* *** 4.5 kwh/m2.day HOMER.

Transcription

1 2011 * *** ** 45 kwh/m 2 day HOMER * ** 137 ***

2 [4][2] Inverter and 3 regulator Voltage Boost Inverter Converter 3 1 Inverter [5] Fuel cells Batteries 4 Homer Photovoltaic 2 Voc Isc 138

3 C 0 &1013bar [6][10]70% EV05/10 Hydrogen Tank 1 6 Electrolysis of %4 [1] 5 Water Volt H 2 O H [6] 45 KW/ m 3 08 Fuel Cells 7 1 EV05/10 %70 HYDROTECHNIK 5 kw

4 Anode Cathode 2 W Wh/days hr/day KW 2 Nexa BALLARD [7][10] [6] 3850% Wh/day Wh/day KW LOADS Nexa =6689 Wh/day

5 series 24 12= = 280 Ah/day PV Ah 6 %90 [1] %90 = 53 A Kyocera KC = 980 Ah Vm=169 V I m =71 A &Im=71 A = 8 MPP 2 169V 12V 24V 16 80% Battery Niroo1 12 V 100 Ah = 1225 Ah 120 W 16 = 1920 W Ah Ah 1KWh = V V Ah 141

6 H A kg sec HOMER H kg [14]Fuel Utilization U f =70 85% HOMER 9 1 [11,15] HOMER 2 NPC HOMER HOMER NPC 2 Net Present Cost National Renewable System Modeling NREL

7 2011 NPC NPC 3 10 HOMER NPC $ [12] 100 BoostInverter 4 [13] kg [13][10][9]

8 $/kWh 46 3 Initial Annualized Annualized Annual Annual Total Component Capital Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Annualized $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr PV Array Sunny Boy Battery Converter Totals NPC [11] NPC Compound Photovoltaic Battery Variable Average output Minimum output Maximum output Solar penetration Capacity factor Hours of operation Battery throughput Battery life Battery autonomy Value 936kWh/day 000 kw 192 kw 168 % 217 % 4386 hr/year 1768 kwh/year 100 year 650 hours Component Production Fraction kwh/yr PV array % Total % KW 100Ah 51% kW 11355$

9 Load Consumption Fraction kwh/yr AC primary load % Total % 6 5 / Kw 8 9 Kw 8 145

10 Sunny Boy [11] kg 46KW 08kW 28460$ 18kW 1 kg 075kW $/KWh 146

11 2011 Hydrogen production 69 kg/year 7 Hydrogen Tank Hydrogen consumption 684kg/year Hydrogen tank autonomy 143 hours 7 8 Initial Annualized Annualized Annual Annual Total Component Capital Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Annualized 9 $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr PV Array Load ConsumptionkWh/yr Fraction Fuel Cell AC primary load % Electrolyzer load % Converter Electrolyzer Total % Hydrogen Tank Other Totals Component ProductionkWh/yr Fraction PV array % Compound Variable Value Fuel Cell % Average output Minimum output 217 kwh/day 000 kw Total % Photovoltaic Maximum output Solar penetration 484kW 389 % 10 Capacity factor Hours of operation 197 % 4386 hr/year Hours of operation Number of starts 4523 hr/year 777 starts/year Operational life 884year Average electrical output 0252 kw 11 Fuel Cell Minimum electrical output Maximum electrical output Annual fuel consumption 000 kw 0645 kw 684Lit/year 1Kw/m 2 Specific fuel consumption 0060 Lit/kWh Average electrical efficiency 500 % 147

12 HOMER kw/day kg Kg HOMER 148

13 $ $ $/kwh Co 2 1,141 kwh/year kwh/year 149

14 [10] "Nexa Installation and Integration Guides merged into one document", MAN Nexa User's Manual Rev 0A, 16 June 2003 [11] NERL Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable HOMER available freely atwwwnrelgov [12] http//wwwglobalsourcescom/gsol/i/sola rpanel/p/sm/ htm [13] http//wwwenergyenvcouk/victroninver tersasp [14] ProfHashem Orkozagh and MasMohammad Mosavi Study of the Characteristics of PEM Fuel Cells, and its Dynamic Operation Damascos university journal2009 [15] T Givler and P Lilienthal Using HOMER Software, NREL s Micropower Optimization Model,to Explore the Role of Gensets insmall Solar Power Systems Technical Report NREL/TP ,May 2005 [16] J Cotrell W Pratt, Research Associate Modeling the Feasibility of Using Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines in Remote Renewable Energy Systems REL/TP , September 2003 [1] MGreen Applied Photovoltaics Earthscan 2007 [2]Connea, JM " hydrogen Fuel for Surface Transportation"1996 [3] Services Athero,Fuel Cell Handbook" EG&G Services,2000 [4] Goh, WC & Barsoum, NN "Balancing Cost, Operation and Performance in Integrated Hydrogen Hybrid Energy System "2006 [5] P Lopez, R Teodorescu, F Freijedo,J DovalGandoy, Leakage current evaluation of a singlephase transformerless PV inverter connected to the grid, Applied Power Electronics Conference, APEC 2007 [6]Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies Rev 0, December 2001 [7] K P Adzakpa, K Agbossou, Senior Member PEM Fuel Cells Modeling and Analysis Through Current and Voltage Transient Behaviors IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL 23, NO 2, JUNE 2008 [8] WWWSMAde [9] Instruction for erection operation and maintenance for hydrogen generation and compression plant EV05/10 system DEMAG, /6/17