CHAPTER 14 - RISK TAKING

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 14 - RISK TAKING I. Senses are important to driving Ability to see, hear, smell, and detect motion in order to know what is occurring around your car. * *Most driving info you gather is received by your eyes 90% - need to see clearly and quickly to be a safe and responsible driver A. Seeing 1. Visual acuity - ability to see things clearly near and far normal is 20/20 ** 20/40 must be 2x's as close to an object to see it clearly as a person with 20/20 vision 2. Color Blindness - unable to distinguish between colors; usually males * Compensate - remember order of colors on traffic signal know what signs mean by shapes read all signs that appear with signals check all traffic take cues from other drivers 3. Field of Vision - all the area you see around you while looking ahead ; 90 degree to each side 4. Central Vision - straight ahead 3 degree cone shaped area 5. Peripheral Vision - areas left and right of central vision; sensitive to light and movement 6. Fringe Vision vision closest to central vision; used to monitor a zone condition after it has been identified 7. Tunnel Vision or less; have to move head and moves more often 8. Depth Perception - ability to judge distance between yourself and other objects **Compensate for poor DP - increase following distance and more space 9. Night Blindness - unable to see well at night * * Compensate - increase following distance slow down keep windshield clear glance to right edge of road when meeting an oncoming car 10. Glare - occurs in daytime when you look at shiny surfaces that reflect bright sunlight; occurs at night when you look directly into car lights; can temporarily blind a person * * Glare Recovery Time - time your eyes need to regain clear vision after being affected by glare

2 Ch 14 p2 * * Compensate - avoid looking at bright lights sun glasses (daytime) adjust rear view mirror for night use slow down 11. Car Speed - driving at high speeds - clear vision is narrowed Clear side vision is less than 1/2 as wide as when you drive slower Parts of your car can sometimes blur vision - roof supports, mirrors, tinted mirrors, objects from rear view mirror or back window B. Hearing - alerts you to sounds; horns, trains, emergency vehicles, mechanical problems, engine and brakes of trucks and buses * * things that make a driver unaware of critical sounds - head set - radio - air conditioner - heater * * Deaf drivers compensate by moving eyes more C. Smell- alerts you to problems with your car - overheated engine - exhaust fumes (carbon monoxide poisoning) D. Sense of Motion - alerts you to different things car is doing - turning - mechanical problems - roadway surface changes E. Risk Management - unnecessary chances; to fast, blocked vision, inadequate senses Distractions - radio; changing stations, CD - headphones illegal in many states - cell phones- pullover to use - people or pets in car II. Emotions **strong feelings such as anger, joy, fear, anxiety A. Mental Effects - interfere with ability to think and reason. - wise decisions decrease; chances of mistakes increase *Strong emotions might cause you to fix all attention on one thing instead of all things needed to drive.

3 Ch 14 p3 B. Physical Effects - can cause changes in body functions: heart rate to increase, breathing quickens, digestion slows, palms get sweaty *Anger - occurs more often than any other emotion mild irritation to furious rage impairs ability to brake, steer, and accelerate smoothly Sorrow, depression, anxiety - slow body processes and reduce mental alertness Happy, excited driver can be just as impaired as an angry driver An event triggering the emotion may not be related to driving but may cause you to take more risks C. Passengers - peer or group pressure can be good or bad depending upon the situation. **YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING YOURSELF AND YOUR PASSENGERS Passengers can help driver maintain control by - discourage driver from taking reckless actions - avoid saying or doing anything that might upset them - encourage driver to let someone else drive or refuse to ride in same car if driver's behavior is endangering others by being reckless. ****CONTROLLING EMOTIONS ****** 1. drive in an organized manner - correct driving procedures 2. anticipate situations that produce strong emotions and adjust expectations 3. drive only when in control; mentally and physically 4. if tired -- rest 5. analyze mistakes III. Disabilities A. Temporary Disabilities - cold, broken bone, sprained ankle 1. Fatigue - dulls your senses and slows both mental and physical Processes - need more time to identify hazards - rest is only safe remedy for fatigue

4 * * Compensate - rest - change drivers often - stop regularly - open window - wear sunglasses in daytime - use orderly vision search pattern - listen to radio - stop in safe place if you feel drowsy Ch 14 p4 * * Effects of medicine can interfere with driving ability; read labels * * Carbon Monoxide - colorless, odorless, tasteless gas present in exhaust fumes from gasoline engines Causes headaches, drowsiness, nausea, muscle weakness -- too much can cause death * * Prevention -open garage door before starting engine -in traffic, keep windows closed -check exhaust system regularly * * Smoking raises CO2 level in bloodstream B. Physical Disabilities - amputees, deaf * * may need adaptive controls Chronic Illness - ailment that last over a period of years High blood pressure Heart disease * *must provide medical proof that illness is under control. Elderly drivers 1 out 6 over 65 years -failure to yield right of way is most common cause of collision -80% over 75 take medicine

5 CHAPTER 15-ALCOHOL AND DRUGS I. FACTS A) ALCOHOL IS A DRUG most commonly used drug in society today B) Alcohol affects the central nervous system C) Alcohol is most frequently found drug in fatally injured drivers D) Between 10 pm and 3 am (Fri and Sat) at least one of every 10 drivers is legally drunk E) More than half of all fatalities during holidays are alcohol related F) Nearly 1/2 of those killed in alcohol -related collisions had not been drinking - they were victims G) Drivers are more likely to be alcohol impaired than any other age group H) Young drinking drivers are involved in fatal crashes at twice the rate of drivers aged 21 and older I) Alcohol begins to effect a person's abilities almost the moment it enters the body. Affects everyone differently; does not affect the same person in the same way in all situations 1) not digested 2) absorbed directly and quickly into the blood stream thru the walls and linings of the entire digestive tract 3) greatest effect on parts of the brain that control judgment and reasoning - most critical skills needed by drivers - physical abilities become impaired soon afterwards 4) diminishes the ability to concentrate 5) only one drink can reduce person's ability to drive - judgment and reasoning - reduces coordination - distorts depth perception - alters mood and emotions (become angry or sad, silly, rude) 6) Feeling of Euphoria - common effect - false feeling of well-being - take chances that wouldn't normally take - less able to correctly interpret what they see J) Alcohol weakens a drivers inhibitions - inner forces of personality that hold back or restrain one's impulsive behavior

6 Ch 15 p2 K) Reaction Time and Coordination - muscular coordination of a drinking driver can become slow and clumsy; oversteer, brake late, or accelerate suddenly L) Alcohol affects drivers ability to see clearly visual acuity, night vision, color vision, peripheral vision and depth perception are all impaired - drinking driver might perceive something as being far away when it is actually very close M) Center of brain that controls breathing and heartbeat can become impaired- death can occur if large amounts of alcohol are consumed over a very short period of time N) BAC -blood alcohol concentration -chemical analysis of blood 1) tells % of alcohol in the blood stream and indicates of level of intoxication 2) average person needs only to consume 2 drinks in an hour to reach.05% and become an unsafe driver O) Factors that Affect BAC 1) amount of alcohol consumed 2) amount of time consumed in 3) person's body weight 4) amount of food in stomach # of drinks BAC Range Time to get rid of Impairment ½ hours Inhibitions weakened; judge/reason affected hours Unable to think clearly to 5 hours Judge/reason unreliable; muscle coordination impaired to 7 hours Affects vision, speech, balance, hearing P) Person's system oxides or burns off alcohol at a rate of 3/4 of a drink an hour - need about 1 hr 30 min to rid body of alcohol in one drink

7 Ch 15 p3 Q) ONLY TIME CAN REDUCE THE BODY'S BAC LEVEL AND THAT PERSON'S DEGREE OF IMPAIRMENT ll. Drugs - any substance that changes the way the body works A) Categories 1) Over the Counter Drugs - can affect driving unexpectedly (drowsiness or dizziness) 2) Prescription by doctor only 3) Depressants - slow down or depress the central nervous system; feel very relaxed, sleepy, difficulty using IPDE process, reflexes slow and coordination is clumsy a) alcohol b) barbiturates c) sleeping pills 4) Stimulates - speeds up the central nervous system; false sense of alertness and self-confidence a) amphetamines b) cocaine c) crack 5) Marijuana a) powerful mind-altering drug b) enters blood stream quickly and affects the brain and other parts of the central nervous system c) users become easily distracted d) impairment lasts a long time (judgment and coordination) 6) Hallucinogens -alters thinking, awareness, perception, vision a) LSD b) PCP ****When other drugs are combined with alcohol - the affects of both drugs are multiplied - could cause death. III. Laws and Alcohol A) LEGAL LIMIT FOR A PERSON 21 YEARS OF AGE -.08% B) LEGAL LIMIT FOR A PERSON UNDER 21 YEARS OF AGE 0% - ZERO C) All 50 states - legal drinking age is 21 (to buy or consume alcohol)

8 Ch 15 p4 1) IMPLIED CONSENT - ANYONE AWARDED A DRIVER'S LICENSE AUTOMATICALLY CONSENTS TO BE TESTED FOR BAC AND OTHER DRUGS IF ARRESTED ON SUSPICION OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS 2) Refuse to be tested license can be suspended 3) DWI - driving while intoxicated - BAC at or over the legal limit Affects braking, steering, and changing lanes 4) DUI - driving under the influence - BAC between.05 or higher D) Penalties 1) suspend or revoke drivers license (**most common) 2) pay a fine 3) prison term if kill someone E) Tests for intoxication 1) chemical testing blood, urine, or breath Intoxilyzer breath test machine used for determining BAC 2) Field Sobriety Tests - can be given when suspect a driver of DUI OR DWI - series of on-spot road side tests to detect impairment - used to determine divided attention impairment (inability to perform two task at once IV. Peer Pressure A) What is it? 1) influence of others of a similar age 2) can be positive - want to help or encourage someone to do right 3) can be negative - encourage someone to do something believe to be wrong or dangerous 4) people are confronted with negative peer pressure often find it difficult to say no without fear of hurting others B) Peer Education - process in which young people help other young people make decisions and determine goals C) Driver has the prime responsibility of not driving after drinking D) Anyone who serves alcohol is legally responsible in case someone is injured or killed as a result of actions of a drinking driver E) KEEPING A DRINKING PERSON FROM DRIVING IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERYONE!!! -If can't prevent it; refuse to ride with them

9 I. Having a Vehicle CHAPTER 16 - OWNING A VEHICLE A) Advantage - come and go on your own B) Disadvantage - maintenance, insurance, fuel expense, purchase price C) Students who own a vehicle 1) usually have to work lot of hours to pay expenses 2) reduces time for family and friends 3) less time to study (lower grades) 4) less time for social activities 5) reduces $ available to buy other things D) Responsibilities 1) Purchase Price - major expense of owning a car; $ owner is willing to accept for vehicle 2) Depreciation - value of vehicle drops steadily whether you use a lot or a little Newer vehicle - greater the depreciation 3) Other costs - fuel, oil, tires, repairs, replacement parts, tolls, parking fees, licensing, registration, insurance, taxes, loan interests - your costs of expenses depends on how many miles you drive, where you drive, and fuel mileage; can increase each year E) What type of Vehicle to Buy 1) Size - smaller vehicles often get higher mileage than larger vehicles 2) Engine Size - small engines in small vehicles - usually more economical 3) Automatic Transmission - nearly as fuel efficient as a manual Transmission F) Leasing responsible for payments, fuel, and other costs of vehicle only you don t own it end of lease- have options - return vehicle and lease another - purchase vehicle at cost determined at beginning of lease - return with no obligation to buy or lease another G) Buying a Used Vehicle 1) Cheaper 2) Private Owner - talk to them and learn about the vehicle; will seldom repair it or provide a warranty; verify odometer reading and condition of vehicle 3) Warranty - written guarantee that seller will repair vehicle for a stated

10 Ch 16 p2 period of time a) must be posted on window of vehicle b) specifies which parts are guaranteed c) time frame of warranty d) Blue Book Value - actual price of vehicle depending upon condition of vehicle 5) check used vehicle inside and outside, under hood * rust * doors * fluid spots *lights * brakes * belts, leaks from hoses * battery and cables * pedals - worn or new indicate high mileage * steering wheel- power steering; no play when engine is running * start engine - noises, oil and water leaks while running 6) Test Drive - before buying check * brakes * rattles - listen for * maneuverability in comers **** have a mechanic make a final check before buying**** 7) Repairs - add cost of repairs to total cost of vehicle Inexpensive Moderate Expensive * replace air filter * body damage *transmission * corroded battery cables * shock absorbers *clutch slips * belts * brakes *engine smokes * change oil and filter * radiator leak *heat/air repair * wiper blades * tires *large oil leaks * bulbs for lights ll. Insurance A) Financial Responsibility Law - prove that you can pay for damages cause that result in death, injury, or property damage. 1) Premium - specified amount of $ paid for coverage 2) Policy - written agreement or contract between you (policy holder) and the insurance company 3) Deductible- set amount of cost of damage to your vehicle as stated in policy B) Types of Insurance 1) Liability - most important - you are at fault a) bodily injury - protects driver who is at fault against claims to pay costs related to injuries to other people

11 Ch 16 p3 b) property damage - protects driver who is at fault against claims for damages to another person's property 2) No Fault - does not raise a question of who is at fault; company provides policy coverage up to s specified amount regardless of who is at fault. 3) Medical payments - pays medical costs for driver and passenger injured in a collision 4) Collision covers you if you are at fault 5) Comprehensive - pays for damage to your vehicle that is caused by something other than a collision 6) Uninsured Motorist - required in some states; covers medical expenses if you are injured by a hit-and-run driver or are in a collision with a driver who does not have insurance III. Rates A) Determined by amount paid out in claims 1) collision/violation record - driver with recent convictions for moving violations tend to have more collisions so pay higher liability insurance 2) Age of Driver - principal driver; who drives vehicle the most under 25 years of age pay higher premiums 3) miles driven 4) gender of driver - young males pay more 5) martial status 6) where you live 7) type of vehicle 8) drivers claim record B) Reduce Premiums 1) no claims or moving violations for 3 years 2) more than one vehicle insured 3) air bag; ABS; anti-theft device 4) completed driver education 5) "B" average C) Assigned Risk Insurance - minimum bodily injury and property liability coverage to high risk drivers for a higher cost

12 IV. Environment Ch 16 p4 A) CO2 - Carbon Dioxide - one of several gases in vehicle exhaust. - released in the atmosphere producing the green house effect - warms the earth B) Lead - released into the air; poisons the catalyst in car's catalytic converter which converts harmful exhaust into less harmful ones C) CFC - chlorinated fluorocarbons - wear away ozone layer if leaked into air D) How can we help - mass transportation (bus, trains) - car and van pools - alternative fueled vehicles

13 I. Parts of Vehicle CHAPTER 17 - MAINTAINING A VEHICLE A) Engine and Power Train 1) engine burns fuel to provide the power that moves the vehicle 2) power train(motor) - transmits power to the wheels 3) spark plugs - spark ignites air-fuel mixture in each combustion chamber or cylinder of internal combustion engine 4) rods and crankshaft - change the up-down motion of each piston into rotary motion which turns car's drive wheels 5) transmission - has gears that enable engine to deliver power to drive Wheels; lower gears- power; higher gears- speed 6) drive shaft - a long metal tube in rear-wheel drive cars that carries power from the transmission to differential in rear of car 7) differential - has gears which allow one rear wheel to turn faster than the other when turning a corner 8) ignition key - sends electric current from battery to electric starter that turns engine 9) alternator once the engine is running, generates electric current that recharges battery 10) battery - must be kept in good condition - electric equipment depend upon it; keep charged to avoid failure. a) fluid in battery is an acid; do touch eyes, skin, or clothing b) starting a dead battery - check voltage of battery before trying to jump battery 1) bring cars together 2) turn off engine 3) identify terminals 4) clamp positive jumper cable(+ or red) to positive terminal( + ) of dead battery 5) clamp other end of positive cable to positive terminal on good battery 6) clamp one end of negative cable (- or black) to negative terminal of good battery 7) clamp other end of negative cable to engine block of car with dead battery DO NOT CLAMP TO NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF DEAD BAITERY - COULD EXPLODE 8) start car with good battery 9) start car with dead battery

14 Ch 17 p2 10) remove cables in opposite direction that were put on 11) lights help you to see at night 12) lubrication - use oil and grease to reduce damage to moving parts from heat caused by friction; oil pump forces oil from oil pan in bottom of engine to the oil filter then thru lines to the moving parts and back to oil pan. - helps engine run smoothly - if drive mostly on short, local trips, or on dirt roads - may need to change oil and filter more often than recommended - if oil pressure light indicates low oil pressure while driving pullover to side of road, stop, shut off engine; do not drive car until oil pressure problem is corrected; - insufficient oil pressure will quickly and seriously damage engine 13) radiator - holds and cools the coolant; mixture of antifreeze and water - when systems temperature is below the best operating level, thermostat shuts off flow off coolant to radiator; - temperature raises to correct level, thermostat opens coolant flows to radiator and maintains stable temp - if temperature light indicates over-heating; it might be necessary to add coolant - never remove a cap from a hot radiator - hot fluid and steam can spurt out and burn you - antifreeze is used only in the cooling system; - be sure to put in the right area( not in windshield wiper fluid area) 14) fuel- exhaust system - fuel is pumped thru carburetor - catalytic converter reduces pollution from car's exhaust - ignoring defect in exhaust system creates noise and increases risk of carbon monoxide poisoning car's occupants - carbon monoxide is odorless, colorless, invisible gas that causes headaches, nausea, coma, and death - muffler reduces noise from combustion sounds in the engine II. Control systems A) Power steering uses a hydraulic pump and fluid to make steering easier

15 Ch 17 p3 Problems - play or excessive movement in the steering wheel - steering difficulty, even though tires properly inflated - shimmying, wobbling, shaking, or pulling to one side under normal driving conditions - squealing sounds when turning B) Brakes 1) master cylinder device in brake system from which brake fluid is forced to the wheel cylinders when a driver steps on the brake pedal 2) disk - fluid pressure presses pads against the sides of rotating disk inside the wheel 3) drum - fluid pressure forces brake shoes against hollow cylinder drum inside the wheel 4) each type of brake causes friction that slows down or stops the turning wheels 5) if leak develops in brake system -. fluid will not reach one part of wheels and brake warning light will come on - check system immediately and have it repaired - never drive a car with a faulty braking system regardless of distance 6) parking brake is a separate system - steel cable connects parking brake pedal or lever to separate brake assembly on rear wheels C) Tires pg 364 1) ply a layer of material under the tread that strengthens the tire and gives it shape 2) belted tires special layers added to a bias-ply tire for improved strength, performance, and mileage 3) radial tires - has plies that run straight across under tread and strengthening belts of steel or other materials that circle tire improved tread mileage, traction, fuel economy - never use radial tires with any other type of tire on same car because they do not react the same as bias or belted tires 4) proper inflation to yield maximum efficiency and true mileage - over inflated - center worn under-inflated - outside worn 5) replace tires should be the same size and type

16 III. Preventive Maintenance Ch 17 p4 Routine checks 1) care given to avoid trouble with car 2) check tires, windshields, windows 3) start engine - check all instruments, all warning lights should be off 4) check owners manual to find out what type of gas to put in vehicle 5) mechanics - find a reliable one 6) automobile diagnostic centers or clinics - test cars electronically to detect problems; Owner is given a report that lists all parts or systems that fail to work or meet acceptable standards IV. Ways to Save Fuel 1) control speed - higher speed means more fuel used Maximum fuel economy at speeds between ) moderate acceleration to desired speed 3) cut wind resistance above 45 mph be keeping windows closed 4) watch tires - properly inflated radial tires generally give the best gas mileage Calculate Gas Mileage 1 1) keep track of odometer reading 2) fill gas tank and record mileage 3) drive until tank is ½ full 4) refuel and record mileage and # of gallons put in 5) subtract 1 st reading from 2 nd 6) divide # of miles by # of gallons needed to refill tank 7) result mpg - miles per gallon Example: 1 st odometer reading nd odometer reading gallons to refill /9= miles per gallon

17 CHAPTER 18 - PLANNING A TRIP I. Plan Ahead A) Short Trips 1) to arrive safely and on time are 2 important results of planning ahead 2) short trips use fuel and shortens the life of the vehicle 3) when possible combine your short trips into one slightly longer trip 4) things to do before leaving a) leave on time b) listen to weather reports - local radio, TV stations - may need to change route c) choose best time to travel - avoid rush hour d) route selection - select shortest travel time and lowest # of hazards; reducing hazards is more important than saving time e) prepare vehicle - make routine checks of tires, lights, and controls f) know addresses - write them down; if miss a street do not make a last second turn or stop instead drive around the block and look again B) Long Trips 1) need a map of where you intend to go 2) Legend or chart that explains markings and symbols used on the map 3) Index - used to help find a city on the map a) note the letter and # that follow the city b) locate the letter on the edge of the map than the # c) draw an imaginary line up until they meet 4) 3 ways to use map to estimate distances a) map scale - usually 1" = 30 miles b) mile chart - list distances between cities c) colored symbols - colored #'s indicate distances between cities, towns, or pts of interest d) black #'s distance between major intersections 5) Internet planning provides step-by-step directions and maps 6) GPS global positioning systems; input destination and receive realtime directions based on the vehicles actual location at any pt in time C) Vehicle Preparation 1) vehicle check ups - service car 2 wks prior to trip 2) brake system all parts are in good working order

18 Ch 18 p2 3) exhaust system no leaks in the system 4) steering system wheels aligned, tires properly inflated and good tread, check spare tire 5) engine system all fluids, belts, and hoses need to be ready for heavy use, engine tuned, air conditioning coolant checked D) Special equipment * fire extinguisher(a-b-c) * flashlight * spare fuses * first aid kit * jumper cables *cell phone *spare fuses *flares/reflectors * basic tools (wrench, pliers, screwdriver) E) Winter equipment * tire chains/snow tires * blankets * extra clothing *sleeping bags *window scrapper *shovel *tow line *sand for extra traction *high-energy food such as granola bars, nuts, and dried fruit F) Personal preparation * coins * spare keys * map/atlas/travel guide * telephone #'s * necessary medications * light timers for your home * traveler s checks, credit cards, phone cards * let a neighbor know when you are leaving and returning G) Vehicle Loading 1) weight affects how car handles 2) heavier load will make it harder to handle in emergency or high cross winds.. 3) Do not exceed highest load tires can carry 4) heaviest objects on bottom of trunk 5) do not place objects in rear window H) Navigation 1) following a route by reading a map 2) never try to read a map while driving 3) plan ahead - ask navigator to tell you in advance of directions 4) stay alert.., take breaks every 2 hours 5) refreshments - avoid foods with salt or sugar make you thirsty and jittery; eat light if possible 6) keep fresh air circulating in the vehicle at all times 7) concentration - read signs aloud and watch mile markers to check

19 accuracy of odometer 8) drive with headlights on I) Rental Vehicles 1) what size and type 2) how long do you need it 3) round-trip or one way 4) how will you handle insurance? Ch 18 p3 III. Special Vehicles A) Large Vehicles 1) handle differently than a car 2) visibility is different than a car - see farther ahead 3) more blind spots 4) cross-winds make vehicle react different 5) 4 second following distance 6) need more room to maneuver 7) double the time needed to accelerate and brake 8) avoid backing whenever possible B) Trailer 1) place heavy items low over trailers axle and evenly distribute them left to right 2) 10% of trailers weight is on tongue where it hooks to your trailer hitch 3) secure load with ropes or tie downs C) Towing 1) twice as long to pass, stop, accelerate, and turn 2) 4 second following distance 3) do not speed 4) starts to fish-tail '- steer toward center of lane and gradually slow down 5) check load for shifting 6) Backing up - to left - turn wheels clockwise - to right - turn wheels counter-clockwise