic Filters. Electrical Power Quality Management at its best.
Medium Voltage Power Factor Correction Reactive Compensation Harmonic Filters POWER QUALITY Electrical Power Quality Management at its best. From electricity generation, transmission, thru its distribution
More informationsmartvar Dynamic VAR Compensator
smartvar Dynamic VAR Compensator DOES YOUR BUSINESS NEED TO SAVE MONEY? Discover a quick and easy way to identify cost saving opportunities. Improve the dynamic processes in your facility with smartvar.
More informationApplication Notes Getting concrete: PFC at SIW Co., Thailand
Power Factor Correction Getting concrete: mediumvoltage PFC successfully replaced by low-voltage PFC at Siam Industrial Wire Co., Thailand Siam Industrial Wire is a member of NatSteel Holdings and a wholly
More informationABB n.v PQF LV Active Filters: Bringing energy savings to you
ABB n.v. - 1-2GCS617011A0070 PQF LV Active Filters: Bringing energy savings to you Key elements of poor LV Power Quality Harmonics Reactive power Load imbalance ABB n.v. - 2 - Energy losses and high running
More informationSurabaya Seminar Ferdinand Sibarani, Surabaya, 30 th October Power Quality
Surabaya Seminar 2014 Ferdinand Sibarani, Surabaya, 30 th October 2014 Power Quality Content 1. Power quality problems 2. ABB s low voltage (LV) solution PCS100 AVC (Active Voltage Conditioner) PCS100
More informationEPRLAB FAQ v1.0 Page 1 / 8 Copyright EPRLAB December 2015
e EPRLAB FAQ v1.0 Page 1 / 8 e EPRLAB Electric Power Research Laboratory, EPRLAB is a high-tech power electronics company that has been specialized on design, manufacturing and implementation of industrial
More informationPPHVC Power Quality Solutions. ABB PQC-STATCON Benefits and advantages
PPHVC Power Quality Solutions ABB PQC-STATCON Benefits and advantages Reasons for investing in power quality Poor power quality costs Sector Financial loss per incident Semi-conductors production(*) 3
More informationPower Quality and Energy Management
Power Quality and Energy Management 1 2 Contents Power Quality...2 Power Factor Correction...4 Voltage Optimisation...8 Harmonic Filters and Reactors...12 1 Captech is Power Investigation and identification
More informationMicrocontroller Based Power Factor Correction Using SCR
Proceedings of International Conference on Innovation & Research in Technology for Sustainable Development (ICIRT 2012), 01-03 November 2012 124 Microcontroller Based Power Factor Correction Using SCR
More informationELG4125: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
ELG4125: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) The philosophy of FACTS is to use power electronics for controlling power flow in a transmission network, thus allowing the transmission line to be loaded
More informationLow Voltage Power Factor Corrections
Low Voltage Power Factor Corrections Capacitors Contents General information on Iskra Capacitors Type Page Introduction 4 1. Single-phase capacitor type KNK5015 230 550 V, 1,67.5 kvar 2. Three-phase capacitors
More informationTechnical News. Power Factor Correction. What technology is best for you? Specialists in electrical and automation products, systems and solutions
Issue #79 - Winter 2018 Technical News Specialists in electrical and automation products, systems and solutions Power Factor Correction What technology is best for you? Written by Samuel Hodgetts NHP nhp.com.au
More informationDYNACOMP. The top-class reactive power compensator
DYNACOMP The top-class reactive power compensator Dynacomp vs Electromechanical switching of capacitors Electromechanical switching of capacitors The Dynacomp : the top-class dynamic compensator Transients
More informationMYRON ZUCKER CALMANUAL POWER FACTOR CORRECTION APPLICATION GUIDE INC.
MYRON ZUCKER CALMANUAL POWER FACTOR CORRECTION APPLICATION GUIDE INC. CALMANUAL HOW TO APPLY CAPACITORS TO LOW VOLTAGE POWER SYSTEMS. SECTION INDEX SECTION I POWER FACTOR UNDERSTANDING POWER FACTOR...
More informationTransforming Energy.. For Advanced Technology
Transforming Energy.. Manufacturers of CE approved Transformers & Reactors Five Decades of Manufacturing Experience Manufacturers of Quality Reliable Transformers. Auto C 201,4 th Cross Peenya Induatrial
More informationPower System Solutions (PSS)
About Power System Solutions mission The Power System Solutions Mission Statement To achieve customer satisfaction by providing innovative solutions to improve upon power quality, energy efficiency, and
More informationCUSTOMER / ACCOUNT INFORMATION Electric Utility Customer Information (As shown on utility bill)
GENERATOR INTERCONNECTION APPLICATION Category 2 (Combined) For All Projects with Aggregate Generator Output of More Than 20 kw but Less Than or Equal to 150 kw Also Serves as Application for Category
More informationApplication manual Dry type power factor correction capacitors
Application manual Dry type power factor correction capacitors L O W V O L T A G E N E T W O R K Q U A L I T Y General Index General information... 6.2 6.3 Basic concepts What is power factor Why improve
More informationPower Quality Luis Vargas Research Engineer 9/18/2008
Page: 1 of 5 Luis Vargas Research Engineer 9/18/2008 Page: 2 of 5 As we make advances on green technology, we get a better understanding of the efficiencies and deficiencies on how we consume electricity.
More informationTAS Powertek Pvt. Ltd. Technical Note Discharge devices for high speed dynamic switching.
Technical Note Discharge devices for high speed dynamic switching. Standard Discharge Resistors: Normally the capacitor manufacturer as a part of their normal supply provides discharge resistors across
More informationInternational Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development. Automatic Power Factor Correction in EHV System
Scientific Journal of Impact Factor(SJIF): 3.134 e-issn(o): 2348-4470 p-issn(p): 2348-6406 International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development Volume 2,Issue 5, May -2015 Automatic Power
More informationCHAPTER 5 FAULT AND HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING PV ARRAY BASED STATCOM
106 CHAPTER 5 FAULT AND HARMONIC ANALYSIS USING PV ARRAY BASED STATCOM 5.1 INTRODUCTION Inherent characteristics of renewable energy resources cause technical issues not encountered with conventional thermal,
More informationLV Capacitor Bank APC
LV Capacitor Bank APC The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic power factor correction: APC standard, reinforced and de-tuned automatic capacitor banks The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic
More informationDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF SHUNT CAPACITORS IN HEAVY HATER PLANT (TUTICORIN)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR APPLICATION OF SHUNT CAPACITORS IN HEAVY HATER PLANT (TUTICORIN) -A.R. Subraaanian -R.A.A. Palani -J. Thomson A new 3.3 K.V. 4200 KVAR auto switching capacitor bank has been installed
More informationASHRAE - Variable Speed Drives. By Dan Watkins, LEED BD+C Bornquist, Inc.
ASHRAE - Variable Speed Drives By Dan Watkins, LEED BD+C Bornquist, Inc. Adjustable Frequency Drive Fundamentals How does a VFD actually work VS Pumping Analysis VS Pumping Features Harmonics VFDs and
More informationPower Quality Solutions POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS: ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTERS
Power Quality Solutions 2018 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS: ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTERS ACTIVE Ematic FA40 New Series ICAR: products and solutions Founded in 1946, ICAR is a leading manufacturer of capacitors and
More informationMedium Voltage Metal Enclosed Thyristor Switched Harmonic Filter Banks
Medium Voltage Metal Enclosed Thyristor Switched Harmonic Filter Banks Product Selection & Application Guide Product Description GE's Thyristor Switched Harmonic Filter Banks (TSC), are custom designed
More informationPower Factor and Harmonics Primer
Power Factor and Harmonics Primer www.stacoenergy.com Your tailored power solutions provider TM 1.866.261.1191 937.253.1191 sales@stacoenergy.com Your tailored power solutions provider Table of Contents
More informationENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS AND POWER SAVING Dr. K. Brahmanandam E.E.E Department, M.V.S.R.E.C, Hyderabad, India
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS AND POWER SAVING Dr. K. Brahmanandam E.E.E Department, M.V.S.R.E.C, Hyderabad, India Abstract In the Industries most of the motors are standard three phase induction motors. The
More informationFINHRM FINHRM5 FINHRMA FINHRMAC
HARMONIC FILTERS Power quality is a significant concern for manufacturing and power generation facilities. This is due to harmonic disturbance and reactive power, which is produced by unbalanced loads,
More informationThree Phase Capacitors KNK
Three Phase Capacitors KNK Features Connection profile Φ 90 and 116 mm 2-16 mm 2, Φ 136 mm 2-25 mm 2 *Use of flexible conductors only with ferrules Capacitors equipped with discharge resistors Rated power
More informationDC CIRCUITS ELECTROMAGNETISM
DC CIRCUITS 1. State and Explain Ohm s Law. Write in brief about the limitations of Ohm s Law. 2. State and explain Kirchhoff s laws. 3. Write in brief about disadvantages of series circuit and advantages
More informationPower Quality. Static Var Generator (SVG) SVG Wallmount & SVG Cabinet Mount
Power Quality Static Var Generator (SVG) SVG Wallmount & SVG Cabinet Mount www.ges-group.com INTRODUCTION Introduction to Power Factor Power factor is a measure of how effectively your electrical equipment
More informationTechnical brochure. The Vector series The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic power factor correction
Technical brochure The Vector series The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic power factor correction 2 Applications The Vector series The Vector series The Vector series is a powerful and compact
More informationPQC - STATCON The ultra fast Power Quality Compensator
PQC - STATCON The ultra fast Power Quality Compensator PQC - STATCON The ultra fast power quality compensator PQC - STATCON is based on IGBT voltage source inverter technology. It is a shunt connected
More information1. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 1.1 Introduction to Electric Power Supply Systems
1. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 1.1 Introduction to Electric Power Supply Systems 1 Power Generation Plant : Where fuels are the source of generation, a common term used is the HEAT RATE which reflects the efficiency
More informationTECHNICAL DATA SHEET INFINITY kva 3Ph(in) 3Ph(out)
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET INFINITY 3300 10 15 20 kva 3Ph(in) 3Ph(out) GENERAL INFORMATION POWER - kva 10 15 20 UPS typology ON LINE Double conversion ACTIVE stand by-operation (Optional) Nominal output power
More informationLV Capacitor Bank APC
LV Capacitor Bank APC The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic power factor correction: APC standard, reinforced and de-tuned automatic capacitor banks The ABB comprehensive solution for automatic
More informationTechnical Explanation for Inverters
CSM_Inverter_TG_E_1_2 Introduction What Is an Inverter? An inverter controls the frequency of power supplied to an AC motor to control the rotation speed of the motor. Without an inverter, the AC motor
More informationDynamic Reactive Power Control. By V. R. Kanetkar Full Time Consultant Technical Services at Veretiv Energy Private Limited Thane (West)
Dynamic Reactive Power Control By V. R. Kanetkar Full Time Consultant Technical Services at Veretiv Energy Private Limited Thane (West) Acknowledgement The author acknowledges with deep gratitude the experience
More informationCTU 02. Thyristor switching module for fast PF compensation. User manual
CTU 02 Thyristor switching module for fast PF compensation User manual version 1.3 Czech Republic Czech Republic 1 Content 1. Function description... 3 2. Device description and indication features...
More informationA Group brand. REACTIVE ENERgY COMPENSATION AND POWER QUALITY MONITORINg. CATALOgUE
A Group brand REACTIVE ENERgY COMPENSATION AND POWER QUALITY MONITORINg CATALOgUE general information CONTENTS Long-term energy savings... 4 Phase shift - Energies - Powers... 6 Power factor... 7 How to
More information1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS General characteristics - Frame Values Unit Model: Conceptpower DPA 500, UL Series Power, rated: Apparent 500 kva Active 500 kw Power, range 100-3000 kw UPS type: online, transformerless,
More informationABB Softstarter Benefits Charnchanok Thongprad
ABB Softstarter Benefits Charnchanok Thongprad tomation Technology Products AB Control - 1 - - Why Softstarters? Benefits for the Electrical network Reduces voltage drops on networks Minimizes starting
More informationTechnical Data Sheets
GE Consumer & Industrial Power Protection Technical Data Sheets Digital Energy Uninterruptible Power Supply SitePro 150 200 250 300 kva 400 VAC CE Series 6 Manufactured by: GE Digital Energy General Electric
More informationPowerValue 11/31 T kva
Technical Datasheet PowerValue 11/31 T 10-20 kva Classification IEC/EN 62040-3 VFI-SS-111 Working mode on-line double conversion Power rating 10-20 kva Paralleling up to 4 units (up to 80 kva) Output power
More informationHCI 534E/544E - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 34E/44E - Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationHCI 434E/444E - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 434E/444E - Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationChapter 08 Dynamic power factor correction systems (real time PFC) Dynamic power factor correction systems (real time PFC) Optimised, thermal design
Dynamic power factor correction systems (real time PFC) Optimised, thermal design Long service life De-tuned version Minimised grid distortion Dynamic power factor correction systems (real time PFC) Hardly
More informationPower factor correction: a guide for the plant engineer
Supersedes April 2008 Power factor correction: banks and passive harmonic filters Contents Description Page Description Page Part one: power factor What is power factor?.... 2 Should I be concerned about
More informationEXPERIMENT CALIBRATION OF 1PHASE ENERGY METER
EXPERIMENT CALIBRATION OF PHASE ENERGY METER THEORY:- Energy Meters are integrating instruments used to measure the quantity of electrical energy supplied to a circuit in a given time. Single phase energy
More informationElectrical Energy and Power Ratings
Section 1 - From the Wall Socket Electrical Energy and ower Ratings Batteries and the mains are sources of electrical energy. Electrical appliances can then convert this into other forms of energy. e.g.
More informationTECHNICAL TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
THIRD REVISED SHEET NO. 3.1 CANCELS SECOND REVISED SHEET NO. 3.1 TECHNICAL TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ALTERNATING CURRENT (A-C): AMPERE: BASE RATES: BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU): CAPACITOR or CAPACITANCE: CAPACITY
More informationChapter 3.2: Electric Motors
Part I: Objective type questions and answers Chapter 3.2: Electric Motors 1. The synchronous speed of a motor with 6 poles and operating at 50 Hz frequency is. a) 1500 b) 1000 c) 3000 d) 750 2. The efficiency
More informationRegulation: R16 Course & Branch: B.Tech EEE
SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (Descriptive) Subject with Code : Electrical Machines-II (16EE215) Regulation: R16 Course & Branch: B.Tech
More informationkvah Billing - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
kvah Billing - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. What is kvah billing? a. Electrical Energy has two components viz. Active Energy (kwh) and Reactive Energy (kvarh). Vector sum of these two components
More information&MFDUSJGJDBUJPO Products 1PXFS 2VBMJUZ 'JMUFST 12'* o 12'. o 12'4 )BSNPOJDT NJUJHBUJPO MPBE CBMBODJOH BOE SFBDUJWF DPNQFOTBUJPO PO -7 OFUXPSLT
Products ABB Power Quality Filters: The most efficient solution for active filtering of harmonics, smooth reactive power compensation and load balancing. Enabling trouble-free and efficient operation of
More informationWorking Principle of Power Saver as per Manufacture:
Analysis the Truth behind Household Power Savers Introduction: A House hold power saving devices has recently received a lot of attention from both consumers and manufacturers. It is generally used in
More informationISO Rules Part 500 Facilities Division 502 Technical Requirements Section Interconnected Electric System Protection Requirements
Applicability 1 Section 502.3 applies to: the legal owner of a generating unit directly connected to the transmission system with a maximum authorized real power rating greater than 18 MW; the legal owner
More informationPower Protection Discrete Automation & Motion South Africa
Carel Oberholzer, ABB South Africa, May 2013 PCS100 Power Protection Discrete Automation & Motion South Africa May 13, 2013 Slide 1 Power Protection Agenda 1. Introduction of power protection 2. Overview
More informationUCI224F - Technical Data Sheet
UCI224F - Technical Data Sheet UCI224F SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationHCI 534E/544E - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 34E/44E - Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationUnrivalled in Power Factor Correction.
Unrivalled in Power Factor Correction. Static VAR Generators (SVG) What is Power Factor? Power Factor is a measure of how effectively incoming power is used in your electrical system and is defined as
More informationUCI274D - Technical Data Sheet
UCI274D - Technical Data Sheet UCI274D SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationUCDI274K - Technical Data Sheet
- Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards such as BS5000,
More informationUCI274D - Technical Data Sheet
- Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards such as BS000,
More informationUCI274G - Technical Data Sheet
- Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards such as BS000,
More informationHCI 434F/444F - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 434F/444F - Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationUCDI274K - Technical Data Sheet
UCDI274K - Technical Data Sheet UCDI274K SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationPF Guard Power Factor Capacitor Bank Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual
PF Guard Power Factor Capacitor Bank Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
More informationELECTRICAL POWER and POWER ELECTRONICS
Introduction to ELECTRICAL POWER and POWER ELECTRONICS MUKUND R PATEL (cj* CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa
More informationTechnical Data Sheets
GE Consumer & Industrial Power Protection Technical Data Sheets Digital Energy Uninterruptible Power Supply SitePro 400 & 500 kva 400 VAC CE Series 6 Manufactured by: GE Digital Energy General Electric
More informationEskisehir Light Train- Correcting Capacitive
Case Study-Estram Light Train Eskisehir Light Train- Correcting Capacitive Power Factor Eskisehir, a city in the Anatolia region of Turkey is located in an area inhabited since at least 3500 BCE- the copper
More informationUltravar TM AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION & HARMONIC SOLUTIONS
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION & HARMONIC SOLUTIONS Contents Benefits of Power Factor Improvement... 4 ACCU-VAR Plus - AVC (50 to 600 KVAR) Standard and Optional Features... 5 240, 480, 600 Volt Equipment...
More informationPower Factor Correction
Motors Automation Energy Transmission & Distribution Coatings USA3846PF 08/12 WEG www.weg.net Electric Improving Plant Life with Capacitors Reduce Utility Costs - improved Power Factor can reduce or eliminate
More informationPOWER kva
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET B9000 FXS 60-80-100-125-160kVA +44 (0)20 8868 3732 GENERAL INFORMATION UPS Type ON LINE Double Conversion Nominal output power (Cos φ 0,8) kva 60 80 100 125 160 Nominal output power
More informationIEEE Northern Canada & Southern Alberta Sections, PES/IAS Joint Chapter Technical Seminar Series
IEEE Northern Canada & Southern Alberta Sections, PES/IAS Joint Chapter Technical Seminar Series Designing Electrical Systems for On-Site Power Generation Apr 04 th /05 th, 2016, Calgary/Edmonton, Alberta,
More informationNet Metering Interconnection Requirements
Net Metering Interconnection Requirements Customer Generation Capacity Not Exceeding 100 kw Date: 2017-07-01 Version: 1 Revision History Date Rev. Description July 1, 2017 1 Initial Release Newfoundland
More informationCLASS 5870 ReactiVar Power Factor Capacitors AT6000/AT7000 Transient Free Reactive Compensation
CLASS 5870 ReactiVar Power Factor Capacitors AT6000/AT7000 Transient Free Reactive Compensation ReactiVar Transient Free Reactive Compensation Systems are ideal for use on sensitive networks Transient
More informationPI734G - Winding 312. Technical Data Sheet APPROVED DOCUMENT
- Winding 312 Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant sections of other national and international standards
More informationUCDI224F - Technical Data Sheet
- Technical Data Sheet SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards such as BS000,
More informationPI736F - Winding 312. Technical Data Sheet
PI736F - Winding 312 Technical Data Sheet PI736F SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant sections of other national and international
More informationHCI 534C/544C - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 34C/44C - Technical Data Sheet HCI34C/44C SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international
More informationDynacomp The Top-Class Dynamic Response Compensator
Dynacomp The Top-Class Dynamic Response Compensator Performance and Reliability in Demanding Conditions 2 Performance and Reliability in Demanding Conditions Dynacomp Reactive Power and Power Quality Reactive
More informationUCI224C - Technical Data Sheet
UCI224C - Technical Data Sheet UCI224C SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationTechnical Data Sheet. Uninterruptible Power Supply. Critical Power. imagination at work
Technical Data Sheet Uninterruptible Power Supply TLES_040-120_S1_UPS_GE_Floor_01 GE Consumer & Industrial SA General Electric Company CH 6595 Riazzino (Locarno) Switzerland T +41 (0)91 / 850 51 51 F +41
More informationLatch for Contactors 4-pole see page 36. Ratings Rated Aux. Contacts Type Coil voltage 2) AC2 Current Built-in Additional 24 24V= DC 5
3-pole DC Operated Ratings Rated Aux. Contacts Type Coil voltage 1) AC2 Current Built-in Additional 24 24V= DC 5 AC3 see 48 60V= DC 6 380V AC1 page 34 110 110V= DC 7 400V 660V 220 220V= DC 8 415V 690V
More informationUCDI274J - Technical Data Sheet
UCDI274J - Technical Data Sheet UCDI274J SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international standards
More informationHCI 434E/444E - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 434E/444E - Technical Data Sheet HCI434E/444E SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international
More informationMachine, Panel, and Plant Level Solutions
Machine, Panel, and Plant Level Solutions Mark Stephens, PE Manager Industrial Studies Electric Power Research Institute 942 Corridor Park Blvd Knoxville, Tennessee 37932 Phone 865.218.8022 mstephens@epri.com
More informationHCI 434D/444D - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 434D/444D - Technical Data Sheet HCI434D/444D SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international
More informationHCI 534F/544F - Technical Data Sheet
HCI 34F/44F - Technical Data Sheet HCI34F/44F SPECIFICATIONS & OPTIONS STANDARDS Newage Stamford industrial generators meet the requirements of BS EN 60034 and the relevant section of other international
More information