FOREWORD. Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries. iii

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1 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries iii 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Asian Development Bank 1999 This impression (lowest digit) First published 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in wrtiting of the Asian Development Bank. This book was prepared by the staff of the Asian Development Bank, and the analyses and assessment contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Directors or the governments that they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence for their use. The term "country" does not imply any judgement by the Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. Published for the Asian Development Bank by Oxford University Press British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available FOREWORD The Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 1999 (Key Indicators) is the 30 th in a series of annual statistical publication of the Asian Development Bank. It provides historical and current economic, financial and social statistics on the Bank s 38 developing member countries (DMCs). The Key Indicators contains two parts: (1) the regional tables, where selected social, economic and financial indicators are compared across DMCs and (2) the country tables, where annual population, economic and financial statistics of each DMC are presented. Documentation of sources used for the country tables is provided at the end of Part 2. The country tables will also be available in the Bank s website ( under the economic and social statistics topic. Users may also access the website through the EDSD Homepage: The 1999 Key Indicators was prepared by the Statistics and Data Systems Division (EDSD) of the Bank s Economics and Development Resource Center under the overall direction of Isidoro P. David, Assistant Chief Economist. Data compilation and processing were undertaken by Statistics Analysts Belen Villaflor, Fernanda Fernandez, Adelina Nenette Mendoza, Gina Marie Umali, Barbara Carreon, Modesta de Castro, Marcus Antonius Ynalvez, and Concepcion Cecilia Javier, under the supervision of Bishnu Dev Pant, Sr. Statistician and Abuzar Asra, Dalisay Maligalig and Biswanath Bhattacharyay, Statisticians. We acknowledge the cooperation of DMC governments and international agencies that shared their data with us. A special word of thanks is due to the Bank s Printing Section for providing typesetting and printing services. Jungsoo Lee Chief Economist Economics and Development Resource Center Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data available ISBN ISSN Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by Oxford University Press (China) Ltd. 18th Floor Warwick House East, Taikoo Place, 979 King's Road, Quarry Bay Hong Kong

2 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries v CONTENTS Acknowledgements... Introduction Notes... vii x PART 1 REGIONAL TABLES 1 Population Demographic Indicators Population by Age Group Urban Population Indicators Economically Active Population by Gender and Industry Poverty and Inequality Indicators Education Indicators Health Indicators Environment Indicators Land Use Total and Per Capita GNP Growth Rates of GDP and Major Sectors Sectoral Share of GDP Expenditure Shares in GDP Domestic Saving, Capital Formation and Resource Gap Cereal Production Paddy Production Maize Production Coconut Production Yield of Paddy and Maize Energy Indicators Electricity Indicators Prices of Selected Primary Commodities Consumer Price Index Changes in Money Supply Government Finance Indicators Merchandise Exports, fob Merchandise Imports, cif Direction of Trade Merchandise Exports Direction of Trade Merchandise Imports Terms of Trade Foreign Trade Indicators Foreign Director Investment International Reserves and Ratio to Imports Total External Debt and Debt Service Payments Debt Indicators Aggregate Net Resource Flows from All Sources to DMCs Official Flows from All Sources to DMCs Net Private Flows from All Sources to DMCs Borrowing of DMCs in International Capital Markets... 51

3 vi Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries vii PART 2 COUNTRY TABLES Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China, People s Republic of Cook Islands Fiji Islands, Republic of Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Kazakhstan Kiribati Korea, Republic of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People s Democratic Republic Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands Micronesia, Federated States of Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Taipei,China Tajikistan Thailand Tonga Tuvalu Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam SOURCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to our statistical contacts in the following agencies of the DMCs for their continued cooperation and support in updating and revising the country tables. Afghanistan Central Statistics Office Ministry of Planning Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bangladesh Bank Bhutan Central Statistical Organization Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Cambodia National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning; National Bank of Cambodia China, People s Republic of State Statistical Bureau People s Bank of China Cook Islands Statistics Office Fiji Islands, Republic of Bureau of Statistics Hong Kong, China Census and Statistics Department India Central Statistical Organization, Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Program Implementation Reserve Bank of India Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics Bank Indonesia Kazakhstan State Committee on Statistics and Analysis Kiribati Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Korea, Republic of National Statistical Office Bank of Korea Kyrgyz Republic National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic Lao People s Democratic Republic National Statistical Centre Bank of the Lao PDR Malaysia Department of Statistics Ministry of Finance Bank Negara Malaysia

4 viii Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries ix Maldives Ministry of Planning, Human Resources and Environment Maldives Monetary Authority Marshall Islands Office of Planning and Statistics Micronesia, Federates States of Office of Planning and Statistics Mongolia State Statistical Office Mongol Bank Myanmar Central Statistical Organization Foreign Economic Relations Department, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development Nauru Bureau of Statistics Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance Nepal Rastra Bank Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs Papua New Guinea National Statistical Office Bank of Papua New Guinea Philippines National Statistical Coordination Board Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Department of Budget and Management Thailand National Accounts Division, National Economic and Social Development Board National Statistics Office Bank of Thailand Tonga Statistics Department Ministry of Finance National Reserve Bank of Tonga Tuvalu Statistics Section, Foreign Affairs and Planning Division Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning Uzbekistan State Committee on Forecasting and Statistics Department for Coordination of External Economic Activity Vanuatu Statistics Office Central Bank of Vanuatu Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of General Statistical Office State Bank of Viet Nam For this issue, the assistance of colleagues in the following intergovernmental agencies is also gratefully acknowledged: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics Division, International Monetray Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Pacific Commission (SPC), UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), UN International Labour Office (ILO), UN Statistical Division (UNSD), and the World Bank (WB). Samoa Department of Statistics Central Bank of Samoa Ministry of Finance Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore Trade Development Board Economic Development Board Solomon Islands Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Central Bank of Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics Central Bank of Sri Lanka Taipei, China Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Central Bank of China Department of Statistics Ministry of Finance Tajikistan State Statistical Ageny

5 x Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries xi INTRODUCTORY NOTES Concepts, Definitions and Estimation Methodology The data series are compiled from two major sources, namely, the developing member countries (DMCs) of ADB and international statistics agencies. The data obtained from the DMCs are comparable to the extent that the individual countries follow the standard statistical concepts, definitions and estimation methods recommended by the United Nations and other applicable international agencies. However, countries invariably develop and apply their own concepts, definitions and estimation methodology to suit their individual conditions and these may not necessarily conform with the recommended international standards. Hence, although attempts are made to present the data in comparable and uniform format, they are subject to variations in the statistical methods used by individual countries. These variations are shown in the footnotes of the country tables. General Guidelines The cut-off date for the data to be included in this issue was 25 May Sixteen countries have varying fiscal years not corresponding to the calendar year. Whenever the statistical series, e.g. national accounts or government finance, are compiled by fiscal year, these are presented under single year captions corresponding to the period in which most of the fiscal year falls, as follows: Country Fiscal Year Year Caption Afghanistan 21 March 1998 to 20 March Cook Islands (before 1990) 1 April 1989 to 31 March Cook Islands (after 1990) 1 July 1996 to 30 June Key Symbols Data not available at cut-off date Magnitude equals zero 0 or 0.0 Magnitude is less than half of unit employed * Provisional/Preliminary/Estimates/Budget figures I Marked break in series Measurement Units bbl barrel bn billion c cent cu m cubic meter ha hectare kg kilogram kgoe kilogram of equivalent km kilometer kwh kilowatt-hour lb pound m meter mn million m t metric ton pc piece sq m square meter 000 thousand toe ton of equivalent Abbreviations and Acronyms Hong Kong, China India 1 April 1998 to 31 March Indonesia Myanmar Singapore Bangladesh Bhutan Pakistan 1 July 1997 to 30 June Samoa Taipei,China Tonga Nepal 16 July 1997 to 15 July Lao PDR Marshall Islands 1 October 1997 to 30 September Micronesia, Fed. States of ADB cif DAC DMC ERBOP ESCAP FAO fc fob GDI GDP GDS GNP IEA ILO IMF LDC LT mp NCDS NMP ODA OECD OPEC SDRs SITC Asian Development Bank cost, insurance and freight Development Assistance Committee Developing Member Country of the ADB Economic Review and Bank Operations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture Organization factor cost free on board Gross Domestic Investment Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Saving Gross National Product International Energy Agency International Labour Office International Monetary Fund Least Developed Country long term market prices National Centre for Development Studies Net Material Product Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Special Drawing Rights Standard International Trade Classification

6 xii Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries vii UN UNCTAD UNDP UNEP UNESCO WB WRI United Nations UN Conference on Trade and Development UN Development Programme UN Environment Programme UN Educational, Sceintific and Cultural Organization World Bank World Resources Institute Publications Notes ADB, GIDAPC Gender Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries ESCAP, APF Asia-Pacific in Figures SIAP Statistical Indicators for Asia and the Pacific SYAP Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific FAO, PY Production Yearbook ILO, YLS Yearbook of Labor Statistics IMF, BOPS Balance of Payments Statistics DOTS Direction of Trade Statistics GFS Government Finance Statistics IFS International Financial Statistics NCDS, SPESD South Pacific Economic and Social Database OECD, EDS External Debt Statistics FEDDC Financing and External Debt of Developing Countries FSM Financial Statistics Monthly GDFFAR Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients UN, CSISW Compendium of Statistics and Indicators on the Situation of Women ESY Energy Statistics Yearbook MBS Monthly Bulletin of Statistics SY Statistical Yearbook WES Yearbook of World Energy Statistics WISTAT Women s Indicators and Statistics Database WPP World Population Prospects UNCTAD, HITDS Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics UNDP, HDR Human Development Report UNESCO, SY Statistical Yearbook WER World Education Report WB, GDF Global Development Finance PPMC Price Prospects for Major Commodities SID Social Indicators of Development WDR World Development Report WDR World Debt Tables WT World Tables 1. Data on GDP estimates converted through purchasing power parities (PPP) under the International Comparison Program (ICP) coordinated by the United Nations are not shown in this publication, mainly because of the lack of continuous series and more current data for many of the Bank s developing member countries. 2. Data on Direction of Trade contained in country tables are based on data shown in the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) yearbooks and tapes of the IMF, which in turn are reported by the respective countries. However, such data may not be fully consistent with those reported by their trading partners. 3. Data on Germany in the Direction of Trade refer to those of the former Federal Republic of Germany through June As from July 1990, data cover the area of united Germany.

7 54 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 55 Bangladesh 001 POPULATION a million; as of 1 July * LABOR FORCE b million; fiscal year ending 30 June Employed Agriculture Manufacturing Mining Others Unemployed c Unemployment rate, % NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Bn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June At Current Market Prices 010 GDP by Industrial Origin Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water Construction Trade Transport and communications Finance Public administration Others Net factor income from abroad GNP Expenditure on GDP Private consumption Government consumption Gross fixed capital formation Increase in stocks Exports of goods and services Less: Imports of goods and services Statistical discrepancy At Constant 1984/85 I 1989/90 Prices 031 GDP by Industrial Origin I Agriculture I Mining I Manufacturing I Electricity, gas and water I Construction I Trade I Transport and communications I Finance I Public administration I Others I Net factor income from abroad I GNP I Expenditure on GDP I Private consumption Government consumption Gross fixed capital formation Increase in stocks Exports of goods and services Less: Imports of goods and services Statistical discrepancy Investment Financing, at current prices 052 Gross domestic capital formation Gross national saving Gross domestic saving Net factor income from abroad

8 56 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 57 Bangladesh 056 Foreign saving Net transfer from abroad Net borrowing from abroad At Current Market Prices, Taka 059 Per capita GDP Per capita GNP PRODUCTION thousand metric tons; fiscal year ending 30 June Agriculture, crop year Rice Sugarcane Jute Pulses Oilseeds Condiments and spices, m.t Tobacco Tea Mining Limestone China clay Manufacturing Fertilizer, compound Cement Sugar Jute goods Soyabean oil Steel ingot Cotton yarn Paper Production Indexes period averages 079 Agriculture, = Mining, 1973/74 l 1981/82 I I I /89 = 100 d 081 Manufacturing, 1973/74 l I I /82 I 1988/89 = 100 d ENERGY annual values Crude petroleum, 000 m.t. 082 Production Imports Consumption Coal, 000 m.t. 085 Imports Consumption Natural gas, terajoules 087 Production Consumption Electricity, Mn kwh 089 Production Consumption PRICE INDEXES period averages 091 Consumer (national), 1985/86 = Food Non-food Wholesale, 1969/70 = 100 e I Implicit GDP deflator, 1984/85 I /90 = 100

9 58 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 59 Bangladesh MONEY AND BANKING Mn Taka; as of end of period 096 Money supply (M1) Currency in circulation Demand deposits Quasi-money Money supply (M2) Foreign assets (net) Domestic credit Claims on gov t. sector (net) Claims on private sector Claims on other financial insts Other items Deposit Money Banks 107 Demand deposits Time deposits Domestic credits outstanding f Interest Rates per cent; period averages On deposits 110 Savings g Time: 6 months months On loans and discounts 113 Export credit GOVERNMENT FINANCE Mn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June Central Government 114 Current revenue Taxes Non-taxes Current expenditure Current surplus/deficit Capital receipts Capital expenditure Capital account surplus/deficit Net lending Overall surplus/deficit Financing 124 Domestic borrowing Foreign borrowing Foreign grants Use of cash balances Expenditure by Function, Central Gov t. 128 Total h General public services Defence Education Health Social security and welfare Housing and community amenities Economic services Agriculture Industry Electricity, gas and water Transport and communications Other economic services Others EXTERNAL TRADE Mn Taka; fiscal year ending 30 June 142 Exports, fob Imports, cif Trade balance

10 60 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 61 Bangladesh Exports, by SITC section i 145 Food and live animals Beverage and tobacco Crude materials excl. fuels Mineral fuels, etc Animal, vegetable oil and fats Chemicals Basic manufactures Machines, transport equipment Misc. manufactured goods Unclassified goods Exports, by principal commodity Jute manufactures Fish Leather Raw jute and mesta Tea Imports, by SITC section i 160 Food and live animals Beverage and tobacco Crude materials excl. fuels Mineral fuels, etc Animal, vegetable oil and fats Chemicals Basic manufactures Machines, transport equipment Misc. manufactured goods Unclassified goods Direction of Trade Mn US dollars; calendar year 170 Exports, Total United States United Kingdom Germany France Italy Belgium-Luxembourg Netherlands Japan Hong Kong, China Canada Imports, Total India Japan China, People s Republic of Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of Singapore United States Germany United Kingdom Pakistan Trade Indexes d 1976/77 I 1979/80 = 100 period averages Unit value index 192 Exports I Imports I Terms of trade I

11 62 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 63 Bangladesh BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Mn US dollars; fiscal year ending 30 June 195 Merchandise exports, fob Merchandise Imports, fob Trade balance Other goods, services and income Credit Debit Unrequited transfers Private Official Current balance Direct investment Portfolio investment Other long-term capital Other short-term capital Net errors and omissions Overall balance Allocation of SDRs Monetary movements j INTERNATIONAL RESERVES Mn US dollars; as of end of period 213 Total Gold, national valuation Foreign exchange Reserve position in the Fund SDRs EXCHANGE RATES Taka per US dollar 218 End of period Average of period EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS Mn US dollars; as of end of year 220 Total outstanding and disbursed Long-term Public and publicly guaranteed Private non-guaranteed Short-term Use of IMF credit Debt service transactions during the year 226 Principal repayments on LT debt Interest on long-term debt Interest on short-term debt Average terms of new commitments 229 Interest (%) Maturity (years) Grace period (years) Grant element (%) Footnotes: a Mid-year estimates based on the 1974, 1981 and 1991 census of population figures and 1995 Vital Registration System estimate.. b Data for 1989 are on a calendar year basis. c Includes underemployed for d Period averages of fiscal year. e For agricultural and industrial products. f Refers to total advances and investment of deposit money banks. g h i j Refers to savings accounts without chequeing facilities. Refers to current and development expenditures data are estimates based on country data totals and ESCAP data by SITC in US dollars. Refers to total change in reserves and related items.

12 64 Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries 65 Bhutan 001 POPULATION a million; as of 1 July NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Mn Ngultrum; calendar year At Current Factor Cost 002 GDP by Industrial Origin * Agriculture * Mining * Manufacturing * Electricity, gas and water * Construction * Trade * Transport and communications * Finance * Public administration b * Others Less: Imputed bank service charges * Indirect taxes less subsidies * GDP at current market prices * Net factor income from abroad * GNP at current market prices * 017 At Current Market Prices 018 Expenditure on GDP * Private consumption * Government consumption * Gross fixed capital formation * Increase in stocks Exports of goods and services * Less: Imports of goods and services * Statistical discrepancy * 025 At Constant 1980 Factor Cost 026 GDP by Industrial Origin * Agriculture * Mining * Manufacturing * Electricity, gas and water * Construction * Trade * Transport and communications * Finance * Public administration b * Others Less: Imputed bank service charges * Indirect taxes less subsidies * GDP at 1980 market prices * Net factor income from abroad GNP at 1980 market prices Investment Financing, at current prices 042 Gross domestic capital formation * Gross national saving * Gross domestic saving c * Net factor income from abroad * Foreign saving d Net transfer from abroad Net borrowing from abroad At Current Market Prices, Ngultrum e 049 Per capita GDP * Per capita GNP * 050