WELCOME! Small Wind Generators. Structure of this Presentation. Where is this? Where is this? Introduction to Wind Energy

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WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Introduction to Wind Energy Small Wind Generators Gerrit Jacobs This presentation

which was held at ECN, the Netherlands from1992 to 200.

14-18 June 2010 Jakarta Indonesia Training Course on Renewable Energy Part II - MEMR CASINDO Training

General description of small wind generators Technical aspects - Applications - Stand alone systems -

1 WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Introduction to Wind Energy Small Wind Generators Gerrit Jacobs This presentation uses material from the training course "The implementation of Wind Energy organized by ECN and Arrakis, which was held at ECN, the Netherlands from1992 to 200. This presentation is intended for educational purposes and should by no means used commercially June 2010 Jakarta Indonesia Training Course on Renewable Energy Part II - MEMR CASINDO Training Course on Renewable Energy CASINDO Part II MEMR 1 Structure of this Presentation WELCOME! General description of small wind generators Technical aspects - Applications - Stand alone systems - Hybrid systems - Control and safety systems - Control box - Batteries System sizing Cost of small wind generators Criteria for selection Trends 4 Where is this? Where is this? 6 1

2 Where is this? Some Examples of Small Wind Generators (1) Ampair 100 Rutland 91 Typical application 7 8 Some Examples of Small Wind Generators (2) Some Examples of Small Wind Generators () Air 00 Windseeker Air 00 in high wind Typical application 9 10 Some Examples of Small Wind Generators (4) Some Examples of Small Wind Generators () QuiteRevolution Ropatec Typical application VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Videos

Database Small Wind Generators Large and Small Wind Generators Large Wind Generators Rated power > 100 kw Often installed in groups No tail Gearbox (often) Power to the electric grid Requires 6 m/s

average site Costs depend on size 2-10 US$ /W installed Electricity costs: > 10 USc /kwh 1 14 Relative Size of Small Wind Generators System Layout AC or DC generator Control unit Dump load Batteries

3 Database Small Wind Generators Large and Small Wind Generators Large Wind Generators Rated power > 100 kw Often installed in groups No tail Gearbox (often) Power to the electric grid Requires 6 m/s average site Costs 1 US$ /W installed Electricity costs: < 10 USc/kWh Small Wind Generators Rated power < 10 kw Stand alone operation Tail No gearbox Battery charging or local grid Requires 4 m/s average site Costs depend on size 2-10 US$ /W installed Electricity costs: > 10 USc /kwh 1 14 Relative Size of Small Wind Generators System Layout AC or DC generator Control unit Dump load Batteries Appliances 12, 24 or 48 V 220 V with inverter 1 19 System Layout Control and Safety Systems Control is required to: Limit the power generated Limit the rotational speed (blade damage) Limit the wind forces on the structure Methods of control: Changing the angle of attack Rotate the turbine around a vertical axis - hinged side vane and eccentric mounting - inclined hinged tale vane and eccentric mounting - tale vane with spring and eccentric mounting Rotate the turbine around a horizontal axis Aerodynamic brakes PM generator short circuit 20 21

Control System of Windpol 22 2 Control and Safety Mechanisms Some Examples of Small Wind Generators () Tale vane with spring and external mounting Inclined hinge tale vane and external mounting

4 Control System of Windpol 22 2 Control and Safety Mechanisms Some Examples of Small Wind Generators () Tale vane with spring and external mounting Inclined hinge tale vane and external mounting Furling Videos 24 2 Control Box Sizing Wind Energy Systems Functions of the control box: rectification of the alternating current battery over-load protection battery under-load protection or indication electric brake dump load lightning protection metering of voltage and current Basic sizing questions: What should be the size of the wind generator? How many batteries are required? Lack of information: Average wind speed and wind distribution Energy produced by the wind generator Energy required by the user Considerations: Minimal cost with acceptable capacity and quality Minimal risk of shortage of energy

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ion&day=all&param=_swv_dwn&month=dec&year=all&form_submit=submit Determination of the Daily Energy Requirement Quick Estimate of Available Energy Appliance Rated power Hours per day in Energy per day

5 V1= %ASTR%Aregion%40larc.nasa.gov&ION V2=xlxsz%AINT%A1000&ION V=xlysz%AINT%A71&ION V4=lxsz%AINT%A910&ION V=lysz%AINT%A60&ION V6=xsz%AINT%A700&ION V7=ysz%AINT%A00&ION V 8=sxsz%AINT%A2&ION V9=sysz%AINT%A7&ION V10=x%AINT%A74&ION V11=y%AINT%A274&ION V12=box%AINT%A2&ION E1=Click_on_Image%Aion%A%2F%2Fregion_locate.ion&ION E2=Form_submit%Aion%A%2F%2F region_data.ion&day=all&param=_swv_dwn&month=dec&year=all&form_submit=submit Determination of the Daily Energy Requirement Quick Estimate of Available Energy Appliance Rated power Hours per day in Energy per day (W) use (hours) Wh/day Lights *20 00 Refrigerator Radio TV Total Considerations: Total amount of energy required: 4.8 kwh/day - Power rating of wind generator average load (Peak load can be delivered by the battery bank) - Wind generator supplier may be over optimistic 1 E an = b A V av E an V av Example: energy generated during a year (kwh) average annual wind speed (m/s) A swept area of the rotor (m 2 ) b conversion factor (depends on average wind speed) LMW20 LMW600 LMW100 diameter 1,7 2,2,12 Vav (m/s) kwh/year b kwh/year b kwh/year b 4 0 2, , ,17 2 1,8 97 2,0 17 1, , , , , , , , ,1 81 0,97 2 Global windspeed at 0m Bergey 100 Power Curve NASA Surface Data Wind Speeds Indonesia Gerrit Jacobs g.jacobs@etcn.nl 4 Bergey 100 Power Curve Whisper Power Curves 6 7

US$/Rated Watt H40 Power Curve 1 kw Annual Energy Output Calculation 00 hours 1 kw * 00 hrs = 00 kwh 8 9 Annual Energy Output Calculation Wind Speed Distribution and Power Curve 40 41 Cost of Wind

6 US$/Rated Watt H40 Power Curve 1 kw Annual Energy Output Calculation 00 hours 1 kw * 00 hrs = 00 kwh 8 9 Annual Energy Output Calculation Wind Speed Distribution and Power Curve Cost of Wind Generator System Cost Comparison of Small Wind Generators < 1 kw (rotor only) Do not compare apples with oranges: Apart from power rating, consider also: tower control unit type and capacity of batteries, etc Look also to hidden costs such as: installation cost cost of servicing and maintenance cost of spare-parts Rated Power (W) Prices in the USA

US$/Rated Watt Cost Comparison of Small Wind Generators Small Wind Generator Cost Relative to Size 1 kw < 10 kw (rotor only) 4 2 1 0 0 200 000 700 10000 Rated Power (W) Prices in the USA

temperatures) Remote installation and operation Reliability of wind generator and ALL system components Required maintenance Initial and recurrent costs Warranty After-sales services

Increase of small wind generators that operate in hybrid systems with diesel or PV systems Improved components because of new materials and by design Special manufacturer methods and

7 US$/Rated Watt Cost Comparison of Small Wind Generators Small Wind Generator Cost Relative to Size 1 kw < 10 kw (rotor only) Rated Power (W) Prices in the USA Criteria for Selection Trends Power output and availability Suitability to specific site conditions, such as survival wind speed, climatic conditions (humidity, salt, extreme temperatures) Remote installation and operation Reliability of wind generator and ALL system components Required maintenance Initial and recurrent costs Warranty After-sales services Availability of spare-parts Credibility and sustainability of the manufacturer and supplier Number of manufacturers is increasing Proven manufacturers have dealers in other countries Increase of small wind generators that operate in hybrid systems with diesel or PV systems Improved components because of new materials and by design Special manufacturer methods and processes Mass production Interest of utilities in small wind turbines 49 1 Further Reading QUESTIONS? Gerrit Jacobs ETC Energy PO Box AB Leusden the Netherlands T: F:

Impact of Electricity

Impact of Electricity SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY What will be discussed: Solar Photovoltaic Systems Gerrit Jacobs 14-18 June 2010 Jakarta Indonesia Training Course on Renewable Energy Part II - MEMR CASINDO 1 s Units of measurement