Design Kit. PV Lead-Acid Battery System (AC Out) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation

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Design Kit PV Lead-Acid Battery System (AC Out) All

2 Contents Slide # 1. Lead-Acid Battery 1.1 Lead-Acid Battery Specification Discharge Time Characteristics Charge Time Characteristics Solar Cells 2.1 Solar Cells Specification Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Radiation Solar Cell Battery Charger Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit + Constant Current Constant Current PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition + Constant Current Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery System in 24hr. 4.1 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery System in 24hr Short-Circuit Current vs. Time (24hr.) PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit PV-Battery System Simulation Result... Simulations index All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 2

.. 1[Ah]@C 1, 65[Ah]@C 1 Rated Charge....1C 1 A Input Voltage... 6.69 [Vdc] Charging time.

3 1.1 Lead-Acid battery Specification GS YUASA s Lead-Acid : MSE-1-6 Nominal Voltage [Vdc] Capacity... 1[Ah]@C 1, 65[Ah]@C 1 Rated Charge....1C 1 A Input Voltage [Vdc] Charging time A All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 3

1.2 Discharge Time Characteristics.25C (25A) PARAMETERS: Idch = {Rate*CxAh} CxAh = 1 Rate =.

1C (1A) R3 1G C1 1n Battery Model Parameters U1 PLUS MINUS MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 NS = 1 SOC1 = 1 OUT+

= 1 (1%) TSCALE (time scale), simulation : real time 1 : 36s or 1s : 1h IN+ IN- G1 GVALUE limit(v(%in+,

4 1.2 Discharge Time Characteristics.25C (25A) PARAMETERS: Idch = {Rate*CxAh} CxAh = 1 Rate =.1 Hi 1C (1A).6C (6A).1C (1A) R3 1G C1 1n Battery Model Parameters U1 PLUS MINUS MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 NS = 1 SOC1 = 1 OUT+ OUT- NS (number of batteries in unit) = 1 cell C (capacity) = 1[Ah]@C 1 SOC1 (initial state of charge) = 1 (1%) TSCALE (time scale), simulation : real time 1 : 36s or 1s : 1h IN+ IN- G1 GVALUE limit(v(%in+, %IN-)/1m,,Idch) TSCALE=36 means time Scale (Simulation time : Real time) is 1:36 Discharge Rate :.1C(1A),.25C(25A),.6C(6A), and 1C(1A) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 4

1.3 Charge Time Characteristics SOC [%] V batt [V] C 1 A PARAMETERS: CxAh = 1 Ich = {.1*CxAh} IN- IN+ G1 GVALUE limit(v(%in+, %IN-)/.1m,,Ich) OUT- OUT+ V2 6.

5 1.3 Charge Time Characteristics SOC [%] V batt [V] C 1 A PARAMETERS: CxAh = 1 Ich = {.1*CxAh} IN- IN+ G1 GVALUE limit(v(%in+, %IN-)/.1m,,Ich) OUT- OUT+ V Hi U1 PLUS MINUS MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 NS = 1 SOC1 = R3 1G C1 1n Battery Model Parameters NS (number of batteries in series) = 1 cell C (capacity) = 1[Ah]@C 1 SOC1 (initial state of charge) = 1 (1%) TSCALE (time scale), simulation : real time 1 : 36s or 1s : 1h Charging Time Input Voltage = 6.69 Vdc Input Current = 1 1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 5

6 2.1 Solar Cells Specification BP Solar s photovoltaic module : Maximum power (P max )...65[W] 456mm Voltage at Pmax (V mp )...8.7[V] Current at Pmax (I mp )...7.5[A] Short-circuit current (I sc )...8.1[A] Open-circuit voltage(v oc )...11.[V] 1513mm All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 6

16 Parameter, SOL is added as normalized incident

7 2.2 Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Radiation Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Radiation SOL=1 + U2 SOL = 1 Current (A) SOL=.5 SOL=.16 Parameter, SOL is added as normalized incident radiation, where SOL=1 for AM1.5 conditions Power (W) SOL=1 SOL=.5 SOL=.16 Voltage (V) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 7

8 3. Solar Cell Battery Charger Solar Cell charges the Lead-Acid Battery (MSE-1-6) with direct connect technique. Choose the solar cell that is able to provide current at charging rate or more with the maximum power voltage (Vmp) nears the battery charging voltage. MSE-1-6 Charging time is approximately 24 hours with charging rate.1c or 1A Voltage during charging with.1c is between 5.93 to 6.69 V.1C or 1A 6.69 V 5.93 V All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 8

9 3.1 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit Short circuit current I SC depends on condition: SOL Over Voltage Protection Circuit 6.84V Clamp Circuit Photovoltaic Module Lead-Acid Battery BP 365TS (BP Solar) 3panels Vmp (system) =Vmp (panel) =8.7V Imp=22.5A (7.5A 3) Pmax=195W (65W 3) MSE-1-6 (GS YUASA) DC6.V 1[Ah]@C 1, 65[Ah]@C 1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 9

10 3.2 PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit D1 DMOD Voch 6.84Vdc PARAMETERS: sol = 1 + U2 SOL = {sol} + U3 SOL = {sol} + U4 SOL = {sol} C1 1n Hi PLUS MINUS U1 MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 SOC1 = Input value between -1 in the PARAMETERS: sol = to set the normalized incident radiation, where SOL=1 for AM1.5 conditions. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 1

11 3.3 Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition sol = 1. sol =.5 sol =.16 Simulation result shows the charging time for sol = 1,.5, and.16. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 11

3.4 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit + Constant Current Short circuit current I SC depends on condition: SOL Over Voltage Protection Circuit 6.

12 3.4 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit + Constant Current Short circuit current I SC depends on condition: SOL Over Voltage Protection Circuit 6.84V Clamp Circuit Photovoltaic Module Constant Current Control Circuit Lead-Acid Battery BP 365TS (BP Solar) 3panels Vmp (system) =Vmp (panel) =8.7V Imp=22.5A (7.5A 3) Pmax=195W (65W 3) I charge =.1C (1A) MSE-1-6 (GS YUASA) DC6.V 1[Ah]@C 1, 65[Ah]@C 1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 12

13 3.5 Constant Current PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit PARAMETERS: sol = 1 + U2 SOL = {sol} + U3 SOL = {sol} + U4 SOL = {sol} PARAMETERS: CxAh = 1 Ich = {.1*CxAh} OUT+ OUT- IN+ IN- C1 1n D1 DMOD Hi PLUS IC = 6 G1 GVALUE limit(v(%in+, %IN-)/.1m,,Ich) MINUS Voch 6.84Vdc U1 MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 SOC1 = Vmp (system) =Vmp (panel) =8.7V Imp=22.5A Pmax=195W Input the battery capacity (Ah) and charging current rate (e.g..1*cxah) in the PARAMETERS: CxAh = 1 and rate =.1 to set the charging current. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 13

3.6 Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition (Constant Current) sol = 1. sol =.5 sol =.16 Simulation result shows the charging time for sol = 1,.5, and.16. If PV can generate current more than the constant charge rate (.

14 3.6 Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition (Constant Current) sol = 1. sol =.5 sol =.16 Simulation result shows the charging time for sol = 1,.5, and.16. If PV can generate current more than the constant charge rate (.1), battery can be fully charged in about hour. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 14

4.1 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery System in 24hr. The model contains 24hr. solar power data (example). Over Voltage Protection Circuit 6.

15 4.1 Concept of Simulation PV Lead-Acid Battery System in 24hr. The model contains 24hr. solar power data (example). Over Voltage Protection Circuit 6.84V Clamp Circuit Photovoltaic Module Lead-Acid Battery BP 365TS (BP Solar) 3panels Vmp (system) =Vmp (panel) =8.7V Imp=22.5A (7.5A 3) Pmax=195W (65W 3) Low-Voltage Shutdown Circuit V open = (5.72V) V close = (6.35V) MSE-1-6 (GS YUASA) DC6.V 1[Ah]@C 1, 65[Ah]@C 1 Inverter (DC/AC) Load V IN =4.5~9.V V OUT =1Vac, 5Hz P LOAD = 6W All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 15

16 4.2 Short-Circuit Current vs. Time (24hr.) The model contains 24hr. solar power data (example). + U2 + U3 + U4 _24H_TS36 Short-circuit current vs. time characteristics of photovoltaic module for 24hours as the solar power profile (example) is included to the model. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 16

4.3 PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit D1 DMOD Voch 6.84Vdc D2 batt + U4 + U3 Solar cell model with 24hr. solar power data. DMOD + U2 _24H_TS36 C2 1n VON =.7 VOFF =.

Lopen = 5.72 EVALUE Lclose = 6.35 IF( V(lctrl) >.25,Lopen,Lclose) Ronof f 1 1 Conof f 1 1n C1 1n PLUS MINUS U1 MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 SOC1 = 1.

Lclose value is load reconnect voltage IN G1 EC IN+ OUT+ IN- OUT- GVALUE abs(i(out)) OUT Rf ilt 1k Irms Cf ilt 8u IC =.1 PARAMETERS: n = 1 VOFF = VAMPL = 1.

17 4.3 PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit D1 DMOD Voch 6.84Vdc D2 batt + U4 + U3 Solar cell model with 24hr. solar power data. DMOD + U2 _24H_TS36 C2 1n VON =.7 VOFF =.3 RON = 1m ROFF = 1MEG Ronof f 1 Lctrl Low-Voltage Shutdown Circuit E1 EVALUE IF(V(batt1)>V(dchth),5,) batt1 + + OUT+ IN+ - - Conof f OUT- IN- dchth S2 1n S OUT+ IN+ IC = 5 OUT- IN- PARAMETERS: E2 Lopen = 5.72 EVALUE Lclose = 6.35 IF( V(lctrl) >.25,Lopen,Lclose) Ronof f 1 1 Conof f 1 1n C1 1n PLUS MINUS U1 MSE-1-6 TSCALE = 36 SOC1 = 1. SOC1 value is initial State Of Charge of the battery, is set as 7% of full voltage. Lopen value is load shutdown voltage. Lclose value is load reconnect voltage IN G1 EC IN+ OUT+ IN- OUT- GVALUE abs(i(out)) OUT Rf ilt 1k Irms Cf ilt 8u IC =.1 PARAMETERS: n = 1 VOFF = VAMPL = FREQ = 5 Inverter (DC/AC) OUT Iomax IN+ OUT+ EVout IN- OUTecal_Iomax IN+ OUT+ IN- OUT- EVALUE EVALUE n*v(%in+, %IN-)*I(IN)/1 IF( V(Irms)>V(Iomax), V(1VAC)*n*limit(V(%IN+, %IN-),7,17)*I(IN)/(V(Irms)+1u), V(1VAC)*1 ) Limit( V(%IN+, %IN-)/.1, 1m, 1*V(Irms)/(n*limit(V(%IN+, %IN-),4.5,9)) ) 1VAC Vac1 out_ac PARAMETERS: Pload = 6 Rload {1*1/Pload} 6W Load Simulation at 1W load, change Pload from 6(W) to1(w) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 17

4.3.1 Simulation Result (SOC1=1, 6W load) PV generated current PV module charge the battery Battery voltage Battery current Battery SOC SOC1=1% Fully charged Battery supplies current when solar power

18 4.3.1 Simulation Result (SOC1=1, 6W load) PV generated current PV module charge the battery Battery voltage Battery current Battery SOC SOC1=1% Fully charged Battery supplies current when solar power drops. DC output voltage DC/DC input current Charging time Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) Step size:.25s.options RELTOL=.1 ABSTOL=1.u ITL4=1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 18

Battery SOC SOC1=7% Fully charged Shutdown Reconnect DC output voltage DC/DC input current Charging time

19 4.3.2 Simulation Result (SOC1=7, 6W load) PV generated current Battery voltage V=Lopen Battery current V=Lclose Battery supplies current when solar power drops. Battery SOC SOC1=7% Fully charged Shutdown Reconnect DC output voltage DC/DC input current Charging time Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) Step size:.25s.options RELTOL=.1 ABSTOL=1.u ITL4=1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 19

20 4.3.3 Simulation Result (SOC1=3, 6W load) PV generated current Battery voltage V=Lopen Battery current V=Lclose Battery supplies current when solar power drops. Battery SOC SOC1=3% Fully charged DC output voltage DC/DC input current Shutdown Reconnect Charging time Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) Step size:.25s.options RELTOL=.1 ABSTOL=1.u ITL4=1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 2

21 4.3.4 Simulation Result (SOC1=1, 6W load) PV generated current Battery voltage Battery current V=Lclose Battery supplies current when solar power drops. Battery SOC SOC1=1% Fully charged DC output voltage DC/DC input current Shutdown Reconnect Charging time C1: IC=5 Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) Step size:.25s.options RELTOL=.1 ABSTOL=1.u ITL4=1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 21

22 4.3.5 Simulation Result (SOC1=1, 1W load) PV generated current Battery voltage V=Lopen V=Lclose V=Lopen Battery current Battery supplies current when solar power drops. Battery SOC SOC1=1% DC output voltage DC/DC input current Shutdown Reconnect Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) Step size:.1s.options RELTOL=.1 ABSTOL=1.u ITL4=1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 22

23 4.4 Simulation Result (Example of Conclusion) The simulation start from midnight(time=). The system supplies DC load 6W. If initial SOC is 1%, this system will never shutdown. If initial SOC is 7%, this system will shutdown after hours (about 6:8AM.). system load will reconnect again at 8:5AM (Morning). If initial SOC is 3%, this system will shutdown after hours (about 1:3AM.). system load will reconnect again at 8:42AM (Morning). If initial SOC is 1%, this system will start shutdown. this system will reconnect again at 8:59AM (Morning). With the PV Panel generated current profile, battery will fully charged in about 8. hours. The simulation start from midnight(time=). The system supplies DC load 1W. If initial SOC is 1%, this system will shutdown after hours (about 4:42AM.). system load will reconnect again at 7:21AM (Morning). this system will shutdown again at 7:27PM (Night). With the PV Panel generated current profile, battery will not fully charged. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 23

24 Simulations index Simulations 1. PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit Constant Current PV Lead-Acid Battery Charger Circuit PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit (SOC1=1, 6W) PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit (SOC1=7, 6W) PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit (SOC1=3, 6W) PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit (SOC1=1, 6W) PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit (SOC1=1, 1W)... Folder name charge-sol charge-sol-const sol_24h_6w_soc1 sol_24h_6w_soc7 sol_24h_6w_soc3 sol_24h_6w_soc1 sol_24h_1w_soc1 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 21 24

Lithium Ion Battery Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation

Lithium Ion Battery Simplified SPICE Behavioral Model All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 211 1 Contents 1. Benefit of the Model 2. Model Feature 3. Concept of the Model 4. Parameter