CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID SYSTEM AND THESIS ORANIZATION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID SYSTEM AND THESIS ORANIZATION Over a century of years ago, the power system has been developed into one of the predominantly complicated network viewed in human history. Due to the mounting of consumption demand, the modern electrical power grids are now increasing into a huge structure with various interconnected regional grids, owned and operated by Power Corporation at every height and hierarchy. Due to dense attention, management and operation among various power companies periodically complex the cross-region transmission work and more time results in poor coordination and inefficient power delivery. So the conventional power grid in today s world is facing some upcoming challenges. As the demand and category of consumption increases, various types of modern technologies are introduced in power system, like the electric component charging system, distributed renewable energy generation, smart meters etc, that all work towards the complication of modern power delivery. The day to day increasing dependence on electricity and growing need for power quality have been regularly asking for better power delivery, faster power restoration and more flexible pricing among others. The challenge generated, motivated the society and industries to develop a better power system that conclude more intelligent and automatic operations, informatics [20]. This new generation is called Smart grid that modernize the conventional grid and raise its flexibility, efficiency and reliability.[35] The aim of this research is to develop a methodology, which can assist the distribution companies of the Power system and consumers. The objective is to construct smart grid tool that attains the growing necessity of the power in intellectual manner and report by improving power utilization. In this research, the Shapley theorem has been extended to compute and analyze the usage of the electricity to benefit utilities and consumers 1

2 For this different slaps of pricing is done, after the combined decision of utilities and customers. Based on that slabs and Smart Grid Monitoring Model (SGMoM), the billing amount is being calculated. This can to help the utilities to get their due and provide incentive / surcharge to consumer based on actual consumption using SGMoM. This will also help in reducing surcharge levied on consumers based on actual consumption using those values. The research is based on the optimization of energy usage at the distribution end using SGMoM. The model facilitates method that can improve the distribution end of the Smart Grid. This will extend and enhance the bidirectional communication between Utility and consumers to bring in more informed decisions. The main aim is to encourage consumers to minimize the usage, i.e. within the limit specified after agreement between utility and consumers. 1.1 CONVENTIONAL POWER GRID Conventional power grid constitutes of various operation like generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Generation includes generation of power using renewable sources (like wind, water) as well as from non-renewable sources (coal). Once the power is generated, it is send to substation in the power plant. From substations, it is sent to the power grid from where it is then transmitted to different cities. The ancient power system mainly focuses to generate, transmit and distribute energy with the quality to support demand and other motive was to make business as effective as possible. As the supply and demand for electricity has shoot up abruptly. There has been no significant investment in the transmission and distribution infrastructure. Concept of Grid: Power Grid is a Network of power lines, transformers, and associated equipment employed in distributing electricity over a geographical area. In other words it can be defined as an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers. 2

3 Power stations are generally located near fuel sources like dam site. but the power produced is not transmitted as it is. This is stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to the electric power transmission network (Grid). The structure of a grid can vary depending on the constraints of budget, requirements for system reliability, and the load and generation characteristics. Distribution networks are divided into two types, radial or network. The cheapest and simplest topology for a distribution or transmission grid is a radial structure. This is a tree shape where power from a large supply radiates out into progressively lower voltage lines until the destination homes and businesses are reached. Most transmission grids offer the reliability that more complex mesh networks provide. The expense of mesh topologies restricts their application to transmission and medium voltage distribution grids. A substation receives its power from the transmission network, the power is stepped down with a transformer and sent to a bus from which feeders fan out in all directions across the countryside. These feeders carry three-phase power, and tend to follow the major streets near the substation. Electric utilities across regions are many times interconnected for improved economy and reliability. Interconnections allow for economies of scale, allowing energy to be purchased from large, efficient sources. Utilities can draw power from generator reserves from a different region in order to ensure continuing, reliable power and diversify their loads. Interconnection also allows regions to have access to cheap bulk energy by receiving power from different sources. For example, one region may be producing cheap hydropower during high water seasons, but in low water seasons, another area may be producing cheaper power through wind, allowing both regions to access cheaper energy sources from one another during different times of the year. Neighboring utilities also help others to maintain the overall system frequency and help manage tie transfers between utility regions. 3

4 FIGURE 1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONVENTIONAL POWER GRID Primary task performed in conventional power grid is consisting of three major parts: Generating plant for electric power. Transmission of the electric power. Distribution of the electric power Generating plant for electric power: Mostly electric power generating plants are located near the source of power generation like dams, coal mines, etc. Some of the sources for Power Generation are : Coal Gas Hydro-Electric Wind Power Geo thermal Solar Nuclear fission Petroleum 4

5 Transmission of the electric power: Once the power is generated from the generator, it is send to the substation in the power plant where they step up the voltage by using the step-up transformers for transmission purposes. As the voltage is stepped up, it reduces the transmission losses. It is then sent to the power grid from where it is then transmitted to different cities. All the power generated in different places by different methods is stepped up and sent to a common place called the grid. Distribution of Electric Power: The electric power grid connects different parts of the country. And the grid distributes the power to the different parts of the country or state through the transmission lines or network connecting different cities. Outside the city, the transmitted power from the grid is stepped down in voltage to by a step-down autotransformer and it is distributed to the users. Major challenges for power grid are to align their decisions on the operation of network, its maintenance and customer service with the ultimate goal of the electricity industry. This includes the transition of centralized generation and unidirectional flow of power to decentralization and multidirectional flows. 1.2 SMART GRID Smart Grid is a technology used by modern electric grid for computer based control and automation. The main aim is to improve the reliability, sustainability, efficiency and economics of the transmission as well as distribution system. Smart Grid uses both analog and digital information to manage the production, transmission and distribution of power. [6] The grid refers to networks that are used to carry power from the plant where it is produced to its consumers. Smart grid refers to computerizing the power utility grid i.e. Smart Grid is automation technology that permits the utilities to adjust and control all devices from central location along with the consumers to participate in that by adjusting their consumption. 5

6 The move to a Smart Grid promises to bring out change in entire business model of power industries and their relationships with all stakeholders, utilities, regulatory and consumers. It allows bidirectional communication between utilities and customers, which is the major addition of intelligence from conventional grid to smart grid. Smart Grid will extend and enhance the existing features with intelligent electronic devices (IDE), which can provide more detailed information along with bidirectional communication. This enhanced communication will act as a gateway that can help both utilities and customers to participate and come out with more informed decisions. This will extend the functionality of the monitoring system, which enable utilities to improve the reliability and stability of the grid and provide customers the means to monitor and manage their own consumption. For implementing, key elements to focus are: network monitoring, billing and bidirectional response. FIGURE 2 BASIC STRUCTURE OF SMART GRID The two-way digital communication and plug and play capabilities of Smart Grid helps in minimizing the human interventions, which in turn results in drastic saving of power. Advanced metering infrastructure is an approach to encourage consumers to take part in power distribution. It enables customer friendly concepts. [9] 6

7 An automated distributed energy delivery network of Smart Grid will be able to monitor the entire process. It will be comprises of distributed computing and communications to deliver real time information and enable to automate balance of supply and demand at device level. Though Nation s transportation sector emits very high percentage of carbon dioxide, yet the generation of power emits carbon dioxide much more than this percentage. Smart Grid deployment will be key tool in treating this challenge of reducing greenhouse gases and other pollutant. Smart Grid assists the utilities in minimizing this in following ways: Energy Efficiency: On consumption side, consumers will be capable of exercising usage control, which will result in tremendous increase in consumer side efficiency. Avoidance of new construction: Increase in assets optimization allow utilities to defer new generation investment. The ability to manage existing load efficiently minimizes the need to build new infrastructure. Integration of renewable energy resources: Smart Grid technologies help in integrating renewable resources into the grid. It delineates the systematic approach that is required to address both technical and non-technical issues associated with the implementation of Smart Grid for renewable resources. From above all discussion about smart grid,,it is known as an intelligent grid [3]: 7

8 Demand side management Network Reconfiguration Fault and stability diagnosis Intelligent Grid System Restoration Reactive power control Distributed Generation for Emergency FIGURE 3 SMART GRID INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION FUNCTION Advance integration of telecommunication, sensing, control, and optimization has been recognized to help achieving adaptive interaction, self-healing, efficiency and reliability of a Smart Grid. Fig 3 shows a summary of the major functional elements to be considered in the Smart Grid design. Power systems control depends on the accessibility and sensor measurements quality. Faults caused by broken or bad connections, bad communication, sensor failure may, in fact, give rise to failure of power system controllers and consequently lead to severe contingencies. Fault-tolerant technologies will be needed in a Smart Grid to improve its reliability and security and advanced control methods should accomplish real-time forecasting by using computational intelligence methods. [20] These methods provide applications such as monitoring and data gathering from sensors and analyzing data to detect and provide solutions. Intelligence in a Smart Grid is required in all levels, it would be required to endow each substation and power plant with a processor that monitors and communicates with other ones via smart sensors. The required real-time data required by wide area monitoring and control systems will be 8

9 provided by smart sensors and sent to the system main controller that should be much faster and more accurate than traditional Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) control systems. After analyzing the purpose and possibilities of the smart grids, the following transformation guidelines can be distinguished (see Figure 1.2) [5]. 1.3 GOALS OF SMART GRID A smart grid provides advanced products and services altogether along control, communication, self-healing technology and intelligent monitoring in order to focus on: Efficient transmission of power: Smart Grid ensures the possibility of continuous and uninterrupted power supply. Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances: Better fault tolerance against power disturbances: Electrical disturbances that can cause damage include under voltages and overvoltage will be reduced. Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for consumers: One time cost of Smart Grid implementation is high, but this is more stable and reliable, so the maintenance cost decreases, which in turn will lower the cost for customers. Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates: As users will be encouraged to sift their peak load by smart pricing, this will reduce the peak demand. Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems: Use of renewable sources in power generation helps, smart grid technologies to transform the power system. This will create the grid infrastructure to support a sustainable energy future. Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable energy systems: This helps in minimizing the load on power grids. Along with above goals there should be consistent regulations for grid-based energy efficiency programs. The benefits provided by such grid-based technologies are 9

10 many: reduced energy losses during electricity distribution, effective peak shaving without affecting the consumer or requiring changes in consumer behavior, reduced costs. TABLE 2 TRANSITION OF VARIOUS PROCESSES FROM POWER GRID TO SMART GRID From To Centralized power generation Centralized and distributed power generation Transmission One way and not real time communication Manual restoration Power equipment condition not well Bi directional communication Self-healing Conditioned monitoring and well known and not overall integrated integrated equipment s Congestion, bottlenecks and Secure and sustainable power Distribution Blackouts Unmanaged Consumption Less reliable supply Managed consumption using smart meters. More reliable and real time protection 1.4 GENERIC DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS Distribution networks have different characteristics from that of transmission networks. The electric utility system is usually divided into three subsystems, which are generation, transmission, and distribution. The distribution system is further divided into two components: distribution substation, distribution feeders (distribution primary and secondary). The distribution system is fed through distribution substations. At the substation level, the voltage is reduced and the power is distributed in smaller amounts to the customers. 10

11 On a primary distribution feeder, equipment is like distribution transformers, fuses, switches and re closers are located. Most of these equipment s are used only at the distribution level. Other equipment such as capacitors, transformers, and arresters are also used at the transmission levels. But application rules are different. Generally, distribution feeders are three-phase and four-wire. The fourth wire is the neutral wire, which is connected to the pole, usually below the phase wires, and grounded periodically. A threephase feeder main can be short, on the order of a mile or two, or it can be as long as 30 miles. Actually, the length of feeders is closely linked with load density at location. For instance, for an area where the customer load density is strong, primary network will end very close of consumers and secondary feeders will be short. For a weak load density area, primary and secondary feeders will be longer. Distance separating substation from customers will be covered both by primary and secondary feeders in order to provide the best quality supply. Distribution networks make up the last link in the chain of supplying energy. There exist two different types of distribution networks: country and urban. Their density and their complexity are usually larger than for the transmission systems, which feed them through distribution substations. Distribution networks also have specific characteristics, which distinguish them from transmission networks. The main differences lie in the number of particular types of devices, multiphase possibilities and widely varying types of loads. Besides, most of these loads are connected to only one of the three phases and the system is commonly unbalanced. 1.5 POWER GRID AVAILABILITY IN INDIA The power sector in India is very large. It is divided into five regions. Those are Northern region, Western region, Eastern region, North Eastern and Southern region. Among these Northern, Western, Eastern and North Eastern regions are well interconnected. This help in strengthening its transmission network to establish inter-state and inter-regional links, so that the capacity of National Grid can be enhanced in a time bound manner to ensure best utilization of uneven distribution of power. However, it is proposed to connect these with southern region. After this India will have the largest integrated power grid in the world. 11

12 Till last year India was the third largest producer of the electricity. As per last year statistics, the details of the sources used to generated are: Coal (59%), Hydro (17%), Renewable sources (12%), Natural gases (9%), nuclear (2%) and Oil(1%). Power grid is trying to develop a Green Energy Corridors to integrate more renewable resources, so that the dependency on Coal and petroleum can be reduced. Along with that other issues targeted are: development of cost effective transmission and flexibility in transfer capacity of line matching with power transfer requirement. India grid emerging as a strong player in South Asia and is actively participating in the formation of SAARC Grid. At present interconnections, exist between India & Bhutan, India & Nepal and India & Bangladesh. Study for an undersea interconnection between India & Sri Lanka is going on. India Grid is taking initiatives for development of Smart Grid in the Country along with the integration of all the segments in power supply chain. 1.6 SMART GRIDS IN INDIA India's electric grid is amongst largest and complex grids in the world. So India has ventured into Smart grid implementation. Until 1990's, there were no defined standards and guidelines for the implementation of smart grid in India. However, gradually, Indian power sector is setting policy and regulatory frameworks for Smart grid. The goal is to initiate the development and integration of smart grid technologies to facilitate the transformation with reliability, security, quality and cost effectiveness. [41] India s Smart Grid vision is coming out as nationwide energy policy. The policy is being developed by combined efforts of central and state governmental bodies along with support from industry, academia and non-governmental research and development organizations. India s Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is working with IBM to create the India's first smart grid project. Due to good solar irradiation conditions in many parts of India, the combination of photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) can contribute significantly to fulfilling the country s electricity demand. Given the size of the Indian market, it is worthwhile to develop an Indian equipment industry for solar-pv and CSP, and for T&D 12

13 equipment. The government is also giving incentives for solar power generation in the form of subsidies for various solar applications; and has set a goal that solar should contribute 7 per cent of India s total power production by It has been estimated that, the capacity of wind power generation for grid interaction is at about 49,130 MW with 2% land availability in potential areas for setting up wind farms in all states except Himalayan/N-E and A&N islands. India is at 5th rank in grid connected wind power installations in the world after USA, Germany, China and Spain. India perceives Smart Grid as a integration of power and information communication technology as a complete power system. To enable this, the Ministry of Power (MoP) has come up with Smart Grid Projects to develop Smart Grid in stages. The figure 4. Is showing the Mop approved Smart Grid Projects. [43] Mop has set up India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) and India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) to help Mop in preparing a road map for rolling out Smart Grid in India. The main functionalities that are proposed in the piloted projects are: Distribution Generation Improving quality of power Installing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Proper Outage Management Integration of renewable sources of energy Installing micro grids Proper management of Peak load 13

14 FIGURE 4 LIST OF SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA 14

15 TABLE 3 VARIOUS SMART GRID PROJECTS IN INDIA APDCL State ASSAM Proposed the functionality of Peak Load Management using Industrial and Residential AMI, Integration of Distributed Generation (Solar and available back-up DG Set) and Outage Management system. The utility has envisaged that Power Quality Monitoring will be a by-product of the deployment. Number of Customers 15,000 Agencies involved in Project Assam Power Distribution Company Limited, Assam Location Guwahati distribution region Benefits Increased available energy during peak time Revenue increase through Power Quality measurements and power factor penalty Reduction in AT&C Losses Reduction in interest payments due to deferred Capital Investment in sub transmission networks Improvement of availability (reduction of Customer Minutes Lost) Improved management of power procurement options Unscheduled Interchange using Short Term Load Forecasts Project Status Project awarded to a consortium headed by M/s Phoenix IT Solutions. AS-IS study report has been submitted and is currently under review. CSPDCL State CHHATTISGARH Installing smart meters at 508 H.T. & L.T Industrial Consumer premises as well as Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) at 83 DTs. Number of Customers Around 1,987 Table 2 Cont 15

16 Agencies involved in Project Location Benefits Project Status State Number of Customers Agencies involved in Project Location Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Limited, Chhattisgarh Siltara and DDU Nagar of Raipur Reducing Distribution T&D losses Reducing Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand to a non-peak time thereby saving UI charges Reducing cost of billing Price quoted by LI Bidder has been further revised as the earlier cost was very high. Regulator has refused to approve the project. Board has suggested to drop project. UGVCL GUJRAT The functionalities of Peak load management, Outage Management, Power Quality Management are proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Some functionalities like Load forecasting and Asset Management are proposed and functionalities of load forecasting, peak power management and outage management are also considered at utility level which will impact all consumers of utility (i.e. 27 lac consumers) indirectly. Renewable energy integration has also been proposed to be carried out at Patan Solar Park and few roof top installations at some of the universities 20,524 consumers in Naroda and 18,898 agricultural unmetered consumers in Deesa-II Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited, Gujarat Naroda of Sabarmati circle and Deesa- II of Palanpur circle Table 2 Cont 16

17 Benefits Project Status State Number of Customers Agencies involved in Project Location Benefits Project Status Reduction in AT&C losses Savings in Peak Power Purchase cost by reduction of peak load Reduction in Transformer failure rate Reduction in number of outages Reduction in Meter Reading cost, Cost of payment collection etc. Board meeting was held on 11 Nov 2015 to make a decision on projects. UHBVN HARYANA The proposed project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. 30,544 consumers and distribution system of 531 DTs. Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana Panipat City Sub-division Reduced Distribution Losses Reduced Peak Load Consumption Reduced Cost of Billing Project is executed under a grant from NEDO, Japan. NEDO has awarded the contract for detailed engineering and project implementation to a consortium of Japanese companies led by Fuji Electric. The project work started on Dec MoU to be signed among NEDO, Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs, MoP, Haryana State Government and UHBVN. Table 2 Cont 17

18 HPSEB State HIMACHAL PRADESH The functionality of peak load management and outage management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Industrial Consumers, Distribution Automation and Substation Automation and power quality management by deploying Power Quality meters at HT consumers. Number of Customers 1,251 Agencies involved in Project Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Ltd, Himachal Pradesh Location The project is located at Industrial town of KalaAmb Benefits Reduction in outages Shifting peak load Reduction in penalties Project Status Project awarded to M/S Alstom T&D India for a total cost of Rs Mn on Feb Project work has commenced. 300 Smart Meters have been installed and meter data collection has begun. CESC State KARNATAKA (MYSORE) The functionalities of Peak load management, Outage Management are proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers and Integration to Distributed Generation / Micro Grid Integration. Some additional functionality like Agriculture DSM with community Portal, Consumer Portal to Support DSM/DR, Employee portal for Knowledge Sharing and Benefit realization, KPI based MIS and Data Analytics for decision Support are also proposed. Number of Customers 24,532 Agencies involved in Project Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited, Mysore, Karnataka Table 2 Cont 18

19 Location Benefits Project Status Additional City Area Division (ACAD), Mysore Reduction in AT&C losses Shifting of load in industrial and domestic consumer during peak hours Reduction in number of transformer failure Reduction in Meter Reading cost Reduction in unforeseen outages and also recovery time for unforeseen outages Project awarded on Apr to a consortium led by Enzen Global Solutions Pvt Ltd. 450 single phase meters, 14 DCUs, 2 TMUs and 1 set of FPIs have been installed. Smart grid control center with software has been readied. Weblinks to the Analytics are also available and will be ported to the MDMS shortly. Project likely to be completed by March 2016 State KSEB KERALA By implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) it is proposed to provide quality service, prevent tampering and unauthorized usage of load, accurate and timely metering and billing, avoiding costly field visits of Sub Engineers for meter reading, reducing supply restoration time, peak load management through load restriction for Remote Disconnection/Reconnection and Time of Day tariff. Number of Customers 25,078 Agencies involved in Project Kerala State Electricity Board, Kerala Table 2 Cont 19

20 Location Selected Distribution Section offices spread over the geographical area of Kerala Benefits Reduction in AT&C losses through reduction in loss due to manual error, tampers, thefts, short assessment etc. Savings on employee and travel cost for meter reading Introducing incremental tariff for peak hours through ToD Tariff Project Status Project retendered on 17 Oct Pre-bid meeting to be held on 16 Nov Bid process to be completed by Dec 2015 and award by 31 Jan No change in project area, original area to be considered. Revised DPR prepared internally by KSEB. MSEDCL State MAHARASHTRA The functionality of Outage management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. In addition MSEDCL has proposed to leverage AMI for Remote connect/disconnect of customers, Monitoring the consumption pattern, Tamper detection, Contract load monitoring, Load curtailment program i.e. reduced power supply instead of no power scenario, Time of Use Metering and Dynamic and Real Time Pricing, Demand forecasting etc. Number of Customers 15,700 Agencies involved in Project Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited, Maharashtra Location Baramati Town Table 2 Cont 20

21 Benefits Project Status Reduction in AT&C losses Reduction in requirement of field staff through proper management of unforeseen outages Improvement in reliability parameters like SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI etc. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, bringing efficiency in meter reading etc Initial project was cancelled. Fresh proposals have been submitted for two other project areas Amravati Town and Congress Division Nagpur. A decision is to be made at the Central level whether to extend the funding to these project areas as well. PED State TAMIL NADU (PUDUCHERRY) The proposed project area is also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening which is likely to be completed in The module of Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers are proposed to be implemented to assist with consumer issues like event management & prioritizing, billing cycle review and revenue collection efficiency for Energy auditing and AT&C loss reduction. Number of Customers 87,031 Agencies involved in Project Electricity Department of Government of Puducherry Location Division 1 of Puducherry Table 2 Cont 21

22 Benefits Project Status State Reduction in Distribution Losses Reducing cost of billing Increasing revenue collection efficiency 5 bids received from 1) Genus + Phoenix IT Solutions 2) Dongfang China 3) PowerOne Data + Andrew Yule Co Ltd 4) JnJ Powercom + Kamachi Sponge and Power Corp (KSPCL) 5) GVPR Engineers Ltd. Price bid was opened on 27 Oct PSPCL PUNJAB The functionality of Outage Management (OM) is proposed to be implemented in the project area for all the consumers and distribution system in area using AMI by installing 9000 Smart Meters and by Transformer Monitoring. The proposed project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for SCADA Implementation and GIS Mapping. Number of Customers 9,818 Agencies involved in Project Punjab State Power Corporation Limited, Punjab Location Industrial Division of City Circle Amritsar Benefits Reduction in feeder outage restoration time Reduction in transformers outages and transformer outage restoration time Project Status State Contract awarded to M/ s Kalkitech. Metering survey completed and AS-IS documents are being submitted. JVVNL RAJASTHAN (JAIPUR) Proposed project area is also covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. Table 2 Cont 22

23 Number of Customers 34,752 Agencies involved in Project Jaipur Vidhyut Vitaran Nigam Ltd, Rajasthan Location VKIA Jaipur Benefits Reduction in AT&C losses. Reduction in Peak load consumption through shifting of Peak Load demand Project Status Project likely to be cancelled. AP CPDCL State TELANGANA The proposed project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme; DAS, IT and SCADA shall be implemented. The functionalities of Peak load management, Power Quality and Outage Management are proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. Number of Customers 11,904 Agencies involved in Project Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited, Telangana (formerly Andhra Pradesh Central Power Distribution Company Limited, Andhra Pradesh) Location Jeedimetla Industrial Area Benefits Reduced AT&C loss Reduced purchase of high cost power at peak hours Project Status 8 Bids received and are under evaluation. Price bid to be opened in Oct TSECL State TRIPURA The proposed project area is covered under RAPDRP Scheme for IT implementation and system strengthening. The functionality of Peak load management is proposed by implementing Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential Consumers and Industrial Consumers. Number of Customers 46,071 Agencies involved in Project Tripura State Electricity Corporation Limited, Tripura Table 2 Cont 23

24 Location Benefits Project Status Electrical Division No.1 of Agartala town Reduced Distribution Losses Reduced Peak load consumption Reduced cost of billing Project awarded to a consortium of Wipro and JnJ Powercom. Kick-off meeting was held on 17 Oct WBSEDCL State WEST BENGAL The pilot project proposes to take up 4 nos. of 11 KV feeders for implementation of Smart Grid covering 4404 consumers. The area has 42 MU input energy consumption. The utility has proposed the functionality of AT&C loss reduction and Peak Load Management using Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for Residential and Industrial Consumers. Number of Customers 4,404 Agencies involved in Project West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited, West Bengal Location Siliguri Town in Darjeeling District Benefits Reduction in Distribution Losses Reducing cost of billing Increasing revenue collection efficiency Project Status Contract awarded to M/s Chemtrols Engineering Ltd on 06 June Kick Off meeting held in September SMART GRID PROJECT S STATUS WORLDWIDE International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous agency, which was established in Its primary objective is to promote energy security, research and analysis to ensure reliabilities in all countries which are member of this agency. Other objectives of IEA are: 24

25 Ensure reliability and sufficient supplies of energy. Promote those energy policies that can spur economic growth and environment protection. Collecting and analysis energy data to improve transparency in international market. To find out solution to global energy challenges through discussion among member countries, non-member countries, international organization, stake holders and other industries. IEA has developed series of road maps to provide an analytical footing that can enable the international community to move forward on Smart Grid Technology. Each roadmap has targets for Smart Grid from today to 2050 including focus on technology development and diffusion to emerging economics. This also enables the delivery of power from source to the consumer can be managed and monitored at a real time. These are required to enable the use of technologies that uses low range of carbon e.g. use of renewable sources of energy, use of electrical vehicles. One objective is to install Smart grid technologies but with minimal description to the daily operation of the electricity system. Nevertheless, significant barriers must be overcome in order to deploy Smart Grids at the scale they are needed. Government needs to establish clear and consistent policies, plans and regulations for electricity system that can allow innovative investment in Smart Grid. There is also a Global Smart Grid Federation which is committed to create smart and clean electricity system around the world. It has linked major private and public stakeholders of various countries and tries to identify barriers and solutions. This works along with the international Smart Grid Action Network, national and international policy makers to address the challenges of implementing the vision of Smart Grid. In Feb 2005 Kyoto Protocol came in existence. This states the decarburization targets for the various countries. According to this developed country should minimize Green House Green (GHG) emissions by at least 5%. 25

26 Status of Smart Grid projects in major countries of the world: Australia: Australia has set a target to integrate 20% renewable energy by The council of Australian Government (COAG) has set principles for energy security, reliability and even commercially adopted demand side response solution. They are trying to reduce the dependency on oil in the energy supply. The Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC) sets policy and governance structure for energy markets. They are accountable to COAG and helps in setting operating requirements and market participant s obligations. Transmission and Distribution services are mostly provided by government or government owned entities. Few years ago Smart Meters became the controversial issue in Australia. So lots of cost benefit analyses were done. The state of Victoria commenced a mandatory deployment of Smart Metering infrastructure with their time of use pricing. But the total cost was imposed on the consumers, so they have to face the negative reaction of the customers. But New South Wales proceed with the smart meter deployment. Smart Grid Australia is nonprofit organization totally devoted in modernizing Australia s electrical systems. With the help of this organization Australian government is funding Smart Grid Smart City demonstration project. They are also developing a proper strategy to remove barriers and improve incentives to Smart Grid investments. These investments include regulation of demand side and time of use tariffs. They are also reviewing the process to determine the need of public initiatives for preparing electricity network. State governments are also involved in Smart Grid Activities. Like the government of New South Wales is stressing on restructuring distribution networks to yield efficiency. Smart Grid Vision is the main agenda of every Australian distribution business. In past years Smart Grid Smart City project had tested demand side response solution along with supply technologies. Canada: Canada has the third largest crude oil reservoir, so the government of Canada has avoid the energy related commitments, but has agreed to reduce 17% of GHG by This target is still not under legal obligations. Despite of these factors, the Canada government is agreed on some principles like importance of diversification of energy conservation and improvement of energy. With respect to Smart Grid Project initiatives, 26

27 the government has cited energy efficiency, reliability, capacity and sustainability as drivers. The Canadian Grid is a part of North American Transmission System consists of three major inter connected Grids. Those are: Eastern Interconnect, Western Interconnect and Electric Reliability Council of Texas. Several provinces like Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec etc have implemented Smart Meters. All except British Columbia has move to time-of-use pricing system. Along with this, they are undertaking grid modernization projects to incorporate Smart Grid Technologies. There is an association named Smart Grid Canada, which has engaged stakeholders and various academias from different industries to build some Smart Grid Awareness. Their goal is to promote research and development of new and innovative energy technologies that support Smart Grid deployment. The government of the province of Ontario has adopted green energy and has become a leader in renewable energy smart meters and Smart Grid adoption. The Ontario Smart metering initiative was the countries first Smart meter deployment. Now Ontario is the largest electricity market in the world with mandated time-of-use rate. Europe: In Europe, European Union (EU) is determined to set the energy policies at macro level. It is a political and economic union of twenty-seven countries that are operated through intergovernmental and supranational institutions agreements. Its priorities are set by the European Council. The countries that are under EU have common goals for ensuring security of supply, sustainability and competitiveness. This Council has adopted the 20:20:20 objective. This objective states that by 2020, there will be 20 % reduction in GHG emissions, 20 % increase in share of renewable energy and 20% improvement in energy efficiency. They have introduced legislative package for liberalization of the Electricity and Gas markets. This states that there will be deregulation of electricity markets to facilitate consumer choice and supplier competition. In Europe most of the electrical grids are interconnected. The Council of European Energy Regulators and the Agency for the cooperation of Energy regulators (ACER) is created for facilitating the improvement in cross border gas and electricity transmission between member states. The members of EU are rolling out smart meters and their cost recovery individually. 10 % of the EU consumers had installed smart meters, and the 27

28 number is be increased to 100 million by 100 million by The European Commission has launched a task force to regulate policy in the direction of smart grid vision. They have made significant investments i.e approximately 300 million to test the integration of Smart grid technologies and applications into the energy framework. They have established the European Electricity Grid Initiative as a research and development program. This is committed for promoting modernization of electricity grid to achieve EU targets. It is an intermediate between public authorities and its members on the matters pertaining to the Smart Grid. Great Britain: The British government targets to use 15% renewable energy by 2020, 80% reduction in Carbon and to decrease reliance on imported fossils. British Government is focused on green energy and energy sector reform. Some of the reforms are new feed-in-tariffs, standards of emissions performance for new fossil fuels power station and carbon pricing floor. Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) has set the energy policies. The office of Gas and Electrical Market (OFGEM) is the national regulators of Great Britain. This group regulates the price control over electric transmission and distribution services. Great Britain is the first European country to privatize state owned entities in the electric Transmission and distribution services. As United Kingdom is the member of EU, all EU directives like implementation of plans and schedules for Smart Metering system are also implied on this. British government has undertaken a nationwide policy of rolling out smart meters. The government has refrained from making Smart meters mandatory. DECC and OFGEM launched the Smart Grid forum, to look forward into the challenges in the deployment of Smart Grid in Britain. OFGEM has introduced innovative funding incentives to encourage distribution network operator to invest in research and development. They also provide funds to provide grants to implement carbon technologies into their distribution network. Ministry of States for Energy and Climate Change has launched a forum as Smart Grid GB. This serves as important forum for sharing information nad consultancy regarding Smart Grid Vision. 28

29 Japan: Japanese government has come out with strategic energy plan, which is focusing on the principles of energy conservation, security, efficiency and economic growth of energy industry. Under Kyoto Protocol Japan is committed to reduce its CO2 emission by 6 %. After nuclear disaster of 2011, Japan is struggling to set a balance between national security and energy independences. They are also stressing on implementing demand side controls, flexible pricing structures, and smart metering infrastructure. Japan had set a target of using 10% renewable energy in generation. In Japan, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is responsible for establishing energy policy. A parliamentary committee is responsible for implementing the FIT system. The Electric Power System Council of Japan is an independent, nonprofit entity for setting rules for industries regarding system development, access and operation of interconnection facilities. The Japanese national grid is composed of two separate grids i.e. Eastern Grid and Western Grid. These grids are further divided into four and six service areas respectively. Each service area is owned and operated by a single electrical power company, which acts as monopoly utility and handles everything from generation, transmission and distribution to retailing. After the nuclear disaster, the Japanese government adopted smart metering concept, so as to improve demand side management. METI is promoting the construction, and deployment of the Smart Grid. Japanese government has promoted as 'ECO-Model- Cities' program. The goal of this program is to pilot various systems in the cities in Japan, which are using low carbon technology. The various system in different cities are: Using electrical vehicles and photo voltaic installation in homes in Kansai Scince City. Using real time energy management of homes and commercial biluding in Kitakyushu city Use of demand response solutions and electric vehicles in Toyata City. There is also an organization named Japan Smart Community Alliance. These communities, discusses and cooperate on matters concerning deployment of various Smart Grid technologies. 29

30 USA: Us government energy policy stresses on supply and environmental impact of energy production. US is not a member of Kyoto Protocol, so it does not have carbon reduction targets. But it has agreed to a non-binding target of reduction carbon by 17%. In this regard government has invested in expanding renewable energy resources and adopted initiatives to modernize conservation and energy infrastructure. US government stresses on energy security and generating clean energy through Smart Grid. In US, US congress determines energy policies whereas Environmental Protection Agency determines the environmental policies. There is also a Department Energy that funds and executes these policies. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulated the transmission and interstate commerce. This commission also regulates independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission operators (RTOs). In 2010, 663 U.S electric utilities has installed 20,334,525 smart metering infrastructure installation. In this 90% were residential customer installations. In US the cost of deployment is recovered in the retail tariffs paid by the customers. The smart grid consumer collaborative was formed by private sector companies, utilities and advocacy organizations. The objective of this is to focus on Smart Grid messaging and education tools for consumers. In California, the government has set legislation to protect the privacy of the customer's consumption data. The Department of Energy manages an R&D and demonstration program for Smart Grid technologies that matches funds for various investments. Under the 'American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2000', the federal government provided approximately $4.3 billion for Smart Grid investments. TABLE 4 VARIOUS SMART GRID PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD France Smart Electric Lyon Testing of Smart Grid applications with real clients in real condition Number of Customers 2500 Scheduled Project Duration Start Date Oct 2012 End Date Oct 2016 Agencies involved in Project EDFSA, HAGER, Philips, Oranges Table 3 Cont 30

31 Communication Technology Key Challenges Steps against challenges WAN, FAN Defining project s objectives Defining Use cases Specifying incentives in tariffs Defining market model Specifying the equipments that are required by the customer Analysis of impacts of culture Analysis of impacts of DSM Document analysis Analysis of usage of equipments Analysis of energy transformation techniques and energy practices Analysis of the impact of actors around Smart Electric Lyon Customer s Benefits Dynamic Tariffs Information regarding real time consumption Options for active participation Options of personal advice Access to new energy management equipments Utility s Benefits Proper assessment of cost Proper methodology for equipment evaluation Proper information regarding price, production, network, technology and supply continuity. Analysis of different sectors of organization. Proper analysis of customer s tariffs Nice Grid the French Demonstrator of GRID4EU Testing of Smart Grid entire concept Number of Customers 2500 Scheduled Project Duration Start Date Nov 2011 End Date Jan 2016 Agencies involved in Project ERDF, EDF SA, Alstom, SAFT, RTE, Armines, Daikin and 20 others Table 3 Cont 31