KOSTEGIDS COST GUIDE 2013/14

Transcription

1 KOSTEGIDS COST GUIDE 2013/14

2 Established 1869 Ons versprei en ondersteun slegs wêreldbekende handelsmerke. Druk gerus op ons nommer indien u trekkers, oesmasjiene, motorfietse, spuitpompe, snoeiers, ontblaarders, snyers, balers, voermengers, harke, ploeë en dies meer benodig. Tel: Faks: Fieldstraat 5-7, Worcester

3 Samestelling / Composition Gert van Wyk & Pieter van Niekerk VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Diens / VinPro Agro-economic Service Tel: /4; Fax: vanwykg@vinpro.co.za, pieter@vinpro.co.za n Spesiale woord van dank aan ons borge wat die druk van hierdie Kostegids, asook die gratis verspreiding daarvan aan alle VinPro-lede en rolspelers in die wynbedryf moontlik maak. A special word of thanks to our sponsors without whom this Cost Guide could not have been published or distributed for free to all VinPro members and role players in the wine industry. Orchard Suppliers Netafim Terason / Villa Crop Boshoff Visser VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 1

4 Inhoud / Contents Voorwoord / Foreword... 5 Doel / Purpose... 5 Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2012-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2012 harvest)... 6 Inleiding en agtergrond / Introduction and background... 6 Koste van wyndruifproduksie / Cost of wine grape production... 7 Kontantuitgawes / Cash Expenditure... 8 Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement Produksie se invloed op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top producers Wat doen top produsente anders? / What sets top performers apart? Teikeninkomste (2012-oes) / Target income (2012 harvest) Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms Minimum loon / Minimum wage Vestigings / Establishment Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems Besproeiing / Irrigation Ander nuttige inligting / Other useful information Koste van meganisasie / Cost of mechanisation Metodiek / Methodology Trekkers / Tractors Parsmasjiene / Harvesters Spuitpompe / Spraypumps Sleepwaens / Trailers Ander implemente / Other implements Bakkies / Pick-ups Vragmotors / Trucks VinPro kontakbesonderhede / VinPro contact details... Agterblad / Back cover VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 3

5 Voorwoord / Foreword Die samestellers van die VinPro Kostegids het deurgaans te goeder trou opgetree. Enige besluit voortspruitend, of aksie gebaseer op die inligting soos vervat in die gids, word op eie risiko gedoen. Nie die samestellers of VinPro kan verantwoordelik gehou word vir enige finansiële verlies weens so n besluit of aksie nie, terwyl enige finansiële wins slegs tot die voordeel van die gebruiker daarvan is. Vrywaring / Indemnity The VinPro Cost Guide was compiled in good faith. Any decision taken as a result of, or actions based on information contained in the guide is solely at the user s own risk. Neither the compilers nor VinPro are accountable for any financial loss due to such decisions or actions, while any financial gain derived from it is solely to the benefit of the users thereof. In die strewe na n volhoubare en deelnemende wynprodusentegemeenskap bly die VinPro Land bou-ekonomiese Diens verbind tot effektiewe en waardetoegevoegde ekonomiese diens lewering aan VinPro se lede en ander rolspe lers in die bedryf. Die Suid-Afrikaanse wyndruifprodusent is die afgelope paar jaar blootgestel aan stygende insets en dalende winsmarges, wat daartoe lei dat die produsent se winsgewendheid onder geweldige druk verkeer. Met hierdie in ag geneem, openbaar die VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Diens jaarliks kritiese finansiële aanwysers wat regdeur die wynbedryf erken en gebruik word as n betroubare maatstaf. n Uitvloeisel daarvan is die samestelling van hierdie meer gedetailleerde Kostegids, wat jaarliks in Mei opgedateer en beskikbaar gestel word. VinPro Landbou-ekonomiese Dienste Lewensvatbaarheidstudies, - en winsgewendheidsanalises, asook skadebepalings. Koördinering van finansiële studiegroepe/ Produksieplan finansiële geheelplaas- en bedryfstak-analises op plaasvlak. Ekonomiese en bedryfsverwante artikels en aanbiedings. Versameling en verspreiding van verteenwoordigende landbou-ekonomiese bedryfsinligting. In the quest towards a sustainable and participating wine producer community, VinPro s Agroeconomic Service is committed to providing effective and value-added economic services to all members of VinPro, as well as other role players in the industry. The South African wine producer s profitability has been under enormous pressure over the past few years due to rising input s, as well as low and decreasing profit margins. With this in mind, VinPro s Agro-economic Service annually reveals financial indicators that are accepted and used throughout the wine industry as a trusted benchmark. As an extension of its support to producers, VinPro compiled this more detailed Cost Guide, which is updated annually and available in May. VinPro Agro-economic Services Feasibility studies, - and profitability analyses, as well as damage assessments. Coordinating financial study groups/production Plan financial analyses at total farm or operational branch level. Economic and industry-related articles and presentations. Collecting and distributing relevant financial industry information. Doel / Purpose Die hoofdoel van hierdie Kostegids is om sekere noodsaaklike ekonomiese aspekte in n eenvoudige formaat te verpak wat as hulpmiddel kan dien vir die opstel van begrotings deur wyndruifprodusente. Weens dramatiese prysskommelinge is dit baie moeilik om sinvol en akkuraat te begroot en kan hierdie gids as riglyn daarvoor aangewend word. The main purpose of this guide is to provide wine grape producers with specific financial indicators to assist them in compiling a budget. Due to the fact that prices vary dramatically, it is difficult to compile a budget that is both meaningful and accurate. This guide is a useful aid in compiling a more accurate budget. 4 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 5

6 Koste van wyndruifproduksie (2012-oes) / Cost of wine grape production (2012 harvest) geweeg de gemiddelde van al die deelne mers te bepaal. Die deelnemers is oorwegend produ sente met goeie tot bogemiddelde bestuursvermoë. termining the weighted average of all participants. These producers have predominantly good to above-average managerial ability. Inleiding en agtergrond / Introduction and background VinPro se Landbou-ekonomiese diens het oor die afgelope nege jaar met die ondersteuning van Winetech, die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad (NLBR), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, ENB, Nedbank en meer onlangs Capital Harvest finansiële ontledings in die nege wyndistrikte uitgevoer ten einde die van wyndruifverbouing en finansiële welstand van wyndruifprodusente te bepaal. Alhoewel die jongste bevindinge (2012-oesjaar) steeds daarop dui dat die gemiddelde primêre wynprodusent steeds in n -knyptang gewikkel is, is daar sonder twyfel produsente wat onder moeilike omstandighede daarin slaag om goed te presteer. Dit is hierdie produsente wat toesien dat die nodige grondstof in stand gehou word en produksie voortduur, ondanks n krimpende wingerdoppervlak. Deelname in die 2012 Produksieplan het be staan uit 255 boerdery-eenhede, versprei oor al nege wyndistrikte. Altesaam 700 produsente en rolspelers in die bedryf het die 45 studiegroep-byeenkomste bygewoon, waartydens eko nomie se en ander relevante inligting aan deelnemers verskaf is ter ondersteuning van langtermyn vol houbare wyndruifproduksie. Die steekproef be staan tans uit ha (23% van totale Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdstand in 2011), wat ton oplewer (24% van die totale Suid-Afrikaanse oes in 2012). Hiervan was 67% wit en 33% rooi wyndruiwe, en 57% van die tonne is meganies gepars. VinPro s Agro-economic division has been conducting financial analyses over the past nine years with the support of Winetech, the National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC), Standard Bank, Absa, Land Bank, FNB, Nedbank and more recently Capital Harvest to determine the of wine grape cultivation and financial position of wine producers in the nine wine districts. Although the latest findings (2012 production year) still indicate that the average primary wine producer is still experiencing a prize squeeze, there are producers who succeed in performing very well despite difficult circumstances. These are the producers who continuously maintain the necessary raw materials, despite a shrinking vineyard production area. Participation in the 2012 Production Plan consisted of 255 farming units, distributed across all nine wine regions. Altogether 700 producers and role players in the industry attended the 45 study group sessions, where economic and other relevant information was shared with participants in support of long-term sustainable wine grape production. The sample currently consists of ha (23% of the total South African surface planted to wine grapes in 2011), which pro duce tons (24% of the total South African crop in 2012). Of these 67% represented white and 33% red grapes, and 57% of the tons were harvested mechanically. Koste van wyndruifproduksie / Cost of wine grape production Jaarlikse totale produksie belasting, rente en ondernemersloon uitgesluit bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik kontantuitgawes en voorsiening vir vervanging. Die bedryfsgemiddelde totale produksie het sedert 2011 met 6% toegeneem tot R32 439/ha in R R R R R R R R 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R Annual total production excluding tax, in terest and entrepreneurial remuneration consists of two components, namely cash expenditure and provision for replacement. The industry average total production increased by 6% from 2011 to R32 439/ha in R R R R Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Totale produksie / Total production R R R R R R Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement R R R R R Hierdie Kostegids bevat grotendeels bedryfsgemiddelde syfers en gee n terugblik op die be langrik ste bevindinge oor die afgelope nege oes jare, met die klem op die 2012-oes. Die Mal mesburydistrik word deurgaans apart ge ëvalueer en vorm nie deel van die bedryfsgemid delde syfers nie, aan ge sien dit uit n groot kom ponent droëlandwingerd bestaan wat alternatiewe produksie-, en kapitaalstrukture benodig. Die evaluerings is nie kultivar- en/of blokspesifiek nie wyndruiwe (draend en nie-draend) word as n geheel geëvalueer. Die meeste van die boerdery-ondernemings wat geëvalueer word, verskil ten opsigte van die plaasgrootte, kultivarsamestelling en diversifisering ten opsigte van ander bedryfstakke in die on derskeie distrikte. Syfers word bereken deur die This Cost Guide consists mainly of industry average figures and gives a review of the most important findings over the past nine years, with an emphasis on the 2012 harvest. The Malmesbury district is evaluated separately throughout and does not form part of the industry average figures, as dryland vineyards make up a large component of this district, which require alternative production, and capital structures. The evaluations are not cultivar and/or block specific wine grapes (bearing and non-bearing) are evaluated as an entity. Most of the farming enterprises that are evaluated differ with regard to farm size, cultivar composition and diversification into alternative industry branches in the respective districts. Figures are calculated by de- R R R R R R R R R 0 Totale produksie per distrik / Total production per district 2012 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Worcester R R R R R R R R Breedekloof Robertson Klein Karoo Paarl Stellenbosch Olifants Riv(i)er Orange Riv(i)er Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement R R Bedryf/Industry R R R Malmesbury R VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 7

7 Kontantuitgawes Kontantuitgawes word gekategoriseer as direk te, arbeid, meganisasie, vaste verbete rin ge en algemene uitgawes. Totale kontantuitga wes toon n 6% styging vanaf 2011 tot R23 834/ha in die 2012-oesjaar. Cash expenditure Cash expenditure is categorised as direct, labour, mechanisation, fixed improvements and general expenses. Total cash expenditure shows a 6% increase from 2011 to R23 834/ha in the 2012 production year. R R R R R R R Arbeid / Labour Bedryf / Industry R R R R R Die toename is grotendeels aangevuur deur n iet wat groter 2012-oes, asook buitengewone hoë stygings in die van elektrisiteit en brandstof. Die meeste ander komponente het min of meer in lyn met inflasie toegeneem. The increase is mainly due to a slightly larger 2012 crop, as well as exceptionally high increases in the of electricity and fuel. Most of the other components increased more or less in line with inflation. R R R R R R R R R R R R Die volgende vier grafieke illustreer die beweging in ongeveer 70% van die jaarlikse kontantuitgawes oor die afgelope nege jaar: The following four graphs illustrate the movement in approximately 70% of the annual expenditure over the past nine years: R Permanente arbeid / Permanent labour 2012 Seisoensarbeid & kontrakteurs / Seasonal labour & contractors R R R R R R Kontantuitgawes / Cash expenditure Bedryf / Industry R R R R R R R R R R R R 500 R R 859 Meganisasie / Mechanisation Bedryf / Industry R R R R 921 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 0 Brandstof / Fuel Herstel, onderdele & reparasies (los bates) / Repair, parts & maintenance (loose assets) R Direkte / Direct Bedryf / Industry R Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure Bedryf / Industry R1 800 R R R R R 800 R 600 R 400 R R R R R 679 R 686 R 346 R 420 R 756 R 875 R 344 R 370 R R R R R R R 424 R 549 R 544 R R R 592 R R R 548 R R R R 500 R 688 R 717 R 861 R R R R 780 R 803 R 845 R 831 R 605 R 627 R 647 R 655 R 652 R R R 681 R R R 720 R R R 846 R R R 931 R 200 R 0 R Bemesting / Fertiliser Plaag- & siektebeheer / Pest & disease control Onkruidbeheer / Weed control Elektrisiteit / Electricity Water / Water Administrasie / Administration 8 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 9

8 Die samestelling van kontantuitgawes het se dert 2004 grootliks onveranderd gebly, met ar beid wat steeds die grootste komponent verteenwoordig 40% in die 2012-oesjaar. Me ganisasie, direkte, algemene uitgawes en vaste verbeteringe verteenwoordig onderskeidelik 20%, 19%, 17% en 4% van kontantuitga wes. Alhoewel verskille van jaar tot jaar voor kom, het alle komponente relatief tot mekaar duurder geword. 100% 90% 15% 16% 17% 17% The composition of cash expenditure remained largely unchanged since 2004, with labour still representing the biggest component 40% in the 2012 production year. Mechanisation, direct, general expenses and fixed improvements represent 20%, 19%, 17% and 4% respectively of cash expenditure. Although differences occur from year to year, all components have become more expensive relative to each other. Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes / Composition of annual cash expenditure Bedryf / Industry 16% 15% 16% 18% 19% die wisselvalligheid van inflasie moet voldoende voorsiening hiervoor gemaak word. Deur die beginsel voorsiening vir vervanging te gebruik, word n groter bedrag verhaal as in die geval van depresiasie. Dit spreek die probleem van reglynige waardevermindering tot n mate aan en verseker dat die lopende saak gehandhaaf word. Met die berekening van voorsiening vir vervanging word items oor verskillende termyne afgeskryf teen vervangingswaarde: Geboue 60 jaar Wingerde 20 jaar Los bates/produksiemiddele 7-15 jaar course of its lifetime as well as the fluctuating nature of inflation sufficient provision has to be made for replacement. By using the principle provision for replacement, a larger amount is recovered than in the case of depreciation. To a certain extent this addresses the problem of rectilinear depreciation in value and ensures that the running concern is maintained. When calculating provision for replacement, items are written off against replacement value over various periods: Buildings 60 years Vineyards 20 years Moveable assets/means of production 7-15 years 80% 4% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 19% 19% 19% 20% 21% 21% 20% 21% 44% 44% 44% 43% 42% 42% 41% 41% 17% 16% 15% 15% 17% 18% 19% 18% % 40% 17% Vervangingswaarde van kapitaalstruktuur / Replacement value of capital structure Bedryf / Industry Direkte / Direct Arbeid / Labour Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure Wingerde / Vineyards Losgoed (produksiemiddele) / Loose assets (production means) Vaste verbeterings (geboue) / Fixed improvements (buildings) Totaal (grond uitgesluit) / Total (land excluded) Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for replacement Gedurende die produksieproses word nie net dit wat jaarliks aangekoop word vir die produksieproses gebruik nie, maar gereedskap en implemente is ook nodig. So word trekkers, gereedskap en ander produksiemiddele oor tyd opgebruik. Selfs wingerde en geboue gaan agteruit en moet vervang word. Die agteruitgang en op gebruik van hierdie items maak n deel uit van s in die produksieproses. Inaggenome die feit dat die aankoopwaarde van n item oor sy leeftyd verhaal moet word asook During the production process, producers do not only use that which is purchased annually in order to produce a crop; machinery and implements are also required. Over a period of time tractors, machinery and other means of production are consumed. Even vineyards and buildings deteriorate and need to be replaced. The deterioration and consumption of such items are part and parcel of the s of the production process. Taking into account the fact that the purchase value of an item needs to be replaced in the Totale voorsiening vir vervanging het in die 2012-oesjaar R8 606/ha beloop n 6% styging sedert Total provision for replacement amounted to R8 606/ha in the 2012 production year an increase of 6% compared to VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 11

9 Voorsiening vir vervanging / Provision for renewal Bedryf / Industry Ton/ha Invloed van produksie op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even Bedryf / Industry R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 500 R 0 R/ton Produksie / Production (ton/ha) Gelykbreek / Break-even (R/ton) Gelykbreek per distrik (2012-oes) / Break-even per district (2012 harvest) R5 314 R Produksie se invloed op gelykbreek / Influence of production on break-even R Die gemiddelde plaasgrootte van die studiegroepe het 86 ha onder wyndruiwe beloop (ander vertakkings is nie in berekening gebring nie). Die gemiddelde produksie draende en nie-draende hektare het in die 2012-oesjaar ton/ha beloop. Die invloed van verhoogde produksie op die gelykbreekprys van totale produksie in rand per ton is wesenlik. Alhoewel totale produksie per hektaar met 6% gestyg het sedert 2011, het die gelykbreek in terme van rand per ton van R2 028/ton tot R1 910/ton gedaal. Anders gestel; die eerste R1 910 wat die produsent met die 2012-oes vir n ton druiwe ontvang het, moet vir totale produksie aangewend word geen ondernemersloon, rente of belasting is nog in berekening gebring nie. Hierdie daling kan hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die groter 2012-oes. Sommige distrikte het egter n kleiner oes gerealiseer, wat weer n negatiewe effek op hul gelykbreekprys het. The average farm size of the study groups comprised 86 ha planted to wine grapes (other agricultural branches were not taken into account). The average production bearing and nonbearing hectares amounted to tons/ha during the 2012 production year. The impact of increased yield on the breakeven price of total production in rand per ton is considerable. Although total production increased by 6% per ha since 2011, the breakeven point in terms of rand per ton decreased from R2 028/ton to R1 910/ton. In other words, the first R1 910 that the producer received for a ton of grapes from the 2012 harvest must be used to cover total production no entrepreneurial remuneration, interest or tax had been taken into account. This decrease can be ascribed mainly to the larger 2012 crop. However, certain districts had a smaller crop, which had a negative impact on their breakeven price. Ton/ha R1 576 R1 658 R1 506 R1 514 R1 910 R1 291 R Worcester Breedekloof Produksie / Production (ton/ha) Die ouderdomsamestelling van deelnemers se wingerde het definitief verswak oor die afgelope nege jaar. Meer as 15% van die wingerdoppervlak is ouer as 20 jaar en 12% van die wingerde in die steekproef was drie jaar en jonger. Die verswakking in die ouderdomsamestelling kan duidelik waargeneem word sedert 2004 n sterk aanduiding dat produsente hul kapitale instandhouding agterweë laat in n poging om fi nansieel te oorleef. Gemiddelde produksie wissel geweldig tussen die onderskeie distrikte, terwyl die totale produksie in rand per hektaar nie noemenswaardig verskil nie. Hierdie produksieverskille gee egter aanleiding daartoe dat die gelykbreekprys ten opsigte van totale produksie per ton geweldig verskil tussen die onderskeie distrikte Robertson Klein Karoo R Paarl 7.19 Stellenbosch Olifants Riv(i)er Gelykbreek / Break-even (R/ton) Orange Riv(i)er Bedryf / Industry R3 358 The age composition of participants vineyards has definitely deteriorated over the past nine years. More than 15% of the surface planted to grapevines is older than 20 years and 12% of the grapevines in the sample were three years old and younger. The deterioration in age composition can be clearly observed since 2004 an obvious indication that producers are neglecting their capital maintenance in an effort to survive financially. Average production varies tremendously among the various districts, while the total production in rand per hectare does not differ significantly. The above-mentioned differences in production cause the breakeven price in respect of total production per ton to differ immensely among the various districts Malmesbury R R R R R 0 R/ton 12 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 13

10 PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE KOSTE AS RAND PER HEKTAAR (2012-OES) PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES COST AS RAND PER HECTARE (2012 HARVEST) DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Olifants Riv(i)er Worcester Oranje Riv(i)er Klein Karoo KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURE DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST SAAD / SEED KUNSMIS / FERTILISER ORGANIESE BEMESTING / ORGANIC MATERIAL PLAAG- & SIEKTEBEHEER / PEST & DISEASE CONTROL ONKRUIDBEHEER / WEED CONTROL HERSTEL- & BINDMATERIAAL / REPAIR & BINDING MATERIAL ARBEID/ LABOUR # TOESIG & BESTUURSHULP / SUPERVISION PERMANENTE ARBEID / PERMANENT LABOUR SEISOENSARBEID & KONTRAKTEURS / SEASONAL & CONTRACT WORKERS MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION BRANDSTOF / FUEL HERSTEL, ONDERDELE & REPARASIES / REPAIR, PARTS & MAINTENANCE LISENSIES & VERSEKERING / LICENCES & INSURANCE VERVOER GEHUUR / TRANSPORT HIRED VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS HERSTEL & ONDERHOUD / REPAIR & MAINTENANCE VERSEKERING / INSURANCE ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE ELEKTRISITEIT / ELECTRICITY WATERKOSTE / WATER COST GROND-, EIENDOMS- & MUN BELASTINGS / LAND-, PROPERTY- & MUN TAXES ADMINISTRASIE / ADMINISTRATION * TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE Bedryf Industry Malmesbury VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL WINGERDE / VINEYARDS VASTE VERBETERINGS / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS LOSGOED OF PRODUKSIEMIDDELE / LOOSE ASSETS OR PRODUCTION MEANS TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE GEM OPPV GEPLANT / AVE AREA PLANTED (HA) OPPV ONDER BESPROEIING / AREA UNDER IRRIGATION (%) 87% 93% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 39% OUDERDOMSAMESTELLING / AGE COMPOSITION (%) 3 JAAR & JONGER / 3 YEARS & YOUNGER TUSSEN 4 & 7 JAAR / BETWEEN 4 & 7 YEARS TUSSEN 8 & 15 JAAR / BETWEEN 8 & 15 YEARS TUSSEN 16 & 20 JAAR / BETWEEN 16 & 20 YEARS OUER AS 20 JAAR / OLDER THAN 20 YEARS GEMIDDELDE OPBRENGS / AVERAGE YIELD (TON/HA) KONTANTUITGAWES / CASH EXPENDITURE (R/TON) TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE (R/TON) # Ingesluit: Voorsorgfonds, WVF, medies, beskermde klere, klerasie, bonusse, rantsoene, ongevalle, vergoeding kommisaris, ens. # Included: Provident fund, UIF, medical, protected clothes, clothing, bonuses, ransom, workman s compensation comission, etc. * Ingesluit: Bank, ouditeursgelde, lidmaatskappe, sekuriteit, rekenaaronderhoud, professionele dienste, kursusse/opleiding, posgeld, telefoon, skryfbehoeftes, besproeiingsmonitering en diverse uitgawes. * Included: Banking s, bookkeeping fees, membership fees, security, computer maintenance, professional fees, training/courses,postage, telephone, stationery, irrigation monitoring and sundries. VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 15

11 Kostestruktuur van top presteerders / Cost structure of top achievers Die top presteerders word volgens beste netto boerdery inkomste (NBI) geselekteer. Top presteerders se jaarlikse kontantuitgawes (R22 054/ha) was gedurende die 2012-oesjaar minstens 7% laer as dié van die bedryf (R23 834/ha), terwyl die voorsiening vir vervanging van die top presteerders (R8 815/ha) 2% hoër was as die bedryfsgemiddeld (R8 606/ha). Totale produksie van die top presteerders het R30 869/ha teenoor die bedryfsgemiddelde R32 439/ha beloop 5% laer. The top achievers are selected according to highest net farming income (NFI). Top achievers annual cash expenditure (R22 054/ha) was at least 7% lower than that of the industry (R23 834/ha) during the 2012 production year, while the provision for replacement of the top achievers (R8 815/ha) was 2% higher than the industry average (R8 606/ha). Total production of the top achievers amounted to R30 869/ ha compared to the industry average of R32 439/ha, which was 5% lower. Die persentasie samestelling van top pres teerders se kontantuitgawes verskil ook van die bedryfsgemiddeld. Direkte s by top pres teerders was gedurende die drie oorsigjare ietwat hoër as dié van die bedryf, hoofsaaklik van weë groter spandering aan bemesting. Die meganisasiekomponent is by top presteerders groter en arbeid kleiner as die bedryfsgemiddeld. Totale arbeids van top presteerders is ook laer as die bedryfsgemiddeld. Gesien in die lig hiervan wil dit voorkom of die top pres teerders tot n mate meer gemeganiseerd is ten van arbeid, of arbeid word meer produktief aangewend. Die ander komponente toon egter nie veel verskille nie. The percentage composition of top achievers cash expenditure also differs from the industry average. Top achievers direct s were slightly higher than that of the industry during the three years under review, mainly due to greater spending on fertiliser. Top achievers mechanisation component is bigger, while the labour component is smaller than the industry average. Total labour of top achievers is also below the industry average. In view of the above it seems as though the top achievers are more mechanised at the expense of labour, or labour is applied more productively. The other components do not differ much. KOSTESTRUKTUUR / COST STRUCTURE PRODUKSIEKOSTE VIR WYNDRUIWE (R/HA) / PRODUCTION COST FOR WINE GRAPES (R/HA) Top Industry 2010 Top Industry 2011 Top Industry 2012 DIREKTE KOSTE / DIRECT COST Saad / Seed Kunsmis / Fertiliser Organiese Bemesting / Organic Material Plaag- & Siektebeheer / Pest & Disease Control Onkruidbeheer / Weed Control Herstel- & Bindmateriaal / Repair & Binding Material ARBEID / LABOUR # Toesig & Bestuurshulp / Supervision Permanente Arbeid / Permanent Labour Seisoensarbeid & Kontrakteurs / Seasonal & Contract Workers MEGANISASIE / MECHANISATION Brandstof / Fuel Herstel, Onderdele & Reparasies / Repair, Parts & Maintenance Lisensies & Versekering / Licences & Insurance Vervoer Gehuur / Transport Hired VASTE VERBETERINGE / FIXED IMPROVEMENTS Herstel & Onderhoud / Repair & Maintenance Versekering / Insurance ALGEMENE UITGAWES / GENERAL EXPENDITURE Elektrisiteit / Electricity Water / Water Cost Grond-, Eiendoms- & Mun Belastings / Land-, Property- & Mun Taxes Administrasie / Administration * TOTALE KONTANTUITGAWES / TOTAL CASH EXPENDITURE VOORSIENING VIR VERVANGING / PROVISION FOR RENEWAL Wingerde / Vineyards Vaste Verbeterings / Fixed Improvements Losgoed Of Produksiemiddele / Loose Assets Or Production Means TOTALE UITGAWES / TOTAL EXPENDITURE % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 17% 22% 38% 21% Samestelling van jaarlikse kontantuitgawes (top presteerders vs bedryfsgemiddeld) / Composition of annual cash expenditure (top achievers vs to industry average) 16% 3% 4% Top % 41% 19% Bedryf/Industry % 21% 36% 20% Direkte / Direct Arbeid / Labour Meganisasie / Mechanisation Vaste verbeteringe / Fixed improvements Algemene uitgawes / General expenditure Hoewel die struktuur van top presteerders van die bedryfsgemiddeld verskil wat betref samestelling en werklike randwaarde, was dit inkomste per hektaar hoofsaaklik aangedryf deur produksie wat in 2012 vir die derde agtereenvolgende jaar die aansienlike verbetering in NBI bewerkstellig het. Die ouderdomsamestelling van wingerd oor die driejaar oorsigperiode toon nie wesenlike verskille nie. Beide groeperings beskik na regte oor n aanvaarbare ouderdomsamestelling. 3% Top % 3% 21% 41% 18% Bedryf/Industry % 21% 36% 21% 19% 3% 3% Top % 40% 17% Bedryf/Industry 2012 Although the structure of top achievers differs from the industry average with regard to composition and actual rand value, it was income per hectare mainly fuelled by production that resulted in the considerable improvement in NFI for the third consecutive year in The age composition of grapevines over the three year period under review does not differ much. For both groups the age composition is quite acceptable. 16 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 17

12 Wat doen top presteerders anders? / What sets top performers apart? Die volgende korttermyn tegniese praktyke het oor die afgelope drie tot vyf jaar die wins gewend heid van individuele wynprodusente n hupstoot gegee. Snoeimetodes In n poging om produksie te verhoog, poog produsente om oogladings tydens snoei te verhoog deur die toepassing van verskillende snoeipraktyke. Die aantal oë word toegeken met inagneming van die groeikrag geiler stokke kry dus meer of langer draers en n hoër ooglading. Verskillende snoeimetodes/-stelsels word ook vir verskillende wyndoelwitte toegepas. Lowerbestuurspraktyke Lower word bestuur om vegetatiewe groei te akkommodeer sonder verlies aan vrugbaarheid en met behoud van kwaliteit. Groot fokus word geplaas op lig in die lower en suier-, top- en blaarbreek-aksies word uitgevoer om te verhoed dat stokke te dig en onvrugbaar raak. Produsente poog ook om op arbeid te bespaar deur sekere praktyke uit te skakel of af te skaal. Só word wingerde onder andere meer toegelaat om oop te lê (sprawl) om voldoende deurlugting en beligting te verseker. Voorheen is voorkeur gegee aan vertikale lootposisionering (VSP) waar al die lote tussen die loofdrade ingedruk word en verdigting maklik kan plaasvind indien daar nie gesuier word nie. Bemesting en besproeiing Groeikrag het n groot impak op produksie en produsente pas hul bemestings- en besproeiings praktyke volgens spesifieke wyndoelwitte toe. Premium-blokke het matige groei en drag wat in balans is, terwyl bulkwynblokke sterker groeikrag het wat n groter lower en drag kan ak kommodeer. Besproeiing en bemesting word hierby aangepas. Blokke met hoër produksies kry dikwels: Goed gedreineerde grond Diep grondvoorbereiding Meer stikstof (N) Luuks water (nie te veel nie risiko van versuiping). Tekortbesproeiing ( RDI ) word slegs toegepas indien die wynprys dit regverdig. The following short-term technical practices improved the profitability of individual wine producers over the past three to five years. Pruning methods In an attempt to increase production, producers attempt to increase bud load during pruning by means of various pruning practices. The number of buds allocated depends on vigour grapevines that are more vigorous have more spurs or longer bearers, thus a higher bud load. Moreover, different pruning methods/systems are used for different wine objectives. Canopy management practices Canopies are managed to accommodate vegetative growth without loss of fertility, while retaining quality. There is considerable focus on sunlight penetration within the canopy, and suckering techniques, topping and leaf removal are performed to prevent grapevine canopies from becoming too dense and infertile. Producers also attempt to save on labour by eliminating or downscaling certain practices. By allowing certain grapevines to sprawl in order to ensure sufficient aeration and light penetration, shoots do not need to be tucked into wires as required with vertical shoot positioning systems. The latter practice could be responsible for too dense canopies unless proper suckering takes place. Fertilisation and irrigation Vigour has a great impact on yield; therefore producers apply their fertilisation and irrigation practices according to specific wine objectives. The growth and yield in premium blocks are moderate and in balance, whereas bulk wine blocks are more vigorous in order to accommodate larger canopies and yields. Irrigation and fertilisation are adjusted accordingly. Blocks with high yields often have: Well-drained soil Deep soil preparation More nitrogen (N) Abundant water (not too much risk of drowning). Deficit irrigation ( RDI ) is applied only if it is justified by the price of the wine. Belyn praktyke met die wyndoelwit Wingerdbestuur het tot n groot mate verskuif vanaf slegs gehalte teen alle na winsgewendheid teen die regte gehalte. Produsente belyn dus hul praktyke met die uiteindelike wyndoelwit en druiweprys. n Langtermynpraktyk wat vorentoe n groot rol gaan speel, is die gebruik van nouer plantwydtes, en spesifiek nouer rywydte, wat meer rye per hektaar gee. Alternatiewe prieelstelsels Die keuse van prieelstelsel het n baie groot impak op winsgewendheid, en hoewel nog in die beginfase, gebruik ál meer produsente alternatiewe prieelstelsels of bestuur hul bestaande stelsel(s) anders. Alternatiewe prieelstelsels kan: Produksie (ton/ha) verhoog deurdat verhoogde effektiewe blaaroppervlak n groter oes kan rypmaak Arbeidss verlaag, byvoorbeeld ooplêstelsels teenoor VSP Sonligpenetrasie verbeter Tot meer gebalanseerde groeikrag lei Tot beter gehalte teen n hoër produksie aanleiding gee, vanweë groter, effektiewe lowers. Uitkap van nie-winsgewende blokke Laer-produserende blokke of dié waarvan die drui we nie meer in aanvraag is nie, word uitgekap. Doeltreffende arbeidsbestuur As deel van beter algemene bestuur, word arbeid meer doeltreffend bestuur deur onder andere te meganiseer waar moontlik en gebruik te maak van meer opgeleide arbeiders waar hande-arbeid wel benodig word. Plant nuwe wingerde aan Slegs winsgewende produsente plant tans nuwe wingerde aan, maar doen fyn beplanning vir beter produksies met betrekking tot die grond, kultivar, onderstok, klone, prieel, besproeiing, bemesting, snoei en lowerbestuur. Tydsberekening van aksies Die korrekte tydsberekening van verskillende wingerdaksies is baie belangrik dit kan s bespaar en effektiwiteit verbeter. Feitlik alle aksies vereis n bepaalde tyd; verbeur dit en betaal die gevolge. Align practices with the wine objective Viticultural management has shifted to a large extent from quality alone at all s, to profitability combined with the right quality. Producers are therefore aligning their practices with the eventual wine objective and grape price. A longterm practice that is set to play a significant role in the future, is the use of narrower plant widths, and specifically narrower row widths, which give more rows per hectare. Alternative trellising systems The choice of trellis system has an enormous impact on profitability, and although it is early days yet, more and more producers are using alternative trellis systems, or manage their existing system(s) differently. Alternative trellis systems can: Increase yield (ton/ha), as a larger effective leaf surface area is able to ripen a larger crop Reduce labour s, for example sprawling systems versus vertical positioning Improve sunlight penetration Result in more balanced vigour Result in improved quality and higher yield, due to bigger, effective canopies. Uprooting of non-profitable blocks Blocks with low yields, or blocks with grapes that are no longer in demand, are uprooted. Efficient labour management As part of improved general management, labour is managed more efficiently by means of, inter alia, mechanisation where possible, and where manual labour is required, by making use of more skilled labourers. Plant new vineyards Only producers who make a profit are currently planting new vineyards, following meticulous planning for improved yields with regard to the soil, cultivar, rootstock, clones, trellis, irrigation, fertilisation, pruning and canopy management. Timing of actions Correct timing of various vineyard activities can go a long way to reducing s and increasing the effectiveness of operations, where late action often comes with extra s. Just about every activity has it s time; miss it and it will you. 18 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 19

13 Teikeninkomste (2012-oes) / Target income (2012 harvest) Dit is van uiterste belang dat produsente en ander rolspelers in die wynbedryf weet wat die teikeninkomste per hektaar moet wees om te verseker dat redelike en aanvaarbare ekonomiese opbrengste gerealiseer word. Om die teikeninkomste te bepaal word die totale produk sie, n aanvaarbare ondernemers loon, asook n realistiese opbrengs op kapitaalbelegging in berekening gebring. Sodoende word die teikeninkomste per hektaar bepaal, wat na ge lang van verskillende produksies aangepas moet word om teikenpryse vir spesifieke produkte te bepaal. Hierdie syfers is slegs n gemiddelde teikeninkomste per distrik ten opsigte van Pro duksieplan-deelnemers en die ideaal is dat elke produsent sy eie individuele teikeninkomste bepaal na gelang van sy plaasgrootte, struktuur, ens. It is important that producers and other role players are informed of what their target income per hectare should be to ensure that reasonable and acceptable economic yields are obtained. Total production, entrepreneurial remuneration and a realistic return on capital investment are all taken into account to determine the total target income. After the target income per hectare has been calculated, it should be divided according to varying levels of production in order to determine target prices for specific products. The target income guidelines shown here represent the average for all the participants of the Production Plan per district and producers should ideally calculate their individual target income according to their own structure, farm size, etc. Teikeninkomste riglyne per hektaar (2012) / Target income guideline per hectare (2012) Malmesbury Bedryf / Industry Klein Karoo Orange Riv(i)er Worcester Olifants Riv(i)er DISTRIK / DISTRICT Stellenbosch Paarl Robertson Breedekloof Plaasgrootte / Farm size (ha) Totale kontantuitgawes Total cash expenditure Voorsiening vir vervanging Provision for renewal Teikeninkomste na produksie Target income after production Rente op belegging (vestigings R /ha) Interest on investment (establishment R /ha) Teikeninkomste voor ondernemingsloon Target income before entrepreneurial remuneration Ondernemingsloon (R30 000/maand) Entrepreneur remuneration (R30 000/month) Teikeninkomste per ha Target income per ha Teikeninkomste riglyn per ton (2012) / Target income guideline per ton (2012) Produksie per hektaar / Yield per hectare R/ton VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 21

14 Arbeidsriglyne / Labour guidelines Arbeid is verreweg die grootste komponent van die wyndruifprodusent se jaarlikse s. Daarom is die effektiewe bestuur van die arbeidsmag op die plaas baie belangrik. In die volgende tabel is arbeidsnorme vir sekere aksies saamgevat wat die wyndruifprodusent sal help met die beplanning, bestuur van, en begroting vir arbeid beide permanent en seisoenaal deur die jaar. Arbeidsnorme / Labour norms Labour is by far the largest component of wine grape producers annual expenditure. Therefore efficient management of the labour corps on the farm is of utmost importance. The following table includes labour norms for specific actions that will assist the wine grape producer to plan, manage and budget for labour both permanent and seasonal throughout the year. Arbeidsnorme / Labour Norms Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare Wingerd uittrek / Vineyard uproot Bosstok / Bush vines Opleiwingerd / Trellised vineyards Skoonmaak van grond / Field clearing Skoonmaak van grond (trekker) / Field clearing (tractor) Verwyder ou stokke / Uproot old vines Wegry van stokke / Remove vines from site Wingerdvestiging (alle aktiwiteite) / Establishment (all activities) Jaar 1 / Year Jaar 2 / Year Jaar 3 / Year Wingerdvestiging (gespesifiseerde aktiwiteite) / Establishment (specified activities) Pale plant / Plant posts Draadspan / Strain wires Besproeiing installeer / Install irrigation Opleistelsel oprig (medium tot groot) / Erect trellis systems (medium to large) Saai van dekgewas / Sow cover crop seed 3-5 Plant van stokke / Plant vines Lê van dekplastiek / Lay plastic covering Groenlootontwikkeling / Green shoot development Winterloot op raamwerk / Winter cane on framework Oesbeheer / Crop control Ander aktiwiteite / Other activities Voorsnoei vir oplei / Pre-prune for trellising Skoonsnoei vir bosstok / Clear pruning for bush vines Skoonsnoei vir oplei / Clear pruning for trellising Stompsnoei vir bosstok / Blunt pruning for bush vines Stompsnoei vir oplei / Blunt pruning for trellising Gesamentlike snoei (skoon en stomp) / Collective pruning (blunt and clear) Suier intensief / Intensive offset Suier ekstensief / Extensive offset Lote deursteek / Plant shoots Top van lote / Top shoots Blare uitbreek / Remove leaves Oesbeheer / Crop control Oes van bosstok (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of bush vines (man hours per ton) Oes van oplei (man-ure per ton) / Harvest of trellis (man hours per ton) 9-11 Vir eie gebruik / For own use Arbeidsnorme / Labour Norms Tipe aksie / Type of action Man-ure per hektaar / Man hours per hectare Besproeiing in seisoen / Irrigation in season Plaagbeheer (trekker) / Pest control (tractor) Somerloofaksie / Summer foliage action Skoffel / Hand clean Die minimum loon vanaf 1 Maart 2013 tot 28 Februarie 2014 is soos volg: Uurlikse loon / Hourly wage Daaglikse loon / Daily wage Weeklikse loon / Weekly wage Maandelikse loon / Monthly wage Minimum loon / Minimum wage The minimum wage from 1 March 2013 until 28 February 2014 is as follows: Vestigings / Establishment Die vestiging van wingerd is n langtermyn, kapitaal-intensiewe besluit waarmee die produ sent vir meer as 20 jaar moet saamleef. Dit is dus krities dat alle aspekte rondom so n besluit deeglik besin moet word alvorens dit geneem of uitgevoer word. Dit is wenslik om die volgende prosedures te volg ten einde n eenmalige, korrekte voorbereiding vir die meerjarige wingerd daar te stel. (In samewerking met Braham Oberholzer, VinProgrondkundige). Grondontledings Chemiese regstellings, soos die uitstrooi van die regte hoeveelheid kalk vir die regstel van die grond se ph en fosforstatus, gaan gepaard met grondvoorbereiding. In die meeste gevalle lei grond wat bekalk is tot n ph van 6 tot n be te kenisvolle verhoging in wortelmassas van onderstokke. Grondprofiel-inspeksie Die maak van profielgate vir grondklassifikasie is nodig sodat beoordeel kan word watter bewerkingsmetode nodig sal wees. Grondverskuiwingsmaatskappye werk vandag baie nou saam met grondkundiges en dring dikwels aan by pro dusente dat grondkundiges eers gronde moet besigtig of klassifiseer. Netjiese profielgate wat strek tot mm en selfs dieper bied goeie aanwysers vir besluitneming. Grondvoorbereiding / Soil preparation R11,66 per uur / per hour R105,00 per dag / per day R525,00 per week R2 274,82 per maand / per month Vir eie gebruik / For own use The establishment of vineyard is a long-term, capital-intensive decision, which will have an effect on the producer for the next 20 years or more. It is therefore critical that all aspects surrounding the matter are thoroughly considered before the decision is made or implemented. The following procedures are recommended to ensure once-off, correct soil preparation for the perennial grapevine. (In collaboration with Braham Oberholzer, VinPro soil scientist). Soil analyses Chemical adjustments such as the application of the right amount of lime to adjust the soil s ph and phosphorus status, go hand in hand with soil preparation. In most instances soil that had been limed to a ph of 6 led to a significant increase in the root mass of rootstocks. Soil profile inspection It is necessary to create profile pits for soil classification, in order to determine the required cultivation method. Nowadays there is excellent collaboration between earthmovers and soil scientists, the former often urging producers to have a soil scientist view or classify the soil beforehand. Neat profile pits up to a depth of mm and deeper are very good indicators in decision-making. 22 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 23

15 Implementkeuse Wieltrekkers is lankal nie meer die oplossing vir diep grondbewerking nie, omdat kontak met die grondoppervlak te min is, genoegsame krag op die grond ontbreek en die wielglip moontlik grond kompaksie bevorder. Kruiptrekkers is die enigste kragbron wat suksesvol gebruik kan word, aangesien dit meer krag na die grond verplaas met minder kompaksie weens groter kontak tussen die rusperbande en die grondoppervlak. Tipe vermenging Tans is die gebruik van slootgrawers, bekend as spitdol, n gemaklike opsie om te oorweeg. Daar is egter min gronde wat uitstekend gepas is tot die gebruik van die spitdol; daarom word groot masjiene eerder aanbeveel. Indien lae voorkom, weens onder andere drastiese tekstuurverskille (dupleksgronde), moet versigtig omgegaan word met n slootgrawer wat lae vermeng, en sal n skuifmengdol wat lae in posisie hou, beter gepas wees. n Skeurploeg en skuifmengdol se aanvoorwydte die wydte tussen die implement se skare moet ook voor die tyd bepaal word, hoofsaaklik weens -implikasies en die nodigheid daarvan. Indien groot lense onversteurde grond tussen die aanvoorwydtes vermy wil word, sal hierdie keuse oordeelkundig gemaak moet word. Die lense kan gewoonlik met n kruisaksie verklein word. Indien daar tot dieptes van 900 mm bewerk word, moet die aanvoor twee-derdes opneem dus 600 mm. Tydperk van grondvoorbereiding Die tydperk van grondvoorbereiding is baie belangrik. In té droë grond sal groot kluite, veral op die oppervlakte, breek wat n ongewenste situasie skep wanneer ingewerk word met dol-aksies. Die grondklimaat is byvoorbeeld geskik vir bewerking wanneer n balletjie grond gerol kan word en met geringe druk uitmekaar val. Klimaat en kalkbehoefte sal dan bepaal of die grond gekruisdol moet word of anders net n enkele aksie sal benodig. Die vorming van groot kluite kan beperk word deur benatting van die grond vir vier ure met sprinkelbesproeiing in die orde van ± 25 mm water en n toelating van uur daarna vir uitdroging. Implement selection Tractors are no longer suitable for deep soil preparation, as their soil surface contact is insufficient, there is not sufficient available on the soil and if used, slipping wheels could add to soil compaction. Bulldozers are the only source of that can be used successfully, as they displace more to the soil with less compaction due to the larger contact area of the caterpillar tyres on the soil s surface. Type of mix Currently the use of digger loaders, known as spit delve, is a good option to consider. However, there are not many soils that are totally suited to the use of the spit delve; therefore large machines are preferred. If layers occur due to, inter alia, drastic differences in texture (duplex soils), a digger loader should be used with caution, since it mixes layers, and one would prefer a finger mix delve plough, which keeps layers in position. The furrow width the width between the ploughshares of a ripper and finger mix delve plough needs to be determined well in advance, mainly due to implications and the necessity thereof. If you want to avoid large lenses of undisturbed soil between the furrow widths, this will have to be a carefully considered decision. Lenses can usually be reduced with a cross action. If vines are planted up to a depth of 900 mm, the furrow should take up two-thirds in other words 600 mm. Period of soil preparation The period of soil preparation is of utmost importance. In excessively dry soils, large clods will break, especially on the surface, which creates an undesirable situation when the soil is trenched. The soil climate is, for example, most optimal for cultivation when a ball of soil can be rolled and falls apart with the slightest of pressure. Climate and lime requirements will determine whether the soil should be cross-delved or alternatively require a single action. The formation of large clods can be limited if the soil is wetted for four hours with sprinkler irrigation at ± 25 mm water, followed by a drying period of hours. Opsomming Die volgende moet ten alle tye in gedagte gehou word: Oormatige bewerking kan lei tot struktuurvernietiging en die grond, wanneer droog, sal tot poeierstof bewerk wees. Té wye aanvoorwydtes lei tot swak vermen ging met groot onaangeraakte grondbanke/-lense. Die bewerkingsrigting moet korrek gekies word met die oog op ondergrondse dreinering. Die grondklimaat moet korrek wees n té droë klimaat lei tot groot kluite en n té nat klimaat smeer die ondergrond. Gereelde evaluering van grondvoorbereiding is onontbeerlik. Dit beteken dat profielgate gereeld gemaak moet word (hou slootgrawer byderhand), sodat vordering en kwaliteit deur kundiges beoordeel kan word. Die van grondvoorbereiding Die moontlike s van verskillende grondvoorbereidingsaksies word in die volgende tabel opgesom. Let wel dat hierdie slegs riglyne is en dat die s sal wissel afhangende van grondtipe, implement-tipe en die spesifieke aksies wat deur die produsent verlang word. Die produsent moet verder self vervoers in berekening bring volgens sy/haar eie situasie. TIPE BEWERKING TYPE OF ACTION Rip maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes) Rip easy soil (wide furrow width) Rip moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes) Rip difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow widths) Rip en kruis maklike grond (wye aanvoorwydtes) Rip and cross easy soil (wide furrow width) Rip en kruis moeilike grond (nou aanvoorwydtes) Rip and cross difficult terrain and soil (narrow furrow width) Diep meng- en skuifdolploeg (sonder rip) Deep mix and delve plough (without rip) Rip en kruisdol (nou aanvoorwydte) Rip and cross delve (narrow furrow width) Enkeltoon rip en 3 toon kruis-mengrip Single blade rip and 3 blade cross-mix rip Spitdol vol oppervlakte (25 ton excavator) Spit delve full area (25 ton excavator) Spitdol net op rye en opert (25 ton excavator) Spit delve only on rows and ridging (25 ton excavator) Rye opert met bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) Ridging of rows with bulldozer (D5-D6 Cat) Wingerd uitrip met vlerk (D8 Cat) Remove vines with wing (D8 Cat) Slootgrawer (CAT 22 ton) werkstempo afhangend van grondtipe Diggerloader (Cat 22 ton) work tempo dependent on soil type Summary The following should be kept in mind at all times: Excessive tillage can result in destruction of the structure and the soil, when dry, will have been tilled to a powdery matter. Excessively wide furrow widths result in poor mixing with large untouched soil banks/lenses. The cultivation row should be selected correctly with a view to drain the subsoil. The soil climate should be correct a too dry climate will lead to large clods and a too wet climate will smear the subsoil. Regular evaluation of soil preparation is essential. That means creating regular profile pits (keep trencher handy), so that progress and qua lity may be judged by the experts. Cost of soil preparation The potential s of certain soil preparation actions are summarised in the following table. Please note that these are only guidelines and that the actual s will differ depending on soil type, implement type and the specific actions required by the producer. Furthermore, the producer must calculate the transport according to his/her own situation. DROë KOSTE DRY COSTS (R/HA) Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155 Caterpillar D9 / Komatsu D275 Caterpillar D8 / Komatsu D155 DIESELVERBRUIK DIESEL USAGE Caterpillar D9 / Komatsu D275 R6 000/ha R7 000/ha 37% 45% R8 000/ha R9 000/ha 48% 62% R10 000/ha R14 000/ha 44% 40% R14 000/ha R19 000/ha 43% 40% R13 500/ha R16 500/ha 44% 40% R16 000/ha R22 000/ha 45% 40% R7 500/ha R9 000/ha 50% 55% R17 000/ha 35% R9 000/ha 40% R4 000/ha 26% R3 000/ha 40% R500/h 45 l/h 24 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 25

16 Koste van prieelstelsels / Cost of trellis systems Die van prieelstelsels word bereken deur die nuutste pryse (BTW uitgesluit) vanaf verskeie verskaffers van pale, draad en ander materiaal te verkry. Die gemiddelde pryse word in n teoretiese model ingevoeg om die van verskillende prieelstelsels met verskillende paallengtes, paalspasiërings, ens te bepaal. Dit bly dus teoretiese bedrae en kan van werklike s verskil. Vir n meer akkurate berekening van prieelstelsel, kontak die samestellers. Vir vertikale prieelstelsels is die pale in 6 m- vakke geplant en vir die alternatiewe stelsels is die vakke 7.5 m. Kontak die samestellers gerus om u unieke prieelstelsel te bepaal met verskillende vaklengtes, paallengtes en -diktes. ALTERNATIEWE PRIEELSTELSELS / ALTERNATIVE TRELLIS SYSTEMS Stelsel System Skuinskap 1.5 m kappaal Slanting trellis 1.5 m slanting pole Skuinskap 1.8 m kappaal Slanting trellis 1.8 m slanting pole Gewelstelsel 2.1 m paal Gable system 2.1 m pole Fabrieksdak 2.1 m paal Factory roof 2.1 m pole U-stelsel U-system Draadgewel Wire gable Lierstelsel Lyre system Paal Pole Daar mag soms verwarring voorkom tussen die benamings en konstruksies van verskillende vertikale prieelstelsels. Ten einde enige verwarring uit te skakel word n skematiese voorstelling van die stelsels op bl 28 voorsien met die voorge stelde benamings en afkortings tussen hakies (Archer et al, 1992). The of a trellis system is calculated by obtaining the latest prices (VAT excluded) for the poles, wire and other materials from a number of suppliers. These prices are entered into a theoretical model to calculate the of various trellis systems with different pole lengths, pole spacings, etc. These are therefore theoretical s and may differ from actual s. For a more accurate calculation of different trellis systems, please contact the compilers. For the vertical trellis systems a pole spacing of 6 m is used and 7.5 m for alternative trellis systems. Feel free to contact the compilers to calculate your unique trellis system with different pole types and spacing. Ryspasiëring / Row spacing (m) m (50-75) m (50-75) m (75-100) m (75-100) m (75-100) m (50-75) m ( ) Scott Henry 2.7 m (75-100) Grobbelaar 2.1 m (75-100) T-kap T-system 2.4 m (75-100) There may be some confusion regarding the names and constructions of different vertical trellis systems. To eliminate any confusion, a schematic representation of the systems is provided on p 28, with their names and abbreviations in brackets (Archer et al, 1992). Vertikale prieelstelsels / Vertical trellis systems Ryspasiëring / Row spacing Paal Pole Prieelstelsel / Trellis system m (50-75) Eendraad heining One-strand hedge 1.2 m (50-75) Tweedraad heining Two-strand hedge 2.1 m (75-100) Driedraad heining Three-strand hedge 2.1 m (75-100) Vierdraad heining Four-strand hedge 2.4 m (50-75) Vyfdraad heining Five-strand hedge Perold 1.8 m ( ) m ( ) Dubbel Perold Double Perold 2.1 m ( ) Skuifbare Perold Movable Perold 2.1 m ( ) Vierdraad verlengde Perold Four-strand extended Perold 2.1 m ( ) Vyfdraad verlengde Perold Five-strand extended Perold 2.1 m ( ) Vyfdraad skuifbare verlengde Perold Movable five-strand extended Perold 2.4 m ( ) Sesdraad verlengde Perold Six-strand extended Perold 2.1 m ( ) Vyfdraad verlengde dubbel Perold Five-strand extended double Perold 2.4 m ( ) Sesdraad dubbel verlengde Perold Six-strand double extended Perold 2.4 m ( ) Vyfdraad dubbel verlengde Perold Five-strand double extended Perold 2.4 m ( ) Sesdraad verlengde dubbel Perold Six-strand extended double Perold 2.7 m ( ) Sewedraad verlengde dubbel Perold Seven-strand extended double Perold 2.7 m ( ) Sewedraad dubbel verlengde Perold Seven-strand double extended Perold Smart Dyson 2.4 m ( ) m ( ) Meganiese stelsel (high wire) Mechanical trellis (high wire) 26 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 27

17 VERTIKALE PRIEELSTELSELS / VERTICAL TRELLIS SYSTEMS EENDRAAD HEINING ONE-STRAND HEDGE TWEEDRAAD HEINING TWO-STRAND HEDGE DRIEDRAAD HEINING THREE-STRAND HEDGE SKUIFBARE VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD MOVABLE FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD VYFDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD FIVE-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD SESDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD SIX-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD 1H 2H 3H VIERDRAAD HEINING FOUR-STRAND HEDGE VYFDRAAD HEINING FIVE-STRAND HEDGE S5VP / M5LP 6VP /6LP 5DVP / 5DLP 6DVP / 6DLP SEWEDRAAD DUBBEL VERLENGDE PEROLD SEVEN-STRAND DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD 4H 5H PEROLD 7DVP / 7DLP P DUBBEL PEROLD DOUBLE LENGTHENED PEROLD VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD SESDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD SIX-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD SEWEDRAAD VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD SEVEN-STRAND LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD DUBBEL VERLENGDE DUBBEL PEROLD DOUBLE LENGTHENED DOUBLE PEROLD SKUIFBARE PEROLD MOVEABLE PEROLD VIERDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD FOUR-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD OMGEKEERDE VERLENGDE PEROLD INVERTED LENGTHENED PEROLD VYFDRAAD VERLENGDE PEROLD FIVE-STRAND LENGTHENED PEROLD SP / MP 4VP / 4LP OVP / IVP 5VP / 5LP DP 5VDP / 5LDP 6VDP / 6LDP 7DVP / 7LDP DVDP / DLDP Kordondraad / Cordon wire Loofdraad / Foliage wire Kordondraad / Cordon wire Loofdraad / Foliage wire 28 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 29

18 Ongeveer 58% van die totale wyndruif wingerdstand van Suid-Afrika word tans deur middel van drupbesproeiing besproei. Ander vorme van be sproeiing (droëland ingesluit) het drasties afgeneem sedert Die van verskillende besproeiingstelsels word saamgevat in die meegaande tabel. Hierdie algemene riglyne sluit slegs die bogrondse materiaal en sublyne wat sal wissel na gelang van verskillende blokuitlegte in die blok in. Besproeiing / Irrigation Approximately 58% of the total area under wine grape vineyards in South Africa currently receives drip irrigation. Other forms of irrigation (dryland included) have decreased drastically since The of various irrigation systems are seen in the accompanying table. These general guidelines only include the material installed above the soil, as well as sub-pipelines which will differ according to various block layouts in the block. AANTAL STOKKE PER HEKTAAR / VINES PER HECTARE Plantafstand in ry (m) Plant distance in row (m) Ander nuttige inligting / Other useful information Ryspasiëring / Row spacing (m) % Besproeiingstipes / Irrigation types ( ) % Ryspasiëring (m) Row spacing (m) Aantal rye/ha Rows/ha STOKKIEPRYSE (SLEGS RIGLYNE) / VINE PRICES (ONLY GUIDELINES) (Per stokkie / Per vine) 40% 30% 20% Standaard wit en rooi op P1103, R110, R99 Standard white and red on P1103, R110, R99 Standaard wit en rooi op , SO4, Rug140 Standard white and red on , S04, Rug140 Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, SA Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muskadel op Ramsey, 101/14 Colombar, Chardonnay, Sémillon, SA Riesling, Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Muscadel on Ramsey, 101/14 R10,00 R10,30 R12,00 10% 0% Ander / Other Drup / Drip Geen / None Mikro / Micro Sprinkel / Sprinkler Vloed / Flood Standaard wit en rooi op Ramsey, 143B Standard white and red on Ramsey, 143B Standaard wit en rooi op US8-7 Standard white and red on US8-7 Sultana op Ramsey, US8-7 Sultana on Ramsey, US8-7 Makstok Rooted scion R11,70 R12,00 R17,00 R6,50 KOSTE VAN BESPROEIINGSTELSELS / COST OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Stelsel System Drup 0.6 m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.6 m Compensated Drup 0.6 m Nie-gekompenseerd Drip 0.6 m Non-compensated Drup 0.75 m Gekompenseerd Drip 0.75 m Compensated Drup 0.75 m Nie-gekompenseerd Drip 0.75 m Non-compensated Drup 1.0 m Gekompenseerd Drip 1.0 m Compensated Drup 1.0 m Nie-gekompenseerd Drip 1.0 m Non-compensated Mikro (straalspuit) direk op poli-pyp Micro (jet spray) directly on poly-pipe Mikro (roteerder) op pen met sagte pypie Micro (rotate) on pen with soft pipe Permanente sprinkel (12 m x 12.5 m) Permanent sprinklers (12 m x 12.5 m) Ryspasiëring / Row spacing (m) Koste van meganisasie / Cost of mechanisation Hierdie riglyne help produsente om die loops van sekere wingerdmasjinerie te bepaal. Dit kan ook gebruik word om te bepaal of sekere implemente vervang moet word al dan nie. Die besit en gebruik van enige implement gaan gepaard met n. Hierdie bestaan uit twee komponente, naamlik veranderlike en vaste. Die vaste bly onveranderd, of die masjien gebruik word al dan nie. Vaste sluit rente (geleentheids), waardevermindering, versekering en lisensiëring in. Die veranderlike word bepaal deur die aantal ure wat die masjien/implement gebruik word deur die jaar. Dit sluit brandstof, herstelwerk, onderhoud en bande in. These guidelines assist producers in determining the running s of specific vineyard machinery. It can also be used to determine whether implements need to be replaced. The ownership and use of any implement or machine involves a to the producer. This consists of two components, namely fixed and variable. The fixed relates to ownership of the machine, whether it is used or not. This includes depreciation, licensing and insurance, as well as an interest component (opportunity ). The variable is mainly determined by the total number of hours the implement is used throughout the year. This includes fuel, repair, maintenance and tyres. 30 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 31

19 Dit is onmoontlik om die loop 100% akkuraat te bepaal, maar die volgende metodiek word redelik algemeen gebruik. Dit sluit sekere aannames in wat in samewerking met handelaars aangepas is en die loop meer toepaslik maak tot die wynbedryf. Operateurs word nie in berekening gebring nie en produsente moet self daardie komponent bybring. Alle s is uitgedruk in rand per uur (uitgesluit bakkies en vragmotors). Indien die per hektaar benodig word, kan die volgende formule gebruik word: rand per hektaar = ( in rand per uur) (hoeveelheid hektaar per uur bewerk) Waardevermindering: Depreciation: Versekering & lisensie: Licence & insurance: Rente: Interest : Herstel & onderhoud: Repair & maintenance: Brandstof: Fuel: Metodiek / Methodology It is not possible to calculate the running of implements 100% accurately; however the following methodology is commonly used. It includes certain assumptions which have been modified, in collaboration with dealerships, to be more suited to the wine industry. Operators are not included in the running and should be included by producers. All s are in rand per hour (except trucks and pickups). If the per hectare is required, the following equation can be used: (Aankoopwaarde skrootwaarde) leeftyd (Purchase value salvage value) lifetime % van gemiddelde belegging ure per jaar % of average investment hours per annum 8 % van gemiddelde belegging 8 % of average investment Spesifieke % van aankoopprys leeftyd Specific % of purchase value leeftyd Bereken met dieselprys van R11,00 Calculated with diesel price of R11,00 rand per hectare = ( in rand per hour) (hectares per hour cultivated) 4 X 2 TREKKER / TRACTOR Totale loop / Total running Totale veranderlike / Total variable Brandstof / Fuel Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale vaste Total fixed Rente Interest Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Depresiasie Depreciation Aankoopprys Purchase value kw kw pk hp R R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 33

20 4 X 4 TREKKER / TRACTOR Totale loop / Total running Totale veranderlike / Total variable Brandstof / Fuel Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Vol krag High Med krag Med Lae krag Low Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale vaste Total fixed Rente Interest Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Depresiasie Depreciation Aankoopprys Purchase value kw kw pk hp R R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h SELFAANGEDREWE PARSMASJIEN / SELF-PROPELLED HARVESTER Aankoopprys / Purchase price: R Tonne gepars Tons harvest Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Waardevermindering Depreciation Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Brandstof Fuel Veranderlike Variable Totale Total Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h SLEEP PARSMASJIEN / TRAILED HARVESTER Purchase value: R Tonne gepars Tons harvest Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Waardevermindering Depreciation Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Veranderlike Variable Totale Total Ton h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h SPUITPOMPE / SPRAYPUMPS Model Aankoopprys Purchase value Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Waardevermindering Depreciation Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale sonder rente Total excl interest Totale Total R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h Bankiespuit / Berm sprayer Onkruidspuit / Weed sprayer Blower Nozzle 1 ry / row Nozzle 2 ry / row Nozzle 3 ry / row VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 35

21 SLEEPWAENS / TRAILERS Model 2-wiel / 2-wheel 2 ton 2-wiel / 2-wheel 4 ton 2-wiel / 2-wheel 6 ton 4-wiel / 4-wheel 6 ton 4-wiel / 4-wheel 8 ton 4-wiel / 4-wheel 10 ton Lugremme / Air brakes 10 ton Lugremme / Air brakes 15 ton Aankoopprys Purchase value Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Waardevermindering Depreciation Rente Interest Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Totale vaste Total fixed Bande Tyres Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Veranderlike Variable R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h Totale Total ANDER IMPLEMENTE / OTHER IMPLEMENTS Model Topmasjien (1 ry) / Trimmer (1 row) Ontblaarder / Leaf remover Aankoopprys Purchase value Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Waardevermindering Depreciation Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale sonder rente Total excl interest Totale Total R h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h R/h Mulching Bankieskoffel / Mechanical weeders Krag eg / Power plow Bossieslaner / Slasher Snoeimasjien (1 ry) / Pruner (1 row) Snoeimasjien (halwe ry) / Pruner (half row) BAKKIES / PICK-UPS Totale (brandstof uitgesluit) Total (fuel excluded) Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale vaste Total fixed Rente Interest Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Waardevermindering Depreciation Leeftyd Lifetime Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Aankoop prys BTW uitgesluit Purchase price Vat excluded Model R km km R/km R/km R/km R/km R/km R/km Isuzu KB KB 250 Fleetside KB 250 D-TEQ LE 4x KB 300 D-TEQ LX Toyota 2.5 D-4D S D-4D SRX D-4D SRX 4X D-4D Land Cruiser Ford Ranger Ranger 2.2 High Rider XL Ranger 2.2 4x4 XL Ranger 2.2 High Rider XLS Ranger 2.2 4x4 XLS Nissan Navara 2.5dCi 4X2 XE K/K NP TDi 4X NP TDi 4X NP300 Hi-Rider 2.5TDi 4X Patrol 4.2TD Bakkie Mitsubishi Triton 2.5DI-D GLX VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE 37

22 BAKKIES / PICK-UPS Model Aankoop prys BTW uitgesluit Purchase price Vat excluded Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Leeftyd Lifetime Waardevermindering Depreciation Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Herstel & onderhoud Repair & maintenance Totale (brandstof uitgesluit) Total (fuel excluded) R km km R/km R/km R/km R/km R/km R/km Volkswagen Amarok 2.0TDI Amarok 2.0TDI 4-Motion Amarok 2.0BiTDI VRAGMOTORS / TRUCKS Model Aankoop prys Purchase price Jaarlikse gebruik Annual usage Leeftyd Lifetime Waardevermindering Depreciation Versekering & lisensie Licence & insurance Rente Interest Totale vaste Total fixed Brandstof / Fuel Herstel & onderhoud Repair & Verbuik Consumption Koste Cost maintenance Veranderlike Variable Totale Total R km km R/km R/km R/km R/km km/l R/km R/km R/km R/km Enkel dryf-as / Single differential 3.5 Ton (67 kw) Ton (78 kw) Ton (104 kw) Ton (129 kw) Ton (147 kw) Dubbel dryf-as / Double differential 14 Ton (169 kw) Dubbel dryf-perd / Double differential horse 25 Ton (400 kw) VILLA ACADEMY stel die slim manier bekend, met toegepaste studies om jouself met die jongste kennis, wetenskaplike feiteen ondervinding in gewasbeskerming toe te rus. Kursus in Wingerdboukunde word aangebied deur Dr E Archer op die volgende datums: 4-5 Julie, September en 7-8 November Vir meer inligting kontak: Natalea Kerslake by nkerslake@villaacademy.co.za of besoek TERASON, as verskaffer van waardetoevoegende oplossings aan die vooruitstrewende wynboer, ondersteun die VILLA ACADEMY. Besoek 38 VINPRO KOSTEGIDS / COST GUIDE

23 Notas / Notes VR GRAPHICS TEL

24 Goedgekeurde Finansiële Diensteverskaffer BOSHOFF VISSER Geoktrooieerde Rekenmeesters en Finansiële Dienste BOER VOORUIT By Boshoff Visser verstaan ons die unieke uitdagings wat boere elke dag moet trotseer. Daarom is dit vir ons n prioriteit om seker te maak dat jy vooruit boer. Klop vandag nog aan by een van ons kantore en vind uit hoe ons professionele, bekostigbare diens jou boerdery meer vooruitstrewend kan maak. Boshoff Visser. Standvastige diens. Vooruitstrewende oplossings. Bellville Bredasdorp Caledon George Grabouw Heidelberg Malmesbury Mosselbaai Paarl Riversdal Stilbaai Swellendam Upington Worcester