energy.sandia.gov US Microgrids for Enhancing Resilience Ross Guttromson Manager, Electric Power Systems Research Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. SAND 2010-5138P.
Topics About Sandia National Laboratories Defining Resilience Hurricane Sandy New Jersey Transit Microgrid City of Hoboken, NJ Microgrid 2
Where Is New Mexico? 5 th largest state in the US Population: 2.1 million New Mexico is known for its beautiful landscape, rich culture, high tech industry, plentiful wind and solar resources 3
Resilience versus Reliability Separating reliability and resilience is important Reliability is compulsory Reliability is related to rate recovery Adoption of resilience metrics will be easier if reliability definitions remain as-is Reliability High Probability, Low Consequence (SAIDI/SAIFI exclude storm data) Resilience Low Probability, High Consequence Not risk based Operationally, You are reliable, or you are not [0 1]. Confidence is unspecified Focus is on the measuring impact to the system Risk Based, includes: Threat (you are resilient to something) System Vulnerability (~reliability) Consequence (beyond the system) Resilience is a continuum, confidence is specified Focus is on measuring impact to humans 4
Designing Microgrids for Resilience Engage stakeholders Establish a design basis Define performance metrics Define system boundaries Collect system and operations info and data Generate feasible designs measure performance against the design basis improve the design repeat 5
Superstorm Sandy October, 2012 6
Impact of Superstorm Sandy Superstorm Sandy caused major disruption to critical infrastructure in NY & NJ Impact to economy and cost of repairs are in the $Billions Re-build efforts emphasize resilience New Jersey Transit Rail System City of Hoboken, New Jersey
Flood Maps for Hoboken FEMA 100 Year Flood + 2.5 Feet Business Sensitive
Hoboken Performance Objectives Supply electric power to facilities during a blackout and/or a flooding condition at 19.5 feet above MSL. Microgrid must be able to supply power continuously for 7 days. Microgrid will be isolated from the utility when operating PV and CHP will operate continuously Ability to withstand loss of largest generator without loss of load in individual building or microgrids forming clusters of buildings
Performance Metrics Used Design Basis: Operate during flooded conditions Operate blackout condition Frequency of load interruption during flooded or blackout conditions Total load not served per hour during flooded or blackout conditions
Least cost topology for a single large microgrid (not used) Mixed Integer Optimization Early Solution Subset: Steiner Tree Problem Objective: minimize cost Constraints: Serve all loads $300/linear foot $20K for a junction Solution: $6.7M for Trenching with an optimality gap of 5%. NEXT: Validate Performance Check Other Topologies Place Generation
Attribute A Cluster Analysis to Group Buildings into Microgrids 5 1 1 1 b a 1 Cluster 1 3 b 3 a 3 2 Cluster 3 a 2 b 2 Cluster 2 1 Attribute B 10 Find the best location and subset of microgrids K-means clustering is used Results in lower costs Example K-means clustering with 3 Clusters
Pareto Optimality Using Genetic Algorithms Topology Performance Event Driven Simulation Monte Carlo Analysis Each dot is a different microgrid layout 13
Hoboken Microgrid Solution Dual Microgrid Topology, 54 Buildings 34 33 36 35 32 31 37 38 39 Fire #1 04 Senior Housing Columbia Arms 28 46 Fire HQ 03 Hoboken Multi-service Ctr Senior Housing Marion 22 29 Parking Midtown Sewage Treatment 07 40 Sunoco Gas 21 50 Fire #3 YMCA 01 51 Wallace School 14 MG1 Below FEMA 100 yr +2.5 feet 11 th St PS 09 42 Senior Housing Clinton Above FEMA 100 yr +2.5 feet Hoboken HS 13 41 02 Fire #4 18 11 Hoboken Vol Amb St Matthews Church 16 MG2 53 43 44 45 08 5 th St PS 27 06 Hoboken St Peter and Paul Univ Med Church Center Hoboken Homeless Shelter 15 17 26 47 48 Parking Garage G 19 Kings Grocery 25 Parking Garage D 23 Senior Housing Columbian Towers Hoboken City Hall 30 49 54 Police HQ Walgreens 05 55 12 CVS 24 Parking Garage B 52 Police Radio H1 PS 10 UBS solution A clusters 20 Kings Grocery Fire Radio
Facility Connections PSEG (UTILITY) EXISTING MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER NEW CONCEPTUAL MICROGRID MEDIUM VOLTAGE FEEDER NEW Manhole NEW Manhole PSEG Transformer NEW Transformer PSEG Transformer NEW Transformer PSEG METER Paralleling Switchgear PSEG METER ATS N E NC NO NO ATS N E BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL BUILDING SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL Building A Loads NEW STANDBY GENERATOR Building B Loads
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Basic NJTransitGrid Concept 1. Traction Power Microgrid Large conventional generation plant and feeder network Connection to existing traction infrastructure Connection to adjacent rail loads: signal, pumps, fans, switch motors/heaters, some passenger terminals 2. Separate DG systems for facilities Operations buildings and other facilities not connected to the traction microgrid due to cost or other reasons 3. Generator sells power to the market when no contingency exists. Designs include PV, CHP, storage, and demand response
New Jersey Transit Microgrid NJ Transit Morris- Essex Line Ferry Maintenanc e Facility Port Imperial Ferry NJT Newark Light Rail PATH Hoboken Ferry Amtrak Northeast Corridor Liberty State Park Ferry Paulus Hook Ferry NJT Hudson- Bergen Light Rail 18
Electrical Demand Analysis 100000 NJT-PATH-AMTRAK 1 Empirical CDF 90000 0.9 Maximum kw 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 Total PATH NJT NEC-EST Probability that load < kw value 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Total PATH NJT NEC-EST 10000 0.1 0 0 1250 2500 3750 5000 6250 7500 8750 Hours Since Jul-01-2011 01:00:00 0 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 kw Note that total hourly demand is below 80MW 95% of the time.
Secaucus Terminal NY Penn Station 33 rd st Newark Broad St. Station Utility Mason Hoboken WTC Newark Penn Station Journal Square (HQ) KEY Multi-use terminal PATH terminal HBRL or NCRL ~ Ferry terminal Electric substation Generation MG transmission NJT: Broad St-Hoboken PATH Northeast Corridor HBLR NCRL
Secaucus Terminal NY Penn Station 33 rd st Newark Broad St. Station 13 kv It is not feasible to costeffectively cross the Passaic River with new feeders 13 kv F C New Generation Facility ~ ~ ~ Koppe r/maso Mason n Utility 13 kv 13 kv Hoboken 27 kv 27 kv 27 kv WTC Newark Penn Station Journal Square (HQ) 13 kv KEY Multi-use terminal PATH terminal HBRL or NCRL ~ Ferry terminal Electric substation Generation MG transmission NJT: Broad St-Hoboken PATH Northeast Corridor HBLR NCRL
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