Copyright Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR PROCESSING OPPORTUNITY CRUDES

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1 SECTION 7 TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES FOR PROCESSING OPPORTUNITY CRUDES 7.1 Whole Crude Treating and Separation Processes Resid Upgrading Processes Coking Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes Asphaltenes Conradson Carbon Residue Sulfur Total Acid Number Metals Content Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational Adjustments Temperature Recycle Ratio Pressure Commercial Technologies ConocoPhillips's ThruPlus Process ExxonMobil's FLUID COKING Process ExxonMobil's FLEXICOKING Process Foster Wheeler/UOP's SYDEC Process KBR's Delayed Coking Process Lummus Technology's Delayed Coking Process Petrobras's Delayed Coking Process Sinopec's Delayed Coking Process US CokerTech's MaxiCoking Technology Emerging Technologies Chiyoda's EUREKA Process ETX Systems's ETX Upgrader Additives Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Mitigating Fouling and Corrosion Fouling Operational Adjustments Adjusting Feed Properties Furnace Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Antifoulants Coke Stability Index Coker Heaters Metallurgy for Coker Heater Tubes Heater Tube Cleaning Tube Coatings Emerging Technologies Adjusting Feedstream Properties Additives Cleaning Coker Furnace Tubes Corrosion Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Heat Integration and Preheating Combustion Air Steam Generation and Heat Recovery Saving Energy in the Main Fractionator Commercial Technologies Delayed Coking US CokerTech's Improved Delayed Coker Unit Valves Emerging Technologies Chiyoda's Eureka Process Reduce Fouling Options for Modifying the Coker to Meet Refinery Goals Visbreaking

2 Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Axens's Tervahl Processes Foster Wheeler/UOP's Coil-type Visbreaking Process Foster Wheeler/UOP's Wood's Process PDVSA-Intevep's Aquaconversion Process Shell/Lummus Technology's Soaker Visbreaking Process Shell/Lummus Technology's Deep Thermal Conversion Process Shell/Lummus Technology's Thermal Gasoil and Deep Thermal Gasoil Process Optimization Programs Emerging Technologies Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Mitigating Fouling and Corrosion Fouling Operational Adjustments Operational and Design Heuristics Cleaning and Maintenance Strategies Commercial Technologies Axens Baker Hughes GE Water & Process Technology KBC Nalco Energy Services Visbreaking Process Emerging Technologies Corrosion Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Visbreaking Processes Heat Integration Cogeneration Using Visbroken Residues Options for Modifying the Visbreaker to Meet Refinery Goals Solvent Deasphalting Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational Adjustments Pressure Solvent Selection Solvent-to-oil Ratio and Circulation Temperature Commercial Technologies Axens's Solvahl Process Foster Wheeler/UOP's SDA Process KBR's ROSE Process Petrobras's PASD SC Process Uhde's Propane Deasphalting Process Well Resources's SELEX-Asp Process Emerging Technologies Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Axens's Solvahl Process Well Resources SELEX-Asp Process KBR's AQUAFORM SDA Integrated with Delayed Coking Emerging Technologies Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Emerging Technologies

3 Options for Modifying the Solvent Deasphalter to Meet Refinery Goals Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes VGO Fraction: Quantity and Quality FCC Feed Quality Coke Formation Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Complete Processes KBR/ExxonMobil's Flexicracking IIR Process Sinopec's Maximizing Gas and Distillate (MGD) Process Catalysts Albemarle BASF Stamina HDUltra Grace Davison MIDAS GENESIS NOMUS BX Sinopec Catalyst Co ORBIT RGD-C Emerging Technologies LCO-selective Catalysts for Cracking Bitumen-based HGO LCO-selective Catalysts Based on Modified Alumina Matrix Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Operational Adjustments Process Variables and Configuration Catalyst Regenerator Oxygen Enrichment Commercial Technologies Complete Processes and Hardware Sinopec's ARGG Process Sinopec's VRFCC Process Feed Injection and Catalyst Regeneration Catalysts and Additives Albemarle Amber Coral Upgrader BCMT Additives BASF Endurance and Flex-Tec Converter INTERCAT BCA CAT-AID V JGC Catalysts & Chemicals Ltd Nalco Energy Services Sinopec Catalyst Co CH Series DVR Series RAG Series ZC Series Emerging Technologies Modified Riser Reactor to Increase Residence Time Reduced-slurry Catalysts with New Molecular Sieves Reduced-slurry Catalysts with Modified Alumina Matrix Macroporous RFCC Catalysts with Higher Conversion Boosting Propylene Yield Operational Adjustments

4 Commercial Technologies Complete Processes Axens/Total/Shaw's R2R Process Axens/Total/Shaw's PetroRiser Process Axens FlexEne Process KBR/ExxonMobil's MAXOFIN FCC Process Lummus Technology/Indian Oil Corp.'s I-FCC Process JX Nippon Oil/KFUPM/Saudi Aramco/Shaw/Axens's High-Severity (HS- FCC) Process Sinopec/Shaw's Deep Catalytic Cracking Process (DCC) Sinopec/Shaw's Catalytic Pyrolysis Process Sinopec's CGP Process Sinopec's Maximizing Iso-Olefins (MIO) Process UOP's PetroFCC Process Catalysts Albemarle Grace Davison INTERCAT Sinopec Catalyst Co CDC CGP Emerging Technologies Processes and Hardware Downflow Reactor Modified Riser Reactor Simplified, Economical Feed Pretreater Catalysts Propylene-selective Catalysts with Modified Zeolites CPP Catalyst Mitigating Fouling and Corrosion Fouling Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies for Reducing Coke Fouling Emerging Technology for Reducing Coke Formation in the Catalyst Separator Corrosion Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Process Variables Feed Injection Advanced Process Control and Simulation Commercial Technologies Complete Processes KBR/ExxonMobil's Orthoflow Resid FCC Process Lummus Technology's FCC Process UOP's RFCC Process UOP's MSCC Process Hardware for Feed Injection Axens/Shaw's Feed Injection KBR/ExxonMobil's ATOMAX Feed Injection Lummus Technology's Micro-Jet Feed Injection Petrobras's UltraMist Feed Injection Shell Global Solutions's High Performance Feed Injection UOP's Optimix ER Feed Injection Hardware for Catalyst Separation Axens/Shaw's Riser Separation System KBR/ExxonMobil's Closed Cyclone Riser Termination System Lummus Technology's Direct-coupled Riser Cyclone System Petrobras's Advanced Separation System Shell Global Solutions's Cyclones UOP's Vortex Separation Systems Hardware for Catalyst Stripping KBR/ExxonMobil's Dynaflux Stripping Technology Lummus Technology's Modular Grid Stripper

5 Shell Global Solutions's Two-stage Stripper UOP's Advanced Fluidization Stripping Technology Hardware for Catalyst Regeneration Axens/Total/Shaw's Regeneration System KBR/ExxonMobil's Countercurrent Regeneration System Lummus Technology's Regeneration System Petrobras's Regeneration System Shell Global Solutions's Single-stage Regeneration System UOP's Regeneration Technology for RFCC Catalysts and Additives Albemarle Coral SMR Sapphire Opal Upgrader BASF BituPro Defender and Fortress Millennium and Ultrium Grace Davison IMPACT NEKTOR INTERCAT Nalco Energy Services Advanced Process Control and Simulation AspenTech Axens Shell Global Solutions Emerging Technologies Processes and Hardware Downflow Reactor Dual Riser Processing Catalyst Regeneration with Gasification UOP's Piped Spent Catalyst Distributor Catalyst Cooler with Lower Energy Consumption Catalysts Coke-selective Catalysts Based on Modified Zeolite RFCC Catalysts that Eliminate Pre- and Posttreating Options for Modifying the RFCCU to Meet Refinery Goals Resid Hydrotreating Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes Feed Quality Processing Options Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Emerging Technologies Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Complete Processes Axens's Hyvahl Process Chevron Lummus Global's RDS/VRDS ExxonMobil's Residfining UOP's RCD Unionfining Catalysts Advanced Refining Technologies HOP Catalysts Catalysts for CLG's RDS/VRDS, OCR, and UFR Albemarle Axens Boosting Propylene Yield Mitigating Fouling/Deactivation and Corrosion

6 Equipment Fouling and Catalyst Deactivation Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Complete Processes and Reactor Systems Axens's Permutable Reactor System Chevron Lummus Global's RDS/VRDS Chevron Lummus Global's OCR Chevron Lummus Global's RDS/UFR ExxonMobil's Residfining Shell Global Solutions's Shell Residual Oil Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst Advanced Refining Technologies Albemarle Axens Criterion Catalysts & Technologies Haldor Topsøe Sinopec (FRIPP) UOP CatTrap UF Hardware Minimize Fouling of Reactor Internals Twisted Tube Exchanger Bundles for Preheat Service Emerging Technologies Scheme for Inhibiting Coke Formation Scheme for Retarding Catalyst Deactivation in a Fixed-bed Resid Hydrotreater Catalysts with Enhanced Activities/ Extended Lifetimes Models for Resid Hydrotreating Catalyst Deactivation Corrosion Coke-related Corrosion in an Atmospheric Resid Hydrotreater Stress Corrosion Cracking in Atmospheric Resid Hydrotreater Naphthenic Acid Corrosion in Hydrotreating Units Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Emerging Technologies Interbed Quenching Using Resids to Provide Power with Low Emissions Options for Modifying the Resid Hydrotreater to Meet Refinery Goals Resid Hydrocracking Impacts of Processing Opportunity Crudes Increasing Distillate Yield and Quality Operational and Design Adjustments Process Variables Process Selection Commercial and Near-commercial Technologies Complete Processes Axens's H-OilRC Ebullated-bed Hydrocracking Process Chevron's Vacuum Resid Slurry Hydrocracking Process Chevron Lummus Global's LC-FINING Ebullated-bed Hydrocracking Process Eni's EST Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Process ExxonMobil's Microcat-RC Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Process HTI's HCAT Technology Intevep/PDVSA's HDH and HDHPLUS Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Processes KBR/BP's VCC Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Process Mobis Energy's HRH Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Process UOP's Uniflex Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Process Catalysts Advanced Refining Technologies Albemarle

7 Axens Criterion Catalysts & Technologies Chevron ExxonMobil HTI JGC C&C Mobis Energy Sinopec UOP Emerging Technologies Alternative Ebullated Bed HC Schemes to Enhance Flexibility and Conversion Ebullated-bed Catalysts Formulations to Improve Operations Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Catalysts with Optimized Dispersion Displacing High Sulfur Fuel Oil Commercial Technologies Shell's HYCON Moving-bed/Fixed-bed Hydrocracking Process Ebullated-bed Hydrocracking Slurry-phase Hydrocracking Boosting Propylene Yield Mitigating Fouling and Corrosion Fouling and Sedimentation Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Process Analyzers Complete Processes Catalyst Advanced Refining Technologies Albemarle Criterion Catalysts & Technologies HTI Emerging Technologies Corrosion Minimizing Carbon Footprint Operational Adjustments Commercial Technologies Options for Modifying the Resid Hydrocracker to Meet Refinery Goals Heavy Oil and Middle Distillate Upgrading Processes Integration of Residue Conversion Technologies Auxiliary Systems Impacts of Upstream Operations Carbon Capture and Storage