IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 03, 2016 ISSN (online):

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1 IJSRD - Internatial Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 03, 2016 ISSN (line): Minimizati of Green House Gases Emissi and Fossil Fuel Usage using Cylinder Activati Technique in Multi-Cylinder IC Engines Sandeep.N 1 Saravanan.M 2 Rajesh.K 3 Surendhar.V 4 Sankaran.S.K 5 1,4 M.Tech. Student 2,3 Assistant Professor 5 Manager 1,2,3,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2,3,4,5 R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology 6 Ashok Leyland Abstract The primary objective of the project is to design a activati unit to reduce the fuel csumpti of a diesel engine during idle cditi. At this cditi, large amount of fuel is spent to the cylinder and therefore causes more polluti to the envirment. activati unit csist of 2/2 cut off solenoid valves, permanent magnetic proximity sensor which is governed and ctrolled by Arduino microctroller. This unit is fixed to the inlet of the injector, so as to ctrol the fuel to the cylinder. The sensor probe is fixed in such a positi that the permanent magnet ctact to it at the neutral. When the sensor detects the neutral positi, then the Ctrol transferred to the Arduino micro ctroller with sufficient time delay the ctrol passes to 2/2 cut off solenoid valve which normally open. When the signal sends to the valve, the valve closes and de activate the cylinder by cutting down the fuel. Thus the fuel is saved; csequently, the emissi due to burning of fossil fuel is also reduced. Key words: H4 Diesel Engine, Comm Rail Direct Injecti, Solenoid Valve, Arduino Ctroller, Permanent Magnetic Proximity Sensor However, this scenario cannot be eliminated completely, but we can limit the usage by implementing some modern techniques. Cylinder activati is e such technique to limit the usage of fuel and to perverse them to the future generatis. It also reduces the emissi of greenhouse gases during Idling of vehicles, which helps us to ctrol global warming and reduce the threat of envirmental disasters, as automobiles became the heart for the people s transportati. IV. ASSEMBLY OF CYLINDER DE-ACTIVATION I. INTRODUCTION With alternatives to the petrol engine being announced ever so often you could be forgiven for thinking that the old favorite the petrol engine is its last legs but nothing could be further from the truth and possibilities for developing the petrol engines are endless. One of the most crucial jobs the agenda is to find ways of reducing fuel csumpti, cutting emissis of the greenhouse gas CO2 and also the toxic emissis which threaten air quality. One such fast emerging technology is cylinder deactivati where a number of cylinders are shut down when less is needed to save fuel. Cylinder deactivati is e of the technologies that improve fuel ecomy, the objective of which is to reduce engine pumping losses under certain vehicle operating cditis. Deactivating half the cylinders at part load is much like temporarily fitting a smaller engine. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION In our country the idling of vehicles is more frequent due to traffic signals and in some unusual circumstances. At this time large amount of fuel is csumed by the engine, which in turn reduces the mileage of the vehicle and also causes large amount of polluti. The greenhouse gases like co2and co emissis are high at idling. In our project we reduce this greenhouse gas emissi by reducing the csumpti of fuel during idling. III. NEED FOR DE-ACTIVATION Many countries like India the scarcity of fuel is more due to the lack of resource and finance to import the fuel. Fig. 1: Assembly of Cylinder Deactivati The above figure shows the micro ctroller cnecti to the solenoid valve. A 12 V battery supply is needed to operate the Arduino and solenoid valve. The positive terminal of 12 V battery is cnected to a current regulati circuit which csist of Resistor 4.7 k ohms, Zener diode 5.5V, SL 100 transistor and capacitor. The output voltage from the current regulati circuit is given to the supply pin of the Arduino UNO board. The program is feed to the ctroller by cnecting the board to the computer through USB port and cable. With the help of the Arduino IDE software upload the program mentied below after compiling it. Now cnect the output of sensor to the port 2 of Arduino board, the pin 3 and 4 act as output to the solenoid valve. Solenoid 1 and 3 are ctrolled by the pin 3 and solenoid 2 and 4 are ctrolled by pin 4. The program given below helps to perform the desire output. Fig. 2: Permanent Magnet All rights reserved by

2 The above figure represent the Permanent Magnet of Permanent Magnetic Proximity Sensor is attached to the gear shifting stick and the sensor probe is fixed in a positi such that it meets the Magnet in neutral positi ly. When we shift the gear to the neutral cditi the Magnet comes near the sensor probe and the sensor probe sends the high signal to the micro-ctroller. When the gear is shifted from neutral, the ctact breaks and the sensor sends low signal for which there is acti from the micro ctroller. In a 4-Cylinder H-Series Engine, the pipelines for the injectors from the comm rail is removed. The 2/2 solenoid operated spring return cut off valve is attached with the outlet pipes of the pump to all the injectors. The cnectis are checked and cfirmed that there is no leakage of diesel. It is shown as below piezoelectric valves make possible fine electric ctrol over the fuel injecti time and quantity, and the higher pressure that the comm rail technology makes available provides better fuel atomisati. To lower engine noise, the engine's electric ctrol unit can inject a small amount of diesel just before the main injecti event ("pilot" injecti), thus reducing its explosiveness and vibrati, as well as optimising injecti timing and quantity for variatis in fuel quality, cold starting and so. Some advanced comm rail fuel systems perform as many as five injectis per stroke. Comm rail engines require a very short (< 10 secds) to no heating-up time depending ambient temperature, and produce lower engine noise and emissis than older systems. C. Unit Diesel Injector: An electrically ctrolled unit injector (EUI) is a unit injector (UI) with electric ctrol. It performs the same functi as a cvential unit injector in an internal combusti engine, such as in an -road or off-road vehicle or a diesel-electric locomotive. The pressurized delivery of fuel is camshaft-driven, but the timing of the injector's internal operatis is ctrolled by the engine ctrol unit so as to achieve certain advantages. D. Arduino Uno Board Fig. 3: 4-Cylinder H-Series Engine This valve is a normally open valve so that the diesel enters the injector ctinuously and when the cylinder deactivati is required it becomes the opposite. Then the solenoid is cnected using wires to the power supply from the battery of the vehicle which is ctrolled with the help of the microprocessor. The neutral gear is sensed with the help of the magnetic sensor. This csists of a magnetic piece which is kept at the positi which is close to the neutral gear positi of the lever. The output voltage from the magnetic sensor is sent to the microprocessor The compents that are used in Cylinder Deactivati are: H4 Diesel Engine Comm Rail Injecti System Unit Diesel Injector Arduino UNO Board Permanent Magnetic Proximity Sensor 2/2 High Pressure Solenoid Cut Off Valve A. H4 Diesel Engine: H4 diesel engines are a modern technology 4-cylinder engine which has Comm Rail Injecti system to supply the fuel to the cylinders, turbo chargers for better combusti. These engines are mostly used for light load vehicles, which is more compact and effective. It is also used as Genset engines in some areas. The specificatis arebrake horse power 76 W, Speed 2200 RPM, Torque RPM, Bore 104 mm, Stroke length 113 mm, Displacement 3900 cc/3.84 litre, Dry weight of Engine 400 Kg and Dimensis 940x680x930 mm. B. Comm Rail Injecti System: Comm rail direct fuel injecti is a direct fuel injecti system for petrol and diesel engines. Solenoid or Fig. 4: Arduino Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures microctroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and ctrol objects in the physical world. The Arduino project provides an integrated development envirment (IDE) based the Processing project, which includes support for the C and C++ programming languages. The specificatis are: Operating Voltage5 V, Input Voltage7-12 V, Digital I/O Pins14 (of which 6 provide PWM output), Analog Input Pins6, DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma, Flash Memory32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader, SRAM2 KB, EEPROM1 KB, Clock Speed16 MHz. Open the Arduino software in your PC and then click New Sketch from the File menu. Now the sketch window to write the program opens. The window csists of typical Arduino C/C++ sketch csist of two functis that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program: 1) setup(): a functi that runs ce at the start of a program and that can initialize settings. 2) loop(): a functi called repeatedly until the board powers off. The interface system for Arduino is as follows: All rights reserved by

3 When the system failure has been corrected so that the circuit is again closed, the valve can be opened by the acti of the hand lever. If, however, the system failure has not been satisfactorily corrected, the circuit will remain open and moving the hand lever will not open the valve, because the valve stem remains disengaged from the handle. The specificatis are: Body, disc & seal materialstainless Steel, Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Operati voltage12 V, Coil InsulatiH Type, Max. Pressure withstand15000 psi. Fig. 5: Interface System E. Permanent Magnetic Proximity Sensor V. WORKING In 4 cylinder engines the firing order is The cut off valve makes possible the cditi to restrict the flow of diesel in to the injector. This is de by energizing and deenergizing the solenoid of the 2/2 cut off valve. The idle cditi of the vehicle is csidered with the help of the neutral gear sensor. But in heavy vehicles when the gears are changed every time the gear has to come to neutral and then change and this affects the implementati of the deactivati of cylinders. This can be eliminated by programming the microprocessor that if the neutral gear is for the pre-set time 10 secds then the solenoid of the 2/2 cut off valves are energized to cut off the fuel to the cylinders 1 and 3 in the first cycle. Fig. 6: Permanent Magnetic Proximity Sensor For the indicati of neutral gear, Hall Effect Magnetic Sensor or Permanent Magnetic Proximity sensor is used. The output voltage, called the Hall voltage, (VH) of the basic Hall Element is directly proportial to the strength of the magnetic field passing through the semicductor material (output H). This output voltage can be quite small, ly a few micro-volts even when subjected to strg magnetic fields so most commercially available Hall effect devices are manufactured with built-in DC amplifiers, logic switching circuits and voltage regulators to improve the sensors sensitivity, hysteresis and output voltage. This also allows the Hall effect sensor to operate over a wider range of power supplies and magnetic field cditis. The specificatis are: Operating voltage12 V, Voltage rating10 VA, Current rating0.5 A, Supply Current5 ma, Switching Frequency NO output230 Hz max, CaseNickel-Plated Brass. F. 2/2 High Pressure Solenoid Cut Off Valve When this type of valve is tripped, the flow is quickly stopped and an indicator disc tells the operator that the electrical circuit has been opened by a failure somewhere in the system. Fig. 8: First cycle The secd cycle involves the same operati as before that when the vehicle comes to the neutral gear positi for the preset time the solenoids are energized with the help of the actuati signals from the microprocessor. After that the cylinders 1 and 3 works normally and the alternate cylinders 2 and 4 are cut off from the flow of the fuel. As the cylinders are cut off in the alternate manner the risk of wear and tear losses are negligible. Fig. 7: High Pressure Solenoid Cut Off Valve Fig. 9: Secd cycle All rights reserved by

4 VI. ADVANTAGE The advantages of cylinder deactivated engines over normal engines are: Increased fuel ecomy. Decreased emissis from deactivated cylinders. Avoids fuel wastage during idling. By cutting the fuel, the cylinder act as a compressor and the compressed air produced can be separated and used for other operatis (like brakes, inflating the tyres during emergencies etc.,) VII. TABULATIONS The values in the below table are obtained by testing the engine in an automated Test Rig. Specific Fuel SI. Time Speed Torque Csumpti No (sec) (RPM) (Nm) (ml/kw-hr) Table 6.1: SFC Value before Activati SI. N o Si No Time (sec) Speed (RPM) Torque (Nm) Specific Fuel Csumpti (ml/kw-hr) Table 6.2: SFC Value after Activati Total Fuel Csumpti Activati) (ml/hr) VIII. RESULTS Total Fuel Csumpti (With Activati) (ml/hr) Cost of Fuel Spent Without Deactivati (Rs.) Cost of Fuel Saved By Deactiva ti (%) Table 7.1: Differences of TSFC & Mey Saved Before and After Activati Fig. 10: Graph for SFC vs. Speed (Before and After Activati) Fig. 11: Cost Differences of Fuel Before and After Activati Emissi Emissi Emissi Emissi For 1 For 100 For 1 For 100 Vehicle Vehicles Vehicle Vehicles (With (With Activati Activati Activati Activati SI. N o Table 7.2: Difference of Idling Co 2 Emissi For 100 Vehicles Before and after Activati Fig. 12: Reducti of Co 2 Due To Activati IX. CONCLUSION The major talk of the developing and the developed natis is to reduce fuel csumpti by efficient usage of it and reduce the polluti which is emitted mainly due to emissis from the engines. Many steps are taken to face this issue and the engine is to be modified to the maximum extent for reducing fuel csumpti and the emissi rates. One of the methods to provide efficient fuel csumpti is cylinder deactivati. During idle cditis in the city areas where there are many signals, the fuel is wasted for no use. This can be avoided with the help of this project. If we take 100 vehicles approximately waiting at many signals e hour each totally, nearly 50 litres of diesel is saved. If we combine all the vehicles in the country and calculate there is a dramatic reducti of fuel spent for waste. The emissis are directly proportial to the amount of hydrocarbs burnt and so this project enables in reducing up to half of the polluti rates which is present now. As reported, the cylinder deactivati effectively reduces fuel csumpti and polluti there by permitting All rights reserved by

5 the future generati which is thought of facing fuel scarcity and polluti problems. REFERENCE [1] Research paper published The effects of early inlet valve closing and cylinder disablement fuel ecomy and emissis of a direct injecti diesel engine by J.P. Zammit, University of Nottingham, UK Ford Motor Company, UK [2] Research paper published by Quant Zheng, Delphi Motors ( ) [3] De Ojeda W. Effect of variable valve timing diesel combusti Characteristics.SAE paper [4] Rastogi, N. (2004). Cylinder Deactivati Using Over Head Cam Method, Viste Corporati, SAE technical paper series. Website References [5] [6] [7] 13 [8] engineering.de/media/de/pdfs/ueber_ uns/veroeffentlichungen/zylinderabschaltung_en.pdf [9] All rights reserved by