VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD EU activities in the battery sector Akkualan kehittäminen Suomessa, BF 7.2.2018 Mikko Pihlatie, VTT mikko.pihlatie@vtt.fi
Motivation "I want Europe to be the leader when it comes to the fight against climate change The Commission wants to make our industry stronger and more competitive I call on the car industry to come clean and make it right. Instead of looking for loopholes, they should be investing in the clean cars of the future The Commission will shortly present proposals to reduce the carbon emissions of our transport sector" President Jean-Claude Juncker, State of the Union Speech, 13 September 2017 08/02/2018 2
European Battery Alliance the Airbus of batteries Vice-President for Energy Union Maroš Šefčovic on battery development and production in Europe 11 October 2017 EU industry and the Member States' determination to work together and pull in the same direction. They strongly supported the establishment of a full value chain of batteries in Europe, with large-scale battery cells production, and the circular economy, at the core. This could take the form of a comprehensive roadmap for an EU Battery Alliance, to be presented in February 2018, at the Clean Energy Industrial Forum, as part of the EU Industry Days. The work starts immediately, Šefčovic said, announcing the launch of a number of working groups on issues ranging from supply chain, investment financing, trade issues, and R&D. Industrial participants will take the lead, express interest to participate in or even be rapporteur for each work strand, the Commission Vice- President said. The EU could support the initiative with up to 2.2 billion 08/02/2018 3
European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) joint programme on energy storage EERA JP on Energy Storage fosters the efficient development of new energy storage technologies 35 European research partners (research centres and universities) Supports the SET-Plan objectives and priorities Storage technology roadmap with 08/02/2018 4
European battery cell R&I: setting short and medium-term priorities (workshop 11-12 Jan, 2018) In the current R&I WP for 2018-2020, a total EC budget of 100 Million euros, have already been published to support the development of the next generation electrochemistry and production technologies for mobility and energy applications. An extra budget of 100 million has become available to finance new topics to be included in the WP for 2019 and 2020, to help to establish the future European base for mass production of next generation batteries by 2025-2030 and will cover the following research themes: 1. Research on new materials and cell chemistry targeting the most promising technologies and on advanced production technologies; 2. Paving the way for the creation of new cell production pilot lines (targeting next generation technologies) operational by 2020-2025; 3. Activities to ensure better networking and accessibility to the existing cell production pilot lines to all research laboratories. 4. Dissemination and outreach activities to inform society about progress and efforts of EU driven work for this new initiative as well as recent actions. Preparations on-going to apply for FET Flagship on batteries / storage (multi-m ) 08/02/2018 5
Global LIB cell production capacity for xev and ES (lines) and projected demand evolution (shaded) Sources: VDMA Battery Production Roadmap 2016, Steen, M., Lebedeva, N., Di Persio, F. and Boon-Brett, L., EU Competitiveness 08/02/2018 in Advanced Li-ion Batteries for E-Mobility and Stationary Storage Applications Opportunities and Actions,EUR 28837 EN, Publications Office of the European Union 6
Battery storage verticals cell manufacture 26 planned gigafactories totalling 344.5 GWh China 49 %, 169 GWh EU 23 %, 78.5 GWh US 15 %, 53 GWh Thailand, 50 GWh by 2020 Australia, 16 GWh India, no specifications Ongoing and announced production plans: LG Chem, 2 GWh by 2018 - Wroclaw, Poland Samsung SDI, 2.5 GWh by 2018 - Hungary Northvolt, 32 GWh by 2024 Skellefteå, Sweden TerraE, 34 GWh by 2028, Germany SERI, 200 MWh by 2018 SK Innovation Tesla Monbat 08/02/2018 7
Estimate on Li ion battery cells cost development (2016) Source: Deutsche Bank Market Research Industry: EV battery makers, June 2016 08/02/2018 8
Cost evolution of LIB costs for EV applications 08/02/2018 9 Source: C. Pillot, The rechargeable battery markets and main trends 2016-2025, The Battery Show Europe, April 2017.
Current Li-ion battery types Cathode materials: LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NMC111) LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.2 Co 0.3 O 2 (NMC523) LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC622) LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) LiFePO 4 (LFP) LiCoO 2 (LCO) Anode materials Carbon Graphitic carbons Natural graphite Synthetic graphite Non-graphitic carbons Soft carbon Hard carbon Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) LiMnO 2 (LMO) 08/02/2018 10
Li-ion cathode materials in 2016 Demand in 2016 LFP: 65,709 tons NMC: 47,556 tons LCO: 39,307 tons NCA: 15,918 tons LMO: 15,668 tons Source: Avicenne 08/02/2018 11
Li-ion anode materials in 2016 Demand in 2016 Natural graphite: 40,000 tons Synthetic graphite: 38,000 tons Carbons: 7,000 tons Si alloy: 1,500 tons LTO: 1,500 tons Source: Avicenne 08/02/2018 12
Li-ion NMC cathode material evolution NMC cathode material evolution trend towards higher Ni content lower Co content 08/02/2018 13
Li-ion NCA cathode material evolution NCA cathode material evolution trend towards higher Ni content lower Co content 08/02/2018 14
EU level targets and R&I strategy
Generations of lithium-ion battery cell chemistries Sources: VDMA Battery Production Roadmap 2016, Steen, M., Lebedeva, N., Di Persio, F. and Boon-Brett, L., EU Competitiveness 08/02/2018 16 in Advanced Li-ion Batteries for E-Mobility and Stationary Storage Applications Opportunities and Actions,EUR 28837 EN,
Classification of lithium-ion battery cell chemistries 08/02/2018 17
LIB value chain 08/02/2018 Source: N. Lebedeva, F. Di Persio, L. Boon-Brett: Lithium-ion battery value chain and related opportunities for Europe, available at 18 https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc105010_161214_li-ion_battery_value_chain_jrc105010.pdf
Battery storage value chain The complex value chain requires collaboration at global level between Raw materials suppliers Advanced materials and component suppliers Cell manufacturers Battery pack suppliers Storage integrators (stationary) / OEM s (mobile) Source: EASE/EERA, European energy storage technology development roadmap, 2017 update. 08/02/2018 19
What is in it for Finland? Mining industry Production of precursor chemicals Cell component manufacturing? Next generation battery technologies? from materials to manufacture Pilot line manufacturing line or capacity? EB a pilot line for GF? Battery pack integration OEM s and system integration Recycling? What are the future winning horses in technology? At the moment, no coordinated R & I programme on batteries in Finland 08/02/2018 20
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