A DOUG s View of Electric Utility Industry MICHAEL SHEEHAN, P.E. FAILTE GROUP NOVEMBER 2014

Transcription

1 A DOUG s View of Electric Utility Industry MICHAEL SHEEHAN, P.E. FAILTE GROUP NOVEMBER 2014

2 Agenda Portland March :00 10:15 Welcome and Introduction 10:15 10:30 A DOUG s View 10:30 11:00 Standards and Codes Interconnection Processes 11:00 3:30 Integrating Distributed Generation: Current Challenges and Opportunities 11:00 11:30 Electric Power Grid Overview 11:30 12:00 PV Generation Technology Overview 1:00 1:30 Voltage Regulation, System Protection, Grounding 1:30 1:45 Break 1:45 2:30 Power Quality, Unintentional Islanding 2:30 3:00 PV Integration Case Studies 3:00 3:30 MicroGrids and Energy Storage 3:30 4:00 Concluding Remarks

3 Power 101: Simple Model of the Grid Synchronous generator 50/60 Hz Does not add to system inertia Courtesy: Mark O Malley, UCD Doubly fed induction generator (wind turbine) Fixed speed wind turbine generator

4 Electric Power Industry Market 4 Change 25 years of change

5 Electric Power Industry Market 5 Change 25 years of change Engineer IQ Test 1982

6 Customer Choice 6

7 Electric Power Industry Market 7 Change 25 years of change Engineer IQ Test Change from Engineering Based to Process Based

8 The Result for California in 2000/1 OFF OFF 8

9 Northeast Blackout Causes Lax Tree-trimming Software Bug Human Error

10 August 14 th, 2003 Blackout 10

11 Jim Burke s paper: 10 Steps to Becoming a Third World Utility Elimination of experienced engineers 2. Reduction of participation in standards activities 3. Loss of control over generation and transmission 4. Decaying infrastructure 5. Purchase of products purely on the basis of price 6. Elimination of R&D 7. Severe reduction of budgets and manpower 8. Overloading equipment 9. Loss of control over daily activities 10. Adoption of an Not in My Backyard policy

12 Basic Terms Power 12 Power Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy, How hard you work! Power = voltage x current for dc Power Units: Watts = amps times volts (W) kw 1 x 10 3 Watt MW 1 x 10 6 Watt GW 1 x 10 9 Watt Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 1000 GW ( about 3 kw per person)

13 Energy 13 Energy: Integration of power over time, Energy is what people really want from a power system, How much work you accomplish over time. Energy Units: Joule = 1 watt-second (J) kwh kilowatthour (3.6 x 10 6 J) Btu 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh U.S. annual electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kwh (about 13,333 kwh per person, which means on average we each use 1.5 kw of power continuously).

14 Typical Radial Distribution Feeder 14

15 General Characteristics 15 Distribution Feeder

16 Typical Radial Distribution 16 Feeder Arrangements

17 Two Radial Feeders with a Normal 17 open tie switch

18 Voltage Sag Event Distribution Feeder 18

19 MECO Reliability Good vs. Puget 19 Sound Energy Decreasing Reliability Puget Sound Energy Improved Reliability Lower Reliability

20 The Old Electric Utility Model 20

21 Vertical Monopolies 21 Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had an exclusive franchise Generation Transmission In return for this exclusive franchise, the utility had the obligation to serve all existing and future customers at rates determined jointly by utility and regulators Distribution Customer Service It was a cost plus business: Charge to retail customers set by regulatory authority to be cost of investment and operations plus regulated return on investment

22 Bundled Rates 22

23 Traditional electricity system operation under a vertically integrated model 23

24 Issues Under Restructuring 24 Unbundling Market Power Transitional Issues Independent System Operator Social Issues Environmental Issues Taxes

25 Unbundled Rates 25

26 Social Issues 26 Universal Service Provider of Last Resort Low Income Programs Consumer Education Metering and Billing Deceptive Practices Price Disclosure Slamming Cramming

27 Competition Matrix 27

28 Grid 2.0 Issues Smart Grid 28 Interoperability Communications Data Management Planning & Implementation

29 Smart Grid 2.0 and Prudency Measurements? 29

30 California Whole Sale Market 30

31 Opposition and Solution to the 31 Duck Curve Opponents of seeing the duck curve as a problem indicate that it assumes a worst case situation. It assumes that consumers do not adjust to prices and incentives. It does not take into account time-of-use pricing that is being rolled out in California, the energy efficiency to come from new building codes and programs, or the potential for demand response to automatically adjust household or commercial building energy use to meet the needs of the grid. Various strategies are being analyzed to deal with the situation, but they would require significant changes to the way utilities and consumers interact. For example, demand reduction and load control programs which are typically triggered only during the hottest peak summer days would need to be used during the late afternoon/early evening ramp times represented by the duck curve. Another strategy orients solar panels from south to west, where they would capture more late afternoon sunlight, but forego producing greater overall electric generation.

32 Smart Grid 2.0 SCE s Vision Provide Customer Benefits by improving grid reliability, enhancing customer communications, and by empowering customers to better manage their energy usage and costs. 2. Reduce Peak Demand through demand management programs and services. 3. Increase Energy Conservation & Efficiency by enabling integration of customer energy management systems and grid energy management systems; this integration can reduce system losses. 4. Reduce Operating Expenses by lowering the cost of planning and support functions, operating costs and energy costs. 5. Avoid, Reduce or Defer Capital Investments by increasing capacity utilization, extending the useful lives of grid assets, optimizing energy procurement practices, and investigating new technologies. 6. Increase Utility Worker Safety by providing tools and information that allow them to perform their work in a safer manner. 7. Improve Grid Resiliency and Reliability by reducing the frequency and duration of outages and service interruptions, and by improving power quality, accommodating greater diversity of energy resources, and increasing grid security. 8. Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions by integrating renewable energy resources with the electric delivery system, and promoting the adoption of electric vehicles. 9. Promote Energy Independence by facilitating electricity-based transportation. 10. Promote Economic Growth & Productivity by fostering the development of California s clean technology economy, and associated job growth.

33 Transition from Ratepayer to 33 Participant New Value Proposition Traditional Electric Utility End-User Services Peak load reduction via interruptible load or utilization of on-site generation (DER) Back-up Power Uninterruptable power supply New End-User Services and Integration (Crowd Sourcing) Frequency regulation Reactive power control and Voltage control Load factor improvement Capital investment deferral Local resiliency control

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36 California Rule 21 SIWG Default 36 Activation States for Phase 1 Functions Anti-islanding activated L/HVRT activated L/HFRT activated Dynamic Volt/Var operations deactivated Ramp rates activated Fixed power factor activated Reconnect by soft-start methods activated

37 Distribution Upgrade cost and 37 Typical Duration Schedule Distribution EPS Upgrade Item Upper End Order-of- Magnitude Cost Upper End Duration Scheduling Voltage Regulator changes/phase $50k 6 months Capacitor Bank moves or new $17k 3 months Pole Top Recloser move/addition $80k 6 months Re-conductor 3-phase Line (includes $450k/mi. 12 months pole replacements) Convert from 1 to 3-phase Line $400k/mi. 12 months (includes pole replacements) Express 3-phase Feeder (open wire $600k/mi. 18 months configuration) Express 3-phase Feeder (lashed $750k/mi. 18 months cable configuration) Customer 3-phase Transformer $45k 3 months change/addition (Pole or Pad) Supply Station Transformer $4M 24 months DTT transmit addition to supply $300k 11 months station Communications media equipment $100k 6 months additions to support DTT equipment at supply station EMS-RTU (status & control) addition $80k 6 months at DG site (in NY) or supply station Metering PTs & CTs at DG site (excludes structure) $15k 8 months Plus Company labor for acceptance review DG Customer s design, compliance verification activities, and project management $100k Dependent on DG Customer Notes: 1) Distribution EPS relates to 15kV class system. 2) These are representative estimates only and are not inclusive of all costs [i.e. land rights, removal costs, taxes, etc.] which will vary from job to job and that they are presented here for budgetary purposes only.

38 Reference Books on Electric 38 Distribution Systems Electric Power Distribution Handbook (Electric Power Engineering Series) Hardcover September 15, 2003 by Thomas Allen Short Power Distribution Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications (Electrical and Computer Engineering) Hardcover June 29, 1994 Jim Burke s 2002 ABB hard to find information about distribution systems www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot235.nsf/.../hard.to.find.6th.pdf