JARI Research Activities for Traffic Safety

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1 1st. Asia Automobile Institute Summit November 2012, Tokyo JARI Research Activities for Traffic Safety Minoru SAKURAI General Manager Safety Research Division Japan Automobile Research Institute 1

2 Current Trends of Traffic Accidents in Japan - The number of fatalities has been decreasing over the last 10 years in Japan. Num mber of fatalities 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Number of Fatalities Number of Fatalities 2006 Year 4, Component rate 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Details of Fatalities 2000 Vehicle Occupant Pedestrian Bicyclist Motorcyclist 2002 Vehicle Moped Pedestrian 2004 Moped rider Year Motorcycle Bicycle The percentage of vehicle occupant fatalities has decreased to 30%. - The percentage of pedestrian fatalities has increased to above 30%. - The percentage of bicyclist fatalities has been increasing steadily. 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 2

3 What can we do for traffic safety? Reduce accidents? Reduce severities?... etc. We must know what happens in real world accidents, first. Accident situations Accident mechanisms Injury mechanisms Rescue/treatment issues... etc. Our mission for traffic safety - Accident analysis - Dummy and computer models (FEM) based on human body and injury - Test procedures and evaluation methods - To predict the effectiveness of safety measures... etc. 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 3

4 Safety Research / Safety Measures Active Safety Pre-Crash Safety Crash Impact Crash Safety Time Post Crash Safety "Recognition "Evasive Judgment Action" 1: Driving Recorder 2: Driving Simulator "Injury Mechanism" 4: Crash Test Facility "Fire Prevention /Rescue" 5: Computer Simulation 3: Simulated Test Field 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 4 4 6: Rescue

5 1: Driving Recorder (DR) DR Body CCD Camera W201mm D163mm H88mm JARI Prototype DR Sensors XY accelerometer ( 500 m/s 2 ) XY accelerometer ( 20 m/s 2 ) Angular sensor ( 300 deg/sec ) 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 5

Recording Mechanism of DR (Event Recording Type) - Information is continuously being recorded and

- When a large acceleration/deceleration change is detected, the system is triggered.

camera on windscreen Information (several min.

6 Recording Mechanism of DR (Event Recording Type) - Information is continuously being recorded and temporarily stored in the memory. - When a large acceleration/deceleration change is detected, the system is triggered. - The information around the time of the trigger is transferred to an external recording media. camera on windscreen Information (several min.) is temporarily recorded in memory over trigger level time Information (about 30sec.) is transferred to a recording media (CF card etc.) main body 64MB ~ 256MB (10cases ~ 30cases) 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 6

7 Recorded Information of DR -Video data -Numerical data (acceleration, velocity...) Acceleration Velocity Video (front view) 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 7

8 Examples of Recorded Conflict Situations Blocked by forward right turn vehicle Blocked by oncoming right turn vehicle Case 1 Case 2 Blocked by center divider Blocked by oncoming Case 3 Case 4 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 8

9 2: Driving Simulator (DS) Omnidirectional View DS with Motion Opened in October, st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 9

10 Driver's Viewpoint Driver's viewpoints Driver's viewpoint at intersection with a wide view... at intersection with a clear view on the right... Driver's viewpoints 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 10

11 3: Simulated Test Field Opened in August, 2008 East Side Area West Side Area East Side Area West Side Area Track Length:Approx.1.8km Total Length: Approx. 4.5km 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 11

12 Reproducing a Critical Scene Simulated Test Field (Real Vehicle) Instrumented Vehicle Driving Simulator Real Driving Feel Critical Scene Real Virtual 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 12

13 Test Car with a Monitor Screen Experiment with Test Car in Simulated Test Field Test Car/DS Combination Experiment with DS Driving Feel Flexibility of Scenario Example of a Test Car Experiment 37 inch Liquid Cristal Screens Pedestrian Accident Scenario Video Cameras A Superimposed Pedestrian 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 13

14 Reaction in the Pre-Crash Phase Drive Recorder Data According to accident data, approx. 60% of drivers take evasive actions in accidents. Evasive Action Ph. D Kanianthra Injury Prediction Considering Influences from Seating Posture in the Pre-Crash Phase Volunteer Test Muscular Response Injury Prediction 賛助員向け事業報告会 14 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 14

15 Comparison Between No Braking and Braking A human FE model was placed in a vehicle interior model and two scenarios were simulated and compared. Scenario I: No braking Scenario II: Pre-Impact braking 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 15

torso leans forward 15deg and rotates with a velocity

16 Simulated Scenario No braking Pre-impact braking 120ms crash 200ms braking + 120ms crash After braking, the torso leans forward 15deg and rotates with a velocity of 135deg/s 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 16

17 Pre-Crash Sled Test Impact absorber Pre-crash sled Braking Fixed barrier Running Cutting off from the pulling unit (Pulled by a wire cable) Velocity Crash time ECE corridor Up to 1G Deceleration Deceleration sled type Braking deceleration can be arbitrarily set to up to 1G Impact deceleration is inside the sled pulse corridor defined by ECE-44 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 17

18 Setup of a Pre-Crash Sled Mock Seat Onboard Hi-speed Video Camera Base Stage Size of base stage: mm Mass of sled:1911kg (including mock-seat and measurement devices :2561kg) 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 18

19 Impact Absorber of a Pre-Crash Sled Aluminum Tube Impact Absorber Turning Unit Impact deceleration: Aluminum tubes are deformed with the turning units 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 19

An Example of a Pre-Crash Sled Test Initial Position Crash Timing 1000 800 Z coordinate

1000 800 Z coordinate (mm) 600 400 200 0-200 Motorized Seatbelt Regular Seatbelt -400 400

20 An Example of a Pre-Crash Sled Test Initial Position Crash Timing Z coordinate (mm) X coordinate (mm) Motorized Seatbelt Z coordinate (mm) Motorized Seatbelt Regular Seatbelt X coordinate (mm) Regular Seatbelt 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 20

21 4: Crash Test Facility Rigid Barrier for Heavy Duty Vehicle 4 Car to Car Test 3 Motor Power :2300 kw A.C. Inverter 2.8 ton km/h 25.0 ton - 80 km/h Two Rigid Barriers : For Passenger Car and Heavy Duty Vehicle Oblique Impact Tracks : 90, 120, 135, 150 ( degree ) Impact Speed Ratio : 1 : 1, 1 : 1/2, 1 : 1/3, 1 : 1/5 Side Impact Test 2 Dummies Room 1 Rigid Barrier for Passenger Car 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 21

22 LCL PCL ACL MCL J-NCAP (Japanese New Car Assessment Program) Full-Wrap Frontal Test Offset Frontal Test Side Impact Test since 1995 since km/h 55 km/h since 1999 MDB 950kg 55 km/h 55 km/h Pedestrian Test Child Seat Test (CRS) Rear Impact Test since 2003 since 2011 Flex-GTR-prototype Impact direction Femur flexible long bone CRS since km/h MCL: Medial Collateral Ligament ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament LCL: Lateral Collateral Ligament Knee ligament constraint system Tibia flexible long bone since 2009 Flesh neoprene and synthetic rubber sheets a) Inner body b) Outer body 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 22

23 Crash Tests in Our Facility 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 23

24 40km/h Car-to-Pedestrian Impact 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 24

Car - Pedestrian Accidents Injured Body Regions of Pedestrians in Car-Pedestrian Accidents (USA, Germany, Japan, and Australia : All Age Groups : AIS 2-6) Body Region USA

4% Chest 9.4% 11.7% 8.6% 10.4% 10.3% Abdomen 7.7% 3.4% 4.7% 4.9% 5.4% Pelvis 5.3% 7.9% 4.4% 4.9% 6.3% Arms 7.9% 8.2% 9.2% 8.0% 8.2% Lower Limbs 33.3% 31.6% 37.2% 25.8% 32.

25 Car - Pedestrian Accidents Injured Body Regions of Pedestrians in Car-Pedestrian Accidents (USA, Germany, Japan, and Australia : All Age Groups : AIS 2-6) Body Region USA Germany Japan Australia ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) All Contries Head 32.7% 29.9% 28.9% 39.3% 31.4% Face 3.7% 5.2% 2.2% 3.7% 4.2% Neck 0.0% 1.7% 4.7% 3.1% 1.4% Chest 9.4% 11.7% 8.6% 10.4% 10.3% Abdomen 7.7% 3.4% 4.7% 4.9% 5.4% Pelvis 5.3% 7.9% 4.4% 4.9% 6.3% Arms 7.9% 8.2% 9.2% 8.0% 8.2% Lower Limbs 33.3% 31.6% 37.2% 25.8% 32.6% Unknown 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Head Protection Tests source: IHRA/PS WG 2001 report Lower Limb Protection Test 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 25

Pedestrian Legform Impactor Main unit Structure Exterior Flesh Reusable Low Sensitive to Temperature and Humidity

Synthetic Rubber Real-world Accident Analysis Otte et al, 2007 Knee-LCL Elongation Femur-1 BM Knee-ACL Elongation

MCL: Medial Collateral Ligament ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament LCL: Lateral

26 Pedestrian Legform Impactor Main unit Structure Exterior Flesh Reusable Low Sensitive to Temperature and Humidity Instrumentation Femur-3 BM Injury Assessment Items 297 mm Femur-2 BM 217 mm Knee Biofidelic (Ligament System) Reusable Synthetic Rubber Real-world Accident Analysis Otte et al, 2007 Knee-LCL Elongation Femur-1 BM Knee-ACL Elongation Knee-PCL Elongation Knee-MCL Elongation Tibia-1 BM 137 mm 134 mm Upper end of tibia LCL MCL Tibia-2 BM 214 mm PCL ACL MCL: Medial Collateral Ligament ACL: Anterior Cruciate Ligament PCL: Posterior Cruciate Ligament LCL: Lateral Collateral Ligament Tibia-3 BM Tibia-4 BM Worldwide Regulation 294 mm BM: Bending Moment 374 mm 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 26

27 5: Computer Simulation 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 27

28 Human Model Development CAD surfaces Meshing FE Mesh Advanced Human Model CT sc cans CT scan processing STL Geometry extraction Geom Dbase Output CT Analysis Dbase Output 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 28

29 Prediction of Occupant Motions 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 29

30 6: Rescue For better approaches and faster rescue 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 30

31 Medicine and Engineering Network Medical treatment record Injury location Medical Center Development of a hybrid model to predict injury Human Model Accident Mechanisms Accident (ITARDA) Injury Mechanisms Injury Mechanisms Evaluate injury based on simulation Accident investigation EDR Accident Reconstruction Reconstruction of accident situation 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 31

32 Let s work together to improve traffic safety. - Accident analysis - Test procedures / Evaluation methods - Training / Joint experiments - Collaboration study... etc. 1st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 32

33 Thank you for your attention. If you have any comments and questions, please feel free to contact me: Minoru Sakurai mail to: Tel: st. AAI Summit, Nov. 2012, Tokyo 33

Pre impact Braking Influence on the Standard Seat belted and Motorized Seat belted Occupants in Frontal Collisions based on Anthropometric Test Dummy

Pre impact Braking Influence on the Standard Seat belted and Motorized Seat belted Occupants in Frontal Collisions based on Anthropometric Test Dummy Pre impact Influence on the Standard Seat belted and Motorized Seat belted Occupants in Frontal Collisions based on Anthropometric Test Dummy Susumu Ejima 1, Daisuke Ito 1, Jacobo Antona 1, Yoshihiro Sukegawa