Modern Hybrid Tricycle for Handicapped Person

Transcription

1 Modern Hybrid Tricycle for Handicapped Person Prof.P.R.Jawale 1, Ms. K.G.Baje 2, Ms. P.S. Ingle 3, Mr.D.B.Lakade 4, Mr.S.V.Ambhore 5 Department of Electrical Engineering 1, 2, 3, 4,5, faculty of Electrical Engineering 1 2, 3, 4, 5 Students of Electrical Engineering paragjawale88@gmail.com 1, komalbaje2288@gmail.com 2, pradnyaingle3@gmail.com 3,dipaklakde4@gmail.com 4, swap13.sa45@gmail.com 5 Abstract-Solar plays a vital role in our day to day life. We have developed battery powered & solar powered tricycle for handicapped person. The literacy affected people also normal people can use this vehicle. This paper help to discussed the design of hybrid tricycle & how it will reduce the effort of handicapped person.. The main reason for making of hybrid tricycle is to use of nonconventional energy sources & electric power supplies to run the tricycle rather than used of petrol or diesel, which will worldwide facing shortage in recent years. Another aspect is to reduce the manual effort in case of manual operated tricycle. The paper will provide the study of designing a solar or battery powered BLDC motor driven electric vehicle which is one of the solutions for the upcoming crises. In this technology we have add some new features which will make it advance. Index Terms- Electric Tricycle BLDC Motor, Solar Panel & Batteries. 1. INTRODUCTION Electric vehicles, which use 100% electric power, use electric motors instead of an internal combustion engine to provide motive force. Solar-powered vehicles (SPVs) use photovoltaic cells (PV) to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity goes either directly to an electric motor powering the vehicle, or to a special storage battery. PV cells produce electricity only when the sun is shining. Without sunlight solar-powered car depends on electricity stored in its batteries. In state of using car or motorcycle that is costly, peoples can prefer to use tricycle as their vehicle. The several types of tricycle that can be chosen such as paddle tricycle, motorized tricycle and electric tricycle. But there is some weakness about that tricycle. To overcome the weakness this report will develop a better tricycle this report will make use the energy of the sun that rarely using the India to generate the tricycle. In this report we have focused on electrical powered tricycle which is categorized under Low Speed Vehicles (LVSs) are an environmentally friendly mode of transport for short trips. The objective of the report is to design and develop a concept battery powered tricycle for multipurpose use and to choose the best concept to reduce the mass expensive batteries required. Besides that, to design a tricycle with high efficiency and greater flexibility to place components in tricycle to optimize weight positioning and minimize aerodynamic drag. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW In recent years due to the awareness of environmental and oil deflection issue governments and manufactures around the world all put in to the electric vehicle research and popularization it s a goal of electrical vehicle development report is to reach to one million electrical vehicle in The topics of electric vehicles & Solar operated vehicles have been very popular and the performance of electric vehicles often concerned. 3. BLDC MOTOR BLDC motor of 24 V, 300 watt, 300 r.p.m. motor used to provide the mechanical power to tricycle because of its compactness with high efficiency. We have selected 24 V,300 watt BLDC motor for implementation of project.when motor receives the power, it will get accelerate as of motor is on outer side, motion obtained by magnetic field is used rotate the wheel. BLDC motor have many similarities to AC induction motor and brushless DC motor in terms of construction and working principles respectively when current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field the conductor experiences a mechanical force the direction of this force is gives by the Fleming left hand rule and magnetic is given by, F = BIL Newton Like all other motors BLDC motors also have a rotor and stator SLDC motors are a type of synchronous motor this means the magnetic field generated by the rotor rotate at the same frequency. BLDC motors do not experience the slip that is normally seen in induction motors Stator The stator are stationary part is over around the armature winding in the slots that the axially cut along the inner periphery traditionally the stator resembles that of the induction motor. However, the winding are distributed in a different manner. Each these winding constructed with numerous coils interconnected to form a winding each of these windings is distributed 107

2 over the stator periphery to form an even numbers of poles. A slot less core had lower inductance thus it can run at high speed, because of the absence of teeth in the lamination stack requirement for the cogging torque also go down the making them an ideal fit for low speed to the stator align with each other then because of interaction between the two an undesirable cogging torque develops and causes ripples in speed. An improper selection may leads to multiple problems during production, resulting in market delays and increased design cost. The BLDC motor unlike the DC brushed motor has the permanent magnetic glued on the rotor.it has usually 4 magnets around perimeter.the stator of the motor is composed by the electromagnet usually 4 of them placed in cross pattern with 90 0 angle between them. The major advantages of BLDC motor is that due to pattern with 90 0 between them the major advantages of BLDC motors is that due to the fact that the rotor carries only the permanent magnets it needs of no power at all connection needs to be done with the rotor thus no brush commutator pair needs to the made this is how the BLDC motors took their name from 3.2. Rotor The rotor made of permanent magnet and can vary from two to eight poles pairs with alternate north and south poles pairs based on the required magnetic field density in the rotor.the proper magnetic material is chosen to make the rotor ferrite magnets are traditionally used to make permanent magnet. As the technology advances rare earth alloy magnets are gaining popularly the ferrite magnets are less expensive but the disadvantage of low flux density alloy material has high magnetic density per volume and enable the rotor compress.further for the same torque.also these alloy magnet improve the size to Wight ratio and give higher torque for the same size motor using magnet. 3.3 Hub Motor In a Brushed DC Motor, commutation is controlled by brushed position. In a BLDC Motor, however, commutation is controlled by the supporting circuitry. The rotors position must therefore be fed back to the supporting circuitry to enable commutation. In the hall sensor technique, three hall sensors are placed inside the motor, spaced 120 degree apart. Each hall sensor provides either a high or low output based on the polarity of magnetic pole closed to it. Rotor position is determined by analyzing the output of all three hall sensors. Based on the output from hall sensors, the voltages to the motor s three phases are switches. The advantage of hall sensor based commutation is that the control algorithm is simple and easy to understand. Hall sensor based commutation can also be used to run the motor at very low speeds. The disadvantaged are that its implementation requires both separate hall sensor inside the motor housing and additional hardware for sensor interface. To better understand how hall sensor commutation works is shows in above fig. The motor contains three hall sensor and the output of gives is provide to the part B pin of the controller which is detects the actual position of the rotor. The output speed is also calculated in the controller which input to the proportional integrator. Total six wires are input to the part B of the controller. The three cable which are provide to the motor from controllers are contains pulses. And due to these pulses the rotation is vary with respect to the pulses provision. 3.4 Bldc Motor Controllers This design involves running the BLDC in closed loop, with the speed as set by a potentiometer. This controller generates the PWM voltages via the PWM module to run the BLDC Motor. After running condition of motor, the states of three hall sensor are change based on the rotor position. Voltage to each of the three motor phases is switched based on the state of the sensor. In the whole assembly one of the important components is used i.e. motor controllers it is nothing but PWM it works on 5 volts SC supply to the timing and distribution of the power to the motor. To this controller system use the Hall Effect sensor inside the motor which strikes the motor position. Because controller must direct the rotor rotation the controller requires some means of determining this can cause the motor to run briefly backwards adding the even more. Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Motor Controller PWM Module It contains a six channel, 12 bit PWM module configured in this application to run in complementary mode. The output of PWM is controlled according to the input from the hall sensor which is situated in BLDC motor. The inputs from hall sensor determine the sequence in which the three phase bridge MOSFET is switch. The 108

3 duty cycle of PWM is directly proportional to the accelerator potentiometer input. The change in duty cycle controls the current through motor winding, thereby controlling the motor torque. Closed loop speed control is implemented using a PI loop which works by reducing the error between the speed set by the potentiometer and actual motor speed. The output of this PI loop changes the duty cycle of PWM module. Thereby changing the average voltage to the motor, and ultimately changing the power input. The PI loop adjusts the speed at the same rate as the hall sensor frequency from one of three hall sensor. In this application, close loop operation is selected. controller. Fig 3. Speedometer 4. CONTROL PANEL This dash board is installed on the handle of the tricycle. It contains ON/OFF control, forward/reverse and headlight operation. These are the input/output pins of the controller in which ON/OFF operation is performed. Forward/reverse switch is two way switch which performed forward as well as reverse operation. And another control button is given to the head light for ON/OFF operation. 5. THROTTLE CONTROL AS we increased the accelerator the resistance is get increase hence the current flows to the motor is get decreases and hence speed increases. For decreasing the speed the resistance is get decreased and current is increases. (N α E b /φ) 6. SPEEDOMETER Fig 2. Throttle Control Speedometer is a device which measures the speed of the vehicle. It contains are comparator which compares the receiving signal with the present voltage. The meter continuously sends the signal and the object creates obstacle and hence this receiving signal feedback and compares with present voltage. After comparison the output comparator is calibrated by; the arduino controller which gives output in terms of km/hr. Arduino has the 12 V input and 5 V output. The supply for display is provided from Arduino 7. DISPLAY The speed of the tricycle is indicated here. 8. SOLAR PANEL Photovoltaic s is the field of technology and research related to the device which directly converts sunlight into electricity the solar cell is the elementary building block of the Photovoltaic Technology. Solar cell are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon of the properties of semiconductors that makes them most useful is that their conductivity may be modified by introducing impurities into their crystal lattice for instant in the fabrication of photovoltaic solar cell,silicon, which has four valance electrons is treated to increase conductivity one of the side cell. There are several types of solar cell.however more than 90 % of solar cell currently made worldwide consists of water based silicon cells.they are either cut from the single crystal rod or from a block composed of many crystals and are correspondingly called mono crystalline or multi crystalline silicon solar cells. Water based silicon cell are approximately 200 micro mm thick. Another important family of solar cell is based on the films which are approximately 1-2 micro mm thick and therefore require significantly less active semiconducting material. Thin film solar cells can be manufactured at lower cost in large production qualities hence their market share will likely increase in the future however they indicate lower efficiencies than wafer based silicon solar cells which means that more exposure. A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a single support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage such a common 12 V system the current produced is directly dependant on the intensity of light reaching dependant on the intensity of light reaching the modules several modules can be wired together to form an array. Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce direct current electricity they can be connected in both series and parallel electrical 109

4 arrangements to produce any requirement (required) voltage and current combination. 9. BATTERY For charging the battery we are using A.C. supply the 230 V AC supply is given to the rectifier circuit. The rectifier circuit converts the AC power into DC power the output of this rectifier circuit is 24 V DC. This is given to a battery from battery 24 V DC supply is given to the motor. Fig 4. Battery Connection 10. CHARGE CONTROLLER Charge controller consists of a circuit that controls the depth of discharge (DOD) of the battery. The DOD and the battery life have inverse relationship the battery that is discharged more has lesser life than that which is discharge less trade off is done in between hours of operation and battery life cycle taking into consideration all the related factors. 85% of DOD wad chosen for this system the change controller prevents the battery if the battery voltage reaches at 54 V while charging the charging circuit is cut off while supplying power to the motor when the voltage reaches 44 V to supply to the motor is cut off and the charging circuit connected again. 11. BRAKING The PWM modulation allows for greater control of the tricycles braking and regenerative charging process. This hub motor will effectively run in either in motoring mode or generator mode. Generator mode is achieved when the applied operating voltage is less than the back EMF voltage produced by the rotating motors. Motoring mode is achieved when the applied voltage is equal or greater than the back EMF voltage produced by the rotating motor. Varying the applied operating voltage can be accomplished by charging the duty cycle for each phase in Inverter Bridge. For quicker braking, lower MOSFET devices of the inverter bridge are Tuned ON while the upper MOSPHET are Tuned off.thereby quickly producing a current to step the motor. To gain a regenerative charge, the upper MOSPHET are Tuned ON to allow current flow back to the battery, while the lower MOSPHET are tuned OFF. 12. PIR SENSORS Alarm based human motion detection is an embedded system which we are used to provide security this is our proposed system. Instead of manual security if we use alarm based detection system for detection human motion s to provide security which reduces man power and is very cheap. As we know human body radiates heat in the form of infrared radiation when a person moving around this circuit, PIR sensor detects the change in the IR levels of surrounding and sends a signal to microcontroller 13. WORKING OF HYBRID MODEL As we know the modern electric tricycle is works on the dual power supply, such as on solar energy and battery charged with the help of portable charger. But condition is that when the solar is absent then we can charge the battery at standstill condition. Solar power is main power supply and is continuously fed to the battery unit. Here we use two solar plates each delivers 40 watt. So total power is 80 watt fed to battery unit per proper charging of the battery. In this project, we use two solar panel, which are connected in series manner to each other. The prime advantage of solar energy is that it can charge the battery at standstill condition as well as running condition. The block diagram of tricycle is as shown above. It is most important to control the flow of solar power. So here we use solar charge controller which controls the power flow. It has ability to stored energy as well as it can deliver this stored energy when required. Fig. 5 Block Diagram of Proposed Model In summer season the voltage exceeds up to the 18 V or more than that, but requires only 13.2 V as the output of solar panel unit. This remaining extra power is stored in the charged controller and required voltage is provided to provide to battery 12 V. If in 110

5 case of solar power is unable to deliver sufficient voltage this stored energy is utilized and maintained the constant voltage supply at the output. The power flow is totally governed by the charged controlled and maintained constant voltage supply at the battery terminal. In this project we use two battery unit, each deliver 12 V and rating of battery is 7 Amp-hour. The two batteries are connecting in series manner hence whole unit is able to deliver 24 V. The battery gives 24 V to be motor controller which drives all the functions of tricycle. It is the heart of the system. 14. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Table.1. Specifications Sr. Particular Specification No 1 BLDC Motor 24V, 300W, 300RPM 2 Motor 24V,250Watt,15Amp Controller 3 Solar Panel 13.6V,40Watt,2.35Amp 4 Batteries 12V,7Amp-hr 15. FEATURES 1.Dual Power Supply 2.Reverse forwarding 3.Regenrative Braking 4.Safty Alarm with the help of PIR sensors. 5.Speed Measurement with the help of Speedometer 16. RESULT The project on modern Hybrid tricycle has been satisfactorily completed.the prototype vehicle can run in the normal dry surface with maximum speed of 25 Km/hr with a total weight of 75 Kg. These can show satisfactorily result on the slope less than 15º. When the battery of the vehicle is fully charged it can run continuously at average speed of 25 Km/hr for 2 hrs with an average running cost of 20 paisa/km. Further, these vehicle should be made genuinely sustainable by generating own electricity with mounted solar panel array resulting into zero fossil fuel consumption. 17. REFERENCES [1] Atul Kumar Dewangan, PWM based automatic closed loop speed control of DC Motor,publishing in International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology-Volume 3 Issue [2] Ravi kumar kadasamy, Design of Solar Tricycle for handicapped Person, IOSR Journal of Mechanical & Civil Engineering (IOSR- JMCE), e-issn : volume 5, Issue 2(Jan-feb 2013), PP [3] Abhishek K.Saw, Literature Review on soalr Powered Tricycle for handicapped Person, IJIRST- International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume-1/ Issue 10/March [4] Snehal G.Bali, Fabrications of Solar Powered Tricycle for Handicapped Person,IJRST International journal for Innovative Research in science & Technology volume 1 Issue10 March [5] P.P.Datta, Development of Efficient Hybrid Tricycle 5 th International & 26 th All India Manufacturing Technology,Design & Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014),December 12 th -14 th 2014,IIT Guwahati, Asam, India. [6] Prof. Palak Desai, Design & Fabrication of Solar Tricycle IJESRT, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology,June [1] Prof.P.R.Jawale,Assistant Professor at PLITMS, Buldana. [2] Ms. Komal.G.Baje U.G student, EE(E&P) Dept., PLITMS Buldana, [3] Ms. Pradnya S. Ingle, U.G student, EE(E&P) Dept., PLITMS Buldana. [4] Mr. Dipak B. Lakade, U.G student, EE(E&P) Dept., PLITMS Buldana. 111

6 [5]Mr.Swapnil V.Ambhore,U.G.Students,EE(E&P) Dept,PLITMS,Buldana. 112