The role of Hydrogen in Sustainable Mobility Gérard Planche Adam Opel AG Hannover Messe, April 23rd 2012
Million barrels per day I cannot help but show this chart again and again! The oil age: like a candle in the night 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Year
Advanced Propulsion Strategy at Opel Hydrogen Stored electricity Biofuels (E 85, biogaz, biodiesel) Reduction of emissions and increased fuel economy Fossil fuels (gasoline, diesel, NG) Hybrids, E-Flex FCEV Flex-fuel Optimized ICE Sort-term Medium-term Long-term Hydrogen Infrastructure & Distribution
Onboard storage of energy: Systems weight and volumes for a 500 km range Passenger Car Diesel Lithium-Ion battery 100 kwh electric energy System Fuel System Cells 43 kg 33 kg 830 kg 540 kg 46 L 37 L 670 L 360 L
Onboard storage of energy: Systems weight and volumes for a 500 km range Passenger Car Diesel Compressed hydrogen, 700 bar 6 kg H 2 = 200 kwh chemical energy Lithium-Ion battery 100 kwh electric energy System Fuel System Fuel System Cells 43 kg 33 kg 125 kg 6 kg 830 kg 540 kg 46 L 37 L 260 L 170 L 670 L 360 L
Different profiles require different solutions for optimal propulsion technology Load profile Heavy duty Driving Profile Stop-and-Go (Urban traffic) Constant speed (Freeway) Light duty
Typical daily commute 25% 20% 80% of daily trips under 50 km 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-1 2-4 5-10 11-20 21-50 51-100 > 100 km Source: Mobilität in Deutschland, 2002
Opel RAK e Concept Power: 36,5 kw / 10,5 kw (max./nom.) V-max: 120 km/h Acceleration (0-100 km/h): ~ 13 s Range: 100 km Time to charge: ~3 h Energy cost: ~ 1 / 100 km
Opel Ampera Electric vehicle with Range Extender (E-REV) 40 80 km Pure battery range > 500 km Range extender
Recharge batteries fine, but where?
Why Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles? Long range without restrictions in vehicle size or functionalities Permanent Zero emissions Fast refueling (~3 min.), without occupying parking space
Why Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles? Long range without restrictions in vehicle size or functionalities Permanent Zero emissions Fast refueling (~3 min.), without occupying parking space Hydrogen in future Energy Systems: Multiple primary energy sources Storage of renewable energies Transfer of renewable energies onto the road Energy independance
Opel HydroGen4 GM s 4th generation FC System with increased versatility, dynamics and durability Starts and operates in sub-zero temperatures Power: 73 kw Torque: 320 Nm Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 12 s Fuel: 4,2 kg CGH 2 (700 bar) Range: 320 km (NEDC) V-max: 160 km/h
HydroGen4: one piece of a global project Sacramento Los Angeles Detroit Rochester New York Washington DC Berlin Schanghai Seoul Tokio Hawaii World s largest market test, with over 100 vehicles More than 3 million km driven
Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) European Lighthouse Project for FCEVs Objective: demonstrate convenient and everyday use of hydrogen in answering mobility needs Phase II (2008-2010): Cities: Berlin, Hamburg 4 Refueling Stations Over 40 vehicles Nordrhein- Westfalen Hessen Hamburg Berlin Phase III (2011-2013): New regions: NRW, B-W, Hessen More than 10 stations Over 100 vehicles Baden- Württemberg
What are the next steps?
FCEVs today: achievements and challenges Useable power Hydrogen storage Cold start and function Reliability Hydrogen infrastructure Durability Costs
Germany as key market for FCEVs and hydrogen infrastructure OEMs LoU : Commercialization planned as of 2015 Germany as Lead Market Infrastructure Initiative H 2 Mobility : Phase I (until 2011): developement of a Business Plan Phase II (das of 2011): increase of geographic coverage
Development of H2 infrastructure in Europe 10% of area 53% of vehicles 25% of area 75% of vehicles 75% of area 97% of vehicles Source: EuroStat
Synchronous FCEV start of sales across the world as of 2015
Cost of hydrogen /kg Cost of hydrogen at the pump 20 16,6 Increased utilization of refueling stations 15 20 9,9 Large additional production units (IGCC 1, CG 2 ) Production and distribution learning curve 5 6,6 5,5 5,0 4,7 4,5 4,4 4,4 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Distribution Transport Production 1 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 2 Coal Gasification Source: H2 Coalition
Propulsion technologies total cost of ownership (TCO) /km 1,0 0,8 Compact-/Middle Class FCEV BEV PHEV ICE 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Studie: A portfolio of power trains for Europe: A fact-based analysis, siehe www.zeroemissionsvehicles.eu (Oktober 2010)
Hydrogen an Energy Carrier that offers tremendous Feedstock Diversity
Sustainable hydrogen production
Renewables: order of magnitude Hydraulic power Biomass Sun Wave / oceans Wind World energy need
The short-term problem with Sun and Wind Source: ENERTRAG
The medium-term problem with Sun and Wind 8000 (MW) TenneT control area wind energy feed-in, October 2008 6000 4000 2000 0 Oct 1 Oct 3 Oct 5 Oct 7 Oct 9 Oct 11 Oct 13
The long-term problem with Sun and Wind
Storage: pumping water in a dam reservoir This much could be fed into a large pump storage: 8,000 MWh Buffer capacity for some minutes / hours
Storage: Vehicle To Grid 8,000 MWh Corresponds to 4 million electric vehicles at the grid with 2 kwh buffer Buffer capacity for some minutes / hours
Storage: compressed air in underground caverns This much could be fed into an underground compressed air storage (2 mil. m 3 salt cavern): 4,000 MWh Buffer capacity for some minutes / hours
Hydrogen The Inevitable Element in the Renewable Energy System This much could be fed into an underground hydrogen reservoir (2 mil. m 3 salt cavern): 600,000 MWh (equals 3.6 mil. tank fills) Buffer capacity for month / years
Storage: the showdown Water reservoir (physical storage) New dam construction in Europe restricted Short-term storage Efficiency ~70% Energy density: 0,7 kwh/m³ Compressed air (physical storage) Short-term storage Efficiency ~40% Energy density: 2,4 kwh/m³ Hydrogen (chemical & physical storage) Long-term storage Efficiency ~35-50% Energy density: 170 kwh/m³
ENERTRAG s hybrid powerplant (world first): Hydrogen as storage medium for wind energy
The gas station at Berlin s new BER airport System for the world s first Zero-CO2 station Wind farm Biogas tank Hydrogen filling station Control room Public grids Power Hydrogen generation Hydrogen storage Power Cogeneration unit (CHP) Service Station Bistro Heat Heat Carwash NG refueler Hydrogen refueler
A peak at GM s next generation FC System HydroGen4 Next generation 1/2 weight 1/2 volume
Thank you!