Overview of Smart Grid

Transcription

1 Overview of Smart Grid Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad Informatik 7 Rechnernetze und Kommunikationssysteme

2 The EU climate and energy package The " " targets are three key objectives for 2020: A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%; A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 1

3 Source: NASA 2

4 Source: Wikipedia 3

5 Situation in Germany Source: BDEW Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 4

6 5

7 Shares of energy sources to the electricity in Bavaria (2011) Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 6

8 Structure of the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation in Bavaria (2011) Source: bayerische landesamt für statistik und datenverarbeitung Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 7

9 substantial amount of Renewable Energy Is that good? Do we have problems? Solutions? Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 8

10 What is Smart grid? Definition A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity [Wikipedia] Short Answer: Smart Grid = ICT + Power Grid Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 9

11 Utility Company Smart Grid Integration of DER Two-Way Data Flow PV/T Controller Data/ Control E-Mobility Smart meter Electricity demand Two-Way Power Flow Battery µchp Boiler Heat storage Heat demand 10

12 Why Smart Meters? What are they good for? Customer: transparent, adjust power usage Internet/ Network Operator: adapt system parameters, detect outage Provider: billing, dynamic rate Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 11

13 Who can benefit from Smart grid? System operators Normal user (e.g., Household) The system In some cases we have a win-win situation Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 12

14 The Smart Grid will exploit: Distributed computing Real-time communication The Smart Grid will involve: Smart meters Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) Higher band width capability data communication network The Smart Grid will enhance: Monitoring Control Protection Optimization of interconnected elements operation. Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 13

15 Source: Die Welt 14

16 Application: Demand Side Management Shift some load from high demand periods to low demand periods Economical Reasons Technical Reasons Demand Time Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 15

17 Economical Reasons Different costs of different energy sources To cover a load start with the cheapest one. Avoid expensive energy sources Merit-Order Demand Time Electricity Price /MWh Demand Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 16

18 Energy Costs Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 17

19 Day-ahead price Day-ahead electricity prices are calculated for each hour of the day-ahead on the basis of demand and supply Demand Electricity Price /kwh Time Time Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 18

20 Day-ahead price Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 19

21 Day Ahead Electricity Price from European Energy Exchange AG In Leipzig Best time to charge a battery? 20

22 Day Ahead Electricity Price from European Energy Exchange AG In Leipzig Negative Price! 21

23 Load MW Load MW Example (Losses) Compute Energy Losses 3 Phase 3 Phase 33 kv Load j10 Ω Load Shifting Load MW(P) I=P/( 3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I 2 R Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

24 Load MW Load MW Example (Energy Loss) Compute Energy Loss in the Transmission Line 33 kv Load j10 Ω Load Shifting Loss/Line=8* *6.13+4*24.5 Loss/Line=8* *6.13+4*13.7 =183.8 kwh Loss=3*183.8 kwh 8=156.3 kwh Loss=3*156.3 kwh Load MW(P) I=P/( 3*33*1000) Losses(kW)=I 2 R Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad Savings 3* *156.3 =82.5 kwh

25 Load MW Load MW Example (Costs) Compute Energy Costs 33 kv Load j10 Ω Load Shifting Time Cost (Euro/MWh) Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad

26 Load MW Load MW Example (Costs) Compute Energy Costs 33 kv Load j10 Ω Load Shifting Cost=1*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4 *40+2*2*50+4*4*50=1800 Euro Time Cost (Euro/MWh) Cost=1.5*8*20+2*2*20+2*4*30+2*4 *40+2*2*50+4*3*50=1680 Euro Saving = =120 Euro Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 25

27 How could be implemented? Two-Way Data Flow Smart meter Controller PV/T Two-Way Power Flow Battery Electricity demand µchp Boiler Heat storage Heat demand When should I buy electricity? I know, when it is cheap, but cheap is relative, is 20cent /kwh cheap? Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 26

28 Problem: profit maximization Example Time Production(kW) Demand(kW) Battery(kWh) How much energy should be sold/bought How much energy should be charged/discharged The answer depends on many factors Current price and price in the future Current demand and demand in the future Current production and production in the future Current battery level Charging and discharging efficiency We have also several constraints The capacity of the battery Maximum charging/discharging power to/from the battery Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 27

29 Power Management System Technical Data Day ahead price Production forecast Load forecast Elastic Load Controller Amount of power to export Amount of power to import Amount of power to store Amount of power to retrieve Allocate the elastic load The controller solves an optimization problem to find the best Dr.-Ing. strategy Abdalkarim Awad to be followed to maximize the profit 28

30 Example2 Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control: Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 29

31 Example2 Self-Healing: Automated Decentralized Control: Got damaged How to restore the energy in the disconnected part? Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 30

32 Example2 Self-Healing-Automated Decentralized Control: Got damaged Several solutions 1- SW8 on 2- SW6 on 3-SW6 on SW2 on SW4 off 4-SW10 on SW9 off SW6 on... Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 31

33 The multidisciplinary world of smart grids Control Energy Market Data Management Power Grid Smart Grid Communication AI Optimization Security and Privacy Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 32

34 Contents Overview Basics of Power Systems Applications Communications Technologies Renewable Energy Demand Side Management Standards & Interoperability E-Mobility Monitoring and Control Privacy and Security Market Mechanisms Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 33

35 Basics of Power Systems Loads and Generation Power factor 3phase Per unit Economic Dispatch Optimal Power Flow Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 34

36 Smart Grid Applications Volt and var control (VVC) Fault detection, isolation and restoration (FDIR) Demand response (DR) management Distributed energy Resources (DER) integration and management Wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPC) Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 35

37 Communications Technologies Network architecture Home Area Networks, Neighborhood Area Networks, Wide Area Networks Wireless Communication ZigBee, WSN, 6LoWPAN, WiFi, WiMAX, Mobile Communication (GPRS, UMTS, LTE), Satellite Wired Communication Power Line Communication (PLC), DSL, Ethernet, Fiber,... Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 36

38 Renewable & DER Integration Importance Types Construction Contribution (size) Cost and challenges Energy Storage Feed-in Tariff + AP Goals and challenges (In Germany) - + Module1 Module2 Module3 Module4 SP - Module1 Module2 Module3 Module4 Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 37

39 Demand Side Management (DSM) Direct and Indirect DSM Autonomous DSM Optimal operation Price prediction Managing user side Storage and Generation Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 38

40 E-mobility (Electric Vehicles) Electric vehicle network Batteries Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Challenges Importance Generation 33% Trans. 94% Plug-to-Wheels 76% 31% = 23% Refining 82% Trans. 98% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 80% Source: Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 39 = 13%

41 Monitoring & Control Sensors (number, location, data) Optimal operation Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) SCADA Requirements Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 40

42 Standards & Interoperability IEEE Standards For Example IEEE C IEC Standards For example IEC Distribution Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 41

43 Security & Privacy Importance Challenges IEC Security IEEE 1686 Cyber Security Capabilities Air Condition (AC) EV charging Signal Refrigerator Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 42

44 Market Mechanisms Day-ahead Price Risk Management Forecast Merit Order Situation in Deutschland (EEX Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 43

45 Week Lectures Tentative Schedule Exercises Overview of Smart Grid No exercises Basics of Power Systems1 Power Systems Basics of Power Systems2 Power Systems Simulation Applications Power Systems Simulation Standards & Interoperability Optimization and Applications Demand Side Management Lab work Communications Technologies -1 Demand Response (Profit maximization) Communications Technologies -2 TCP and UDP socket Programming Communications Technologies -3 IEEE C Communications Technologies -4 Lab work Closed Closed Privacy and Security Lab work Renewable Energy sources Encryption and decryption E-Mobility Lab work

46 Literature Literatur [1] L. T. Berger, K. Iniewski, Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, Wiley, [2] J. Ekanayake, K. Liyanage, J. Wu, A. Yokoyama, N. Jenkins, Smart Grid Technology and Applications, Wiley, 2012 [3] Integration der erneuerbaren Energien in den deutsch-europäischen Strommarkt (Integration EE), Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena), 2012 [4] Untersuchungen zu einem zukunftsfähigen Strommarktdesign, Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universität zu Köln (ewi), Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 45

47 Literature [5] M. D. Galus, R. A. Waraich, F. Noembrini, K. Steurs, G. Georges, K. Boulouchos, K. W. Axhausen, and G. Andersson, Integrating Power Systems, Transport Systems and Vehicle Technology for Electric Mobility Impact Assessment and Efficient Control, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 2, JUNE [6] J. Lassila, J. Haakana, V. Tikka, and J. Partanen, Methodology to Analyze the Economic Effects of Electric Cars as Energy Storages, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 46

48 Journals and conferences IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy IEEE Smartgridcomm. Dr.-Ing. Abdalkarim Awad 47