Airworthy, Clean, Secure, Drop-in Alternative Aviation Fuels The Time is Now!

Transcription

1 Airworthy, Clean, Secure, Drop-in Alternative Aviation Fuels The Time is Now! Presented to: By: Airline Pilot s Association (ALPA) Air Safety Forum Washington, D.C. Richard L. Altman Executive Director, Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI) Date: 6 August 2009

2 Airworthy, Drop-In Alternative Fuels Now? Why are alternatives needed? What are the options? How are they proven airworthy? Sustainable? When will they be deployed? How is CAAFI organized to meet goals in the U.S?

3 Aviation Alternative Fuel Financial Imperative Mitigate Financial Disadvantages (U.S.) - Crack Spread - Fuel fraction - Price Volatility - Security of supply *Graphics adapted from Jheimlich (ATA) presentation to ICAO 2/09 Reduce Crack Spread* 30 Million bbl per day U.S. Consumption Total Imports 15 63% Jet Fuel 10 5 Gasoline 70% Heating / Diesel U.S. Production Build Domestic Supply Improve Aviation Fuel Fraction*

4 Aviation Alternative Fuel Environmental Imperative Data for 50 Largest U.S. Airports Air Quality Ozone PM 2.5 Nonattaunment Attainment Reduce PM 2.5* Global Climate *US EPA NAAQS for PM2.5 **PARTNER COE, Hileman et al. Limit CO 2 LCA**

5 SynFuels Consortium Tested GTL Candidate Investigates synthetic fuel effects on: The global environment Local air quality Graphics Adapted from Paul Bogers, Shell Fuel burn

6 Coal/Bio to Liquid via Fischer Tropsch Process Focus of U.S. Based Efforts H 2 + CO FISCHER- TROPSCH C 1 to C 40 HC Liquid Coal/Biomass Gasification C 3 & C 4 Olefins Naphtha Cut Distillate Cut Coal tar Naphtha Creosote Hydrogenation Polymerization Hydrogenation Fractionation Hydrogenation Fractionation H treat Petrol H crack Diesel Fractionation Petrol Diesel Light Distillate Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene Heavy Naphtha Light Distillate Blender CBTL Synthetic Jet Fuel

7 What Are Aviation Drop-in Bio-Fuel Candidates Biomass HRJ Hydrotreated Renewable Jet FT Fischer Tropsch Process Bio - Oil Extraction Hydrolysis / Fermentation Gasification Bio - Oils Ligno-cellulosic Bio-Conversion Pyrolysis / Liquifaction Syngas Esterification Hydrotreatment Ethanol / C2+ Alcohols Methanol Synthesis Shift Reaction Fischer Tropsch Process 2nd Gen. FAME HRJ SynJet HRJ SynJet Methanol Hydrogen FT SynJet Biofuels Present Drop-in Options Examined by CAAFI Sponsors/Stakeholders for carbon positive Aviation Fuels Compliments AirBP 4/08 Future Fuels Conference, London, England (framework only)

8 Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) Processes Bridging the BioJet Generations First Generation Inedible Oils: Camelina, Jatropha Second Generation Natural oils (vegetables, greases) Lignocellulosic biomass, algal oils Using Conventional Refining Technology Oil Deoxygenation Selective HydroCracking/ Isomerization Synthetic paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) Graphics Adapted from J. Holmgren, UOP Aromatics (<25%) Renewable Jet A-1

9 What s is a Drop in Alternative Jet Fuel? An alternative to ASTM D1655 approved petroleum based fuel jet fuel that is completely interchangeable and compatible with that fuel. A dropin fuel does not require adaptation of the aircraft/engine fuel system or the fuel distribution network, and can be used as is on currently flying turbine-powered aircraft.* * Derived from ICAO Draft paper, 7/09

10 ASTM D7566 Adds Drop-In Alternatives to D1655 D Materials and Manufacture Table 1 Blend Comp s Criteria and Blend % Limits Fuel Produced to D7566 Can Be Designated as D1655 Fuel D7566 Av Turbine Fuel Containing Syn HC s Table 1 Current Commercial Fuel Specification (D1655) is for petroleum based fuels only New (D7566) passed petroleum and lubrication committee on August 5, 2009 Annex 3 Other Adv Fuels or Processes Annex 2 50% Metabolic Blends Annex 1 50% Hydpross d SPK Fuel Blends Blended Fuel Performance Properties Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes approved first 50% FT Fuel now Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet (HRJ) targeted next year

11 Drop in ASTM Approval What s Required? Meet D1655 Table I Pass All Fit for Purpose Protocols Documented in ASTM Report Address rig, engine, static, flight test needs

12 SPK (FT) vs JP8* Fuels Main Characteristics Syntroleum F-T Sasol IPK JP-8 Average Jet (POSF 4820) [ref: SwRI 8531] (FY04 PQIS) JP-8 Spec Paraffins (iso ~60 9 (+~20% normal), vol % cycloparaffins) Aromatics, vol % <25 (D1319) Specific gravity (D4052) Flash point, C (D93) >38 Freeze Point, C -51 < <-4.7 (D5972) Hydrogen content >13.4 (D3343), mass % Heat of combustion, >42.8 MJ/kg (D3338) Sulfur, wt% <0.3 Ref: AFRL (Bill Harrison), 8/15/06, JP8 Mil Spec 1833 is military equivalent of D1655 Jet A

13 Fail Fail Fail Fail Start Specification Properties Fit For Purpose Properties (FFP) Comp/Rig Testing Engine Testing ASTM ASTM Turbine Turbine Engine Approval Fuel Protocols Approval Process Fuel Evaluation (ASTM Guidance) Pass Pass Pass Pass Further Evaluation? Yes Further Evaluation? Yes Further Evaluation? Yes Report No No No Equipment Evaluation/Approval Add l Data As Required Reject OEM Internal Review Report FAA Review OEM Spec/SB Pass Fail Approved Fuel Specification Approval (ASTM Process) Accept ASTM Review & Ballot Reject ASTM Specification Re-Eval As Required

14 Fit For Purpose Requirements Verify Fuel Function FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES CHEMISTRY Hydrocarbon chemistry (carbon number, type, distribution) Trace Materials/Metals BULK PHYSICAL AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES Boiling Pt Distribution Vapor/Liquid Ratio Thermal Stability Breakpoint Lubricity Response to Lube Improver Viscosity vs Temp Specific Heat vs Temp Density vs Temp Surface Tension vs Temp Bulk Modulus vs Temp Thermal Conductivity vs Temp Water Solubility vs Temp Solubility of Air (oxygen/nitrogen) FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Dielectric Constant vs Density Electrical Conductivity and Response to Static Dissipator GROUND HANDLING/SAFETY Effect on Clay Filtration Filtration (Coalescers & monitors) Storage Stability Peroxides Potential Gum Toxicity Flammability Limits Autoignition Temperature Hot Surface Ignition Temp COMPATIBILITY Other Additives/Fuels Engine/Airframe Seals, Coatings, Metallics

15 Three Successful HRJ Biojet Flight Programs* * Visuals Complement J. Holmgren, UOP Successful ANZ Flight Demo Date: December Feedstock: Jatropha oil Successful CO Flight Demo Date: Jan Feedstock: Jatropha and algal oil Feedstock: Camelina, Jatropha and algal oil Successful JAL Flight Demo Date: Jan

16 Challenge: Sustainability Reducing Challenge: Aviation s Reduce Carbon Carbon Footprint Footprint (Relative CO 2 increase) 1.50 growth (no improvement) w/ operational improvements w/ aircraft technology 1.00 carbon neutral growth w/ alternate fuels?

17 Aviation Ground to Tank CO 2 Life Cycle Analysis FAA/ICAO regulatory framework charts route to global market Inter-Agency Working Group on Greenhouse Gas LCA* FAA / ICAO Global Tool Suite

18 Aviation CO 2 Ground To Wake with Land Use Uncertainties Three pathways meriting additional analysis: 1) Coal-Biomass to F-T Fuel 2) Algae to Biojet (HRJ) 3) Jatropha to Biojet added feedstocks (e.g. Camelina) (HRJ) Additional pathways being considered (e.g. halophytes to HRJ) For additional information, contact: Jim Hileman, hileman@mit.edu Source: GIACC/4, subject to change 04/09.

19 Deployment: New Technology s Valley of Death Ref: Presentation AFRL (W. Harrison), 8/15/06

20 Deployment How Many (#) not how much (%)? *10 Projects by 2013 in Place? Airline (Consortium) - via ATA Near Airport Biofuel plant - via IEA Feedstock via stakeholders Process approval via cert. team Energy OEMs (40+ stakeholders) Fixed Base Operator (via NATA) Universities (via COE s) Airport / Finance Consultants Local Environmental Drivers (FAA) Funding sources (gov t /private) *Draft Proposal to CAAFI Steering Group 4/09 Arizona Colorado Florida Hawaii Illinois Kansas Michigan Mississippi Ohio Oklahoma Texas Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

21 CAAFI s Sponsors / Stakeholders Aircraft OEMs Aircraft Engine OEMs Aircraft Equip Cos NRC Canada ANP Brazil Bauhaus UK MoD Aerospace Industries Association Federal Aviation Administration NIST NASA DESC USAF US Army DARPA USN Stakeholders AIA ATA FAA Sponsors USDA DOE ACI DOC Consultants Universities Think Tanks Air Transport Association Airports Council International NetJets Air Cargo ASTM CRC Oil Companies Bio-Fuels Companies Energy Companies.Over 300 Sponsors/ Stakeholders from All Continents IATA Airlines ALPA Airport Operators

22 CAAFI Teams Leverage Sponsor Strengths Business & Economics Panel R&D Panel Generate Ideas/Solutions AIA ATA ACI Generate Demand & Target Funding FAA Environmental Panel Certification-Qualification Panel Assess Impact Enable Supply Process Owners Lead Teams Drive Outcomes

23 Airworthy, Clean, Secure, Drop-In Fuel Time is Now (The) U.S. aviation industry is eager for an entirely new fuel dynamic and will be an enthusiastic purchaser of environmentally friendly alternative fuels. Letter dated 1/16/09 to President Elect Obama from aviation fuel users / suppliers* *Full letter text available at CAAFI website cosigned by: - Air Transport Association (major North Amer. Airlines_ - Regional Airline Association - Cargo Airline Association - Aerospace Industries Association (manufacturers) - National Algae Association - Advanced Biofuels Association