ABS Environmental and Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting Houston, TX 7 October 2009

Transcription

1 ABS Environmental and Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting Houston, TX 7 October 2009 Gary Horn Director, Rules & Standards ABS Corporate, Houston 1

2 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program Background Current issues ABS Program Environmental Energy Efficiency ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

3 ABS Mission To serve the public interest as well as the needs of our clients by promoting the security of life, property and the natural environment primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design, construction and operational maintenance of marine-related facilities. ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

4 IMO conventions Load line - Amount of cargo a vessel may safely carry Tonnage - The carrying capacity of a ship based on volume SOLAS - Construction, Communications, Lifesaving, Fire Protection, Fire Fighting MARPOL - Pollution prevention from onboard lubricants and fuels, cargoes or emissions ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

5 Current issues Air Emissions Ballast Water Management Waste Streams Noise Cold Ironing Ship Recycling Harsh Environments (Arctic) GHG and Fuel Efficiency ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

6 ABS Program in Short Support traditional classification work in verifying the safety of systems and installations Providing knowledge and expertise related to environmental issues and regulatory developments Offering clients solutions to environmental and energy challenges beyond the scope of traditional classification ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

7 Planned Guides Guides Environmental Protection Guide, Sept 2009 Cold Ironing Guide (4Q 2009) Ballast Water Treatment Guide (4Q 2009) Green Passport, May 2008 (Update, 4Q 2009) Emission Abatement Systems Guide (4Q 2009) Fuel Cell Powered Ships Guide (2Q 2010) Gas Fueled Power Plants Guide (2Q 2010) Advisory Notes Ballast Water Treatment Advisory Notes (4Q 2009) Air Emissions Advisory Notes (1Q 2010) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

8 Air Emissions Air Pollution Prevention - MARPOL Annex VI NOx, SOx, Ozone Depleting Substances, VOC Progressive reduction in NOx and SOx limits Green House Gases from Ships CO 2 main GHG Interim Guidelines for Energy Efficiency Design Index and Energy Efficiency Operational Index ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

9 ABS Environmental Protection Guide September 2009 Notations: ENVIRO ENVIRO+ ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

10 Scope The existing ABS Guide for Environmental Safety has been substantially revised: To make it current with available technology and applicable international laws, Rules and standards To establish environmental criteria (construction and operationally based) for enhanced environmental notations New title: Guide for Environmental Protection ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

11 Notations ENVIRO Foundational level that establishes compliance with international, environmental protection requirements ENVIRO + A higher level that establishes compliance with international, safety requirements plus additional requirements for enhanced environmental protection ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

12 Base of Notation Compliance with applicable requirements of MARPOL: Annex I Annex II Annex IV Annex V Annex VI Once international regulations and standards are adopted, they are applicable to the Environmental Protection Guide ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

13 Contents Design Characteristics Management & Support Systems Sea Discharge: Oil Noxious Liquid Substances Sewage Garbage Water Ballast Anti-Fouling Systems Air Discharge: NOx Emission SOx Emission Cargo Vapor Emission & Incinerators Refrigerant & Fire-Fighting Systems Details ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

14 Future Environmental issues which could come under the umbrella of the Environmental Protection Guide: Energy efficiency indices Cold ironing Arctic operations Noise emission Regional notations ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

15 Sulphur Content Limits Worldwide Area Vessel Type % Max Sulphur content by weight & ISO 8217 DM Grade Effective Regulation Worldwide All 4.5% - All Grades 19 May 2005 IMO Baltic Sea SECA All 1.5% - All Grades 19 May 2006 IMO / EU EU Waters Passenger Ships on regular services between EU ports 1.5% - All Grades 11 Aug 2006 EU North Sea SECA All 1.5% - All Grades 22 Nov 2007 IMO / EU All EU Ports All 0.1% DMA 01 Jan 2008 EU Within 24 miles offshore California All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 1.5% DMA or 0.5% DMB only 01 Jul 2009 CARB All EU Ports All vessels at berth for > 2 hours 0.1% - All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU All EU Inland Waters/ Rivers Inland Waterways Vessels 0.1% - All Grades 01 Jan 2010 EU Baltic & North Sea ECA s All 1.0% - All Grades 01 July 2010 IMO Within 24 miles offshore California All (main & auxiliary diesel engines and auxiliary boilers) 0.1% DMA or DMB only 01 Jan 2012 CARB Worldwide All 3.5% - All Grades 01 Jan 2012 IMO North American ECA All 1.0% - All Grades August 2012? IMO All ECA s All 0.1% - All Grades 01 Jan 2015 IMO Worldwide All 0.5% - All Grades 01 Jan 2020/25 IMO ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

16 Annex VI NO X Emission Limits Ship Constructed ( 1 January) 1990 to 2000 Retroactive to existing engines 2000 x < x < Application of Requirements Engine size > 5000 kw and 90 liters Emission Limits Tier I Compliance at engine s delivery except as below 1 st IAPP Renewal Survey 12 mo after IMO advised by Party of availability (physical and cost) of upgrade kit > 130 kw ---- Ships 24m L or total propulsion power 750kW Tier II Tier III Operation outside of ECA Operation within ECA Total Weight of NO 2 Emission (g/kwh) Relative < n < NO 2 Reduction RPM from Tier I Tier I *n (-0.2) 9.8 Current Tier II *n (-0.23) % % Tier III *n (-0.2) % ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

17 How to achieve the new NOx limits Tier II NOx Limits Achieved by in engine modifications (10-25%); Increased compression ratio Delayed injection; exhaust valve timing Modified fuel nozzles Electronic control of fuel injection providing- pre, triple or sequential injection Other Techniques in engine modifications Exhaust Gas recirculation (30-40%) Water injection (direct or inlet air humidification) (50% reduction; 2-5% fuel penalty) Fuel emulsification (15-25%) Tier III NOx Limits Achieved by engine modifications and fitting after treatment systems; 1. Exhaust Gas NOx Cleaning System 2. Fitting after treatment devices i.e. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

18 Example of an Abatement Technology Process Flow Ultra Low Frequency Electrolysis/Electrodialysis (ULFELS) energized seawater spray ULFELS seawater energizing tank Untreated seawater Wash water Clean water Cyclone separator Sludge to tank or decanter Overboard discharge Seawater intake ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

19 ABS Role Assist Ecospec with applicability of IMO Regulations Resolution MEPC 170 (57) Guidelines for Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems [SO 2 ] NOx Technical Code Calibration of instruments to meet NOx Technical Code/Industrial Standards/Manufacturer s Recommendations System addresses: GHG/CO 2, SO 2, NOx, and PM Act on behalf of MPA to witness testing and verification of test results ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

20 Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal On March 27, 2009, U.S./Canada made a joint proposal for ECA designation This was approved, in principle, at MEPC 59 (July 2009) Expect adoption at MEPC 60 (March 2010) ECA NOx Controls Tier 3 NOx 80% reduction new vessels (2016) ECA PM and SOx Controls 1.0% Fuel Sulfur ( ) 0.1% Fuel Sulfur Up to 96% reduction in SOx ~85% reduction in PM ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

21 Joint U.S. / Canada ECA Proposal Alaska (U.S.) Canada United States (48 states) Mexico Bahamas Greenland (Denmark) Saint-Pierre & Miquelon Hawaii (U.S.) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

22 Ballast Water Management To control transport of evasive non-indigenous species Implementation from 2009 includes Exchange Standard and Performance Standard Compliance with Performance Standard depends on ballast capacity and the year of build 1 BW Management Convention Adopted in 2004 To enter into force requires 30 States (35% of world s GT) As of August '09 18 States (15% GT) 1 Ballast capacity < 5000 m 3 ships built in or after 2009 must meet performance standard. Ballast capacity > 5000 m 3 ships built after 2012 must meet performance standard. Compliance for all ships by 2014 ( m 3 ) or 2016 (<1500 m 3 or > 5000 m 3 ). ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

23 Ballast Water Management ABS Guide for Ballast Water Treatment in final drafting phase. ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

24 Ballast Water Management Approved systems (non-active substances): Test procedure Lab tests shipboard test Administration type approval Approved systems (active substances): Test procedure Lab tests shipboard test IMO GESAMP-BWWG determination MEPC Approval (basic and final approval) Administration type approval ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

25 IMO: BWMS Approvals Type-Approved Systems NEI VOS (Venturi Oxygen Stripping) Alfa Laval / Wallenius Water AB - PureBallast Hamann AG SEDNA / PERACLEAN Techcross Electro-Clean OceanSaver BWM Hyde GUARDIAN TA Certification Liberia & Marshall Islands Norway Germany Korea Norway United Kingdom ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

26 BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (1) Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9) System Name Proposed by Approval type Approved at PureBallast system Norway Basic & Final MEPC 56 SEDNA-Ocean BWM system using PERACLEAN Ocean system Germany Final Basic OceanSaver BWM System Norway Final Basic Electro-Clean (Electrolytic Disinfection) Korea Final Basic RWO BWMS (CleanBallast) using EctoSys electrochemical system Germany Final Basic NK-03 BlueBallast System (Ozone) Korea Final Basic Hitachi BW Purification System (ClearBallast) Japan Final Basic Greenship Sedinox BWMS Netherlands Final Basic MEPC 57 MEPC 54 MEPC 58 MEPC 57 MEPC 58 MEPC 54 MEPC 59 MEPC 55 MEPC 59 MEPC 56 MEPC 59 MEPC 57 MEPC 59 MEPC 58 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

27 BWM System: as of MEPC 59 (2) Approval Status of BWM System using Active Substances (G9) System Name Proposed by Approval type Approved at Special Pipe sys (with Ozone Japan Basic MEPC 55 treatm t) Resource Ballast Technologies South Africa Basic MEPC 57 System GloEn-Patrol System Korea Basic MEPC 57 TG Ballastcleaner and Japan Basic MEPC 58 TG Environmentalguard System Ecochlor BW Treatment System Germany Basic MEPC 58 Blue Ocean Shield BWMS China Basic MEPC 59 HHI BWMS (EcoBallast) AquaTriComb [TM] BW Treatment System Republic of Basic MEPC 59 Korea Germany Basic MEPC 59 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

28 U.S. BWM: Phase 1 vs. Phase 2 Organism Size > 50 μ >10 μ & 50 μ 10 μ Phase 1 (IMO) < 10 / m 3 < 10 / ml N/A Phase 2 (x1000) < 1 / 100 m 3 < 1 / 100 ml < 1,000 bacteria & 10,000 viruses per 100 ml ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

29 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

30 US BWM: Public Meetings & Outreach 28 September Seattle, WA* 30 September New Orleans, LA* 02 October Chicago, IL* 08 October Washington, DC * 27 October Oakland, CA 29 October New York, NY * First round of meetings will be webcast. Public comment period ends 27 Nov 2009 Specific questions asked / input requested ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

31 Cold Ironing Currently, only the State of California has requirements for emission reduction at ports from 1 January 2014 Demand for Cold Ironing will increase in order to reduce Air Pollution from ships ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

32 Installation Plans Port of Los Angeles: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 15 terminals for China Shipping, NYK terminal (Berths ) and the cruise ship terminal (Berths 91-93) are under consideration Port of Long Beach: in addition to existing terminals supplied with shore power, 3 berths and BP oil tanker terminals Port of Seattle: cruise ship terminal (pier 30), pier Port of San Francisco: new terminal for cruise ship Port of San Diego: extension of cruise ship terminal under investigation Port of Juneau in Alaska: cruise ship berth is under consideration. (In 2002, five cruise vessels were converted to use shore power electricity) In addition to the above, 13 more ports in California are investigating the installation of shore power supply facilities Ref.: Bluewater Network Report (Published year: is unknown but estimated it in second half of 2006 to first half of 2007) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

33 Industry Standards for Cold Ironing Currently, there is a lack of industry standards addressing cold ironing or shore power connections International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) working on a draft IEC Standard High Voltage Shore Connection Systems. Draft dated 9 Jan International Organization for Standardization (ISO) working on a draft ISO Standard Onshore Power Supply (cold ironing). Draft dated 10 Aug Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) working on a draft P1713 Recommended Practice for Electrical Shore-to-Ship Connections. Draft dated Jan A Publicly Available Specification (PAS) is planned to be published in 2009 based on the IEC, ISO and IEEE draft standards ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

34 Shore Power Supply Arrangement Ref.: European Commission Directorate General Environment, Ship Emission; Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instrument Reported by Entec UK Limited., Aug (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (1) Connection to National Grid of Power Supply Distribution Network ( kv) to be transformed to kv at local sub-station (2) (2) 6-20 kv power distribution from local sub-station to port terminal (3) Frequency converting from Hz, depending upon ship s frequency (4) Power supply to connector at wharf for power receiving cable from ship (5) Cable supporting tower or cable support facility (6) Shore power receiving panel onboard (7) Transformer depending upon ship s nominal voltage (8) Power distribution in ship ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

35 ABS Requirements Means to check incoming power: voltage, frequency and phase rotation should be provided at the shore connection switchboard Circuit protection: the shore power connection and the downstream equipment are to be protected against over current, short circuit and ground fault Short-circuit level at main switchboard: onboard circuit breakers are to be rated to withstand the maximum shortcircuit current that are generated onboard. The ratings of the circuit breakers is not to be exceeded by shore power source. Protective device coordination: the circuit breakers associated with the shore power connections are to be coordinated with the circuit breakers in the vessel s system ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

36 ABS Requirements Stepdown transformer: to be of shielded type so that under failure condition the low voltage side is not subjected to the high voltage level Shore power in parallel with vessel generator: parallel operation only long enough to transfer load Reverse power protection: generators are to be protected from reverse power Synchronization equipment: means are to be provided to allow the vessel generator to be brought into synchronization with the shore power. Including volt meters and means for adjusting the generator s Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

37 ABS Requirements Discharge high voltage cable residual charge: means to discharge any residual voltage in the high voltage cable is to be provided Equi-potential bonding: equi-potential bonding between the hull and the shore is to be provided Frequency and/or voltage converter: where converters are provided, the total Voltage Harmonic distortion (Vth) is not to exceed the limits for the vessel s equipment High voltage cable installation: high voltage cable run within accommodation area is to be encased in duct or equivalent and clearly marked ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

38 Ship Recycling (Green Passport) MEPC 58 approved the draft ship recycling convention that was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Hong Kong May 2009 Will enter into force 24 months after 15 States signed (not less than 40 percent of the gross tonnage) and (annual ship recycling volume during the preceding 10 years constitutes not less than 3 percent of the gross tonnage). Ships will be required to carry an inventory of hazardous materials (structure/equipment systems, operational waste, stores) Recycling facilities required to submit a Ship Recycling Plan ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

39 Harsh Environment Increased Interest in Arctic Transportation ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

40 Receding Ice Cover & Changing Nature of Ice September 2007 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

41 Shorter Routes & Available Technology ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

42 Offshore Exploration ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

43 Challenges - Environment Unique environment Oil spill recovery difficult Ice Remote Lack of infrastructure Slow ecological recovery Low temperatures and short summer ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

44 Rules & Guides Guide for Vessels Operating in Low Temperatures Environments First published in 2005 Supplementary information Weather conditions Additional reference materials Administration listings Meteorological organization listings Update the Guide in 3Q 2009 including: Polar operation versus Baltic operation Temperature charts for guidance ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

45 GHG ABS activities CO2 Index Software, Nov 2008 (Update, 1Q 2010) (It will be renamed to Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator EEOI) EEDI sensitivity study with HEC Participates on IACS bench at IMO Fuel Efficiency studies ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

46 U.S. Proposal on GHG Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) based Goal based Ship based Transparent Market-based, closed system (traded among ships only) Target established then improve over time (alternatively market-based solution) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

47 US Proposal on GHG: Further Work Additional details Efficiency baseline Verification Non-compliance Follow up paper to MEPC 60 Detailed discussions ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

48 Efficiency Increasing efficiency simply saves on fuel consumption which in-turn helps drive down emissions. Several new and old ideas surfacing. Many depend on fuel cost savings for implementation, but also now regulations ABS is undertaking and sponsoring research on a range of operational and design efforts ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

49 Prime Movers COMBUSTION & MECHANICAL Engine Designers: Electronically Controlled Engines Improved Turbo Charger Improved Cylinder Lubrication Better Fuel Nozzles Improved Fuel/Air Mixture LNG Burning Suppliers, Vendors, Inventors: Fuel Treatment Fuel Additives ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

50 Prime Movers (Cont.) EXHAUST GAS LOSS (~25% of Total Fuel) WHR: Power Turbine Steam Turbine (1/2 Stage) Combined Gas Turbine Combined with DG. Thermo Electric Material ABS sponsoring research on Thermoelectrics at Maine Maritime Academy. ABS has experience with these systems on large container systems. Cool Water & Lube Oil Loss: (~25% of Total Fuel) Further to Present well known applications difficult to improve due to low temp energy (except scav. Air cooler) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

51 Propulsor Efficiency PROPULSOR EFFICIENCY (~65-70% Efficiency) Improved Propeller Design Blade Design, RPM, DIAM, CFD Rudder/Propeller Interaction CONTRA Rotating Propellers Podded Propellers Fins, Caps, Wake Improvements ABS performing CFD research into optimizing propeller design in an effort to lower fuel consumption and thereby emissions ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

52 Optimization of Cargo Intake/Operation Maximizing Payload Lines for Max Stability & Cargo Intake Main Dimensions (F.Ex. Baby Postpanmax) Min. WB Steel Distribution & Weight (Class Rules & Tools) Economy of Scale Route Optimization: Roll & Pitch Reduction Minimize Adverse Condition Constant Fuel Optimized Speed JIT Voyage Planning ABS research into Baby Postpanamax container vessels as an example of cargo/performance optimized design Propeller & Hull Cleaning ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

53 Drag Minimization Typical Drag Distribution ( Vary with Shiptype ) : Friction 75 90% Wave 5 20% Wind 5 10% Design Optimization Against Actual Operation (Lines & Bulbs Design) CFD Ducktail Coating Air Lubrication Reduced Speed ( container vessels ) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

54 Other Improvement Options Energy Savings Optimizing Systems (Pumps, Pipings, Fans) Switch Off Consumer Reefer Optimization Water Cooled, Reefer Compressors Direct Air Intake To Diesel Engines Energy Audits Present Status / Improvements Consumption Meters Awareness Alternative Energy Solar Sails ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

55 Energy Saving Measures for Ship Designs and Operations Return on Investment (ROI) 6 = Benefit Rating / Cost Rating ROI = 6.0 (highest rating) = 0.0 (lowest rating) Result of joint Herbert Engineering and ABS research Ship Size Design Speed Ship Proportions Minimum Ballast Adopt Slower Speeds Hull Cleaning Propeller Design Rudder Design Weather Routing Performance Monitoring Selected Energy Saving Measures (Naval Architecture) ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct

56 ABS Environmental & Energy Efficiency Program INTERTANKO North American Panel Meeting 7-Oct