PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH BIODIESEL BLEND AT VARIOUS COMPRESSION RATIO

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1 Volume 118 No , ISSN: (printed version); ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE WITH BIODIESEL BLEND AT VARIOUS COMPRESSION RATIO R. Sabarish 1, D.Mohankumar 1, Dr. M. PremJeyaKumar 2. 1 Research Scholar, Department of Automobile engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. 2 Supervisor, Department of Automobile engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. Sabarish5041@gmail.com, mohankumar.auto@bharathuniv.ac.in, prem.auto@bharathuniv.ac.in, ABSTRACT :- In order to meet the energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesels, biogas, LPG, CNG to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion (IC) engine. Vegetable oils, because of their agricultural origin, may be due to less carbon content compared to mineral diesels are producing less CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. It also reduces import of petroleum products. In the present paper, an experimental study is carried out on an IC engine laboratory single cylinder, four-stroke variable compression ratio (VCR), direct injection diesel engine to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of pure diesel and waste cooking oil (WCO) diesel blended fuels with various blended rate. Experiments have been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke VCR multi fuel engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests have been conducted using the fuel blends of 20% biodiesel with standard diesel[1], with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 17.5:1 and injection pressure 210 Bar at different loading conditions namely 0 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 15 kg and 20 kg. The inlet valve opening timing 13bTDC optimum inlet valve opening timing is identified from the various compression ratios are 16:1, 17.5:1, 19:1 optimum, compression ratio is identified. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and brake power. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment have been compared and analyzed with standard Compression Ratio and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel. Keywords : HC, CO, Emission, B10, WCO, diesel engine, Performance. INTRODUCTION:- To meet the growing energy needs resulting from spiralling demand and diminishing supply, alternative energy sources mostly biofuels are receiving more attention. In addition, the increasing global concern has caused to focus on the oxygenated diesel fuels because of the environmental pollution from internal combustion engines[1-4]. These issues have triggered various research studies to replace petroleum-based diesel fuel with the biofuel. The biodiesels that meet the standards have been used by various academic researchers who have reported that biodiesel exhibits very close engine performance characteristics to diesel fuel and reduces the exhaust emissions from diesel engines. Biofuels such as alcohols and biodiesel have been proposed as alternatives for internal combustion engines. In particular, biodiesel has received wide attention as a replacement for diesel fuel because it emits less pollutant. The fuel characteristics of bio-diesel are approximately the same as those of fossil diesel fuel and thus may be directly used as a fuel for diesel engines without any modification of the design or equipment. In addition[5-7], these are bio-degradable, can be mixed with diesel in any ratio and are free from sulphur. Bio-diesel is known as The mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines. Vegetable oil has attracted attention as a potential renewable resource for the production of an alternative for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Various products derived from vegetable oils have been proposed as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, including neat vegetable oil, mixtures of vegetable oil with petroleum diesel fuel[8-11], and alcohol esters of vegetable oils. Vegetable oils are triglycerides (glycerine esters) of fatty acids; alcohol esters of fatty acids have been prepared by the transesterification. 957

2 Presently, India produces only 30% of the total petroleum fuels required and the remaining 70% is imported, which costs about Rs. 800,000 million per year [12-16]. It is evident that mixing of 5% of biodiesel fuel to the present diesel fuel can save Rs. 40,000 million per year. It is also estimated that India can supplement 41.14% of the total diesel fuel consumption, if resources like waste cooking oil and other bio wastes were used as raw material for biodiesel production. Due to renewable in nature, low cost and green house gas reduction potential biodiesel is nowadays incorporated all over the world especially in developed countries like USA, France, Brazil in different proportions with diesel[17-20]. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE:- Blending of vegetable oils with diesel fuel would solve the problems of diesel engine operation with Neat vegetable oils. Vegetable oil dissolves quite well in diesel fuel. Diesel engine would run successfully on a blend of vegetable oil and diesel fuel without damage to engine parts for short term operation. To avoid these problems is to reduce fuel viscosity and thus improve injection performance. Fuel blending represents one method of viscosity reduction and calorific valve also reduced. Three blends were obtained by mixing diesel and Waste Cooking Oil[21-24]. 1. B10-10% WCO + 90% of diesel fuel, 2. B20-20% WCO + 80% of diesel fuel, 3. B30-30% WCO + 70% of diesel fuel. Table 1 : Fuel Properties FUEL Calorific Value (kj/kg) Density, (kg/m 3 ) DIESEL 42, WCO B B B The engine performance with the blends was comparable with the baseline test for diesel fuel. There was significant improvement in Brake thermal efficiency and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, compared with diesel fuel[25-28], when running on Waste Cooking Oil fuels. The easiest method by which diesel can be used in diesel engine is in the form of blends. Since low hp stationary diesel engine are commonly used in the agriculture or small scale industries and performance using diesel waste cooking oil blends. A study was, therefore, undertaken with the objective of finding out the maximum possible replacement of diesel by using waste cooking oil blends and to compare the performance and emission characteristics of a constant speed C.I. engine using WCO diesel blends and diesel. B. Engine Specification Table 2 : Engine Specification Make KIRLOSKAR OIL ENGINE LTD. No. of cylinder 1 Stroke 110 mm Speed 1500 rpm Swept Volume 661 cm 3 or CC Lubrication oil SAE40 Injection timing 13 btdc Model SV 1 Bore 87.5 SFC 250 g / kw-hr Max. Power 10 hp Compression ratio 17.5:1 Lubrication system Forced type Inlet Temperature 313K Injection Pressure 210 Bar EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:- The test engine used in this experiment was a single cylinder direct injection kirloskar diesel engine. It is one of the commonly used in agricultural, pump set, farm machinery, etc. The diesel engine with a cylinder bore of 87.5 mm, a stroke of 110 mm and a compression ratio of 17.5:1. The engine is mounted on the ground and running at constant speed of 1800 rpm. The diesel engine is directly coupled with brake drum dynamometer and measured the engine power. Liquid fuel flow rate was measured on volumetric basis using a burette and a stop watch[29-32]. In every test, fuel consumption during the running condition and exhaust gas emissions such as hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), Nitric Oxides (NOx) and smoke are measured. The initial measurement measured and calculated the performances graphs with the help of brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Specific Energy consumption (SEC), with respect to compression ratios of 17.5:1, and fuel injector pressure 210 bars for different blends are calculated and recorded. The engine was run to gain uniform speed after which was gradually loaded. The experiment was conducted for various Loads are 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Kgs. The engine was tested at constant speed for diesel and various 958

3 blends of diesel and waste cooking oil. The time taken for 10cc fuel was noted using stop watch for each blends and various load. The CO 2, HC, CO and NOx emission were noted by using crypton gas analyzer for each blend and load and the smoke emission were noted by using AVL smoke meter for each blends and load. The same procedure is repeated for different blends of waste cooking oil and diesel[33-36]. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:- From the conclusion for Performance characteristic and Emission analysis for various compression ratios for 10% of waste cooking oil diesel blend and with injection pressure 210 bars and with inlet valve opening timing is 13 O btdc. It is concluded that 210 bars and 13 0 btdc is the most select injection pressure and inlet valve opening timing of operation for the given engine. Better economy is obtained at the injection pressure 210 bar and inlet valve opening timing is 13 0 btdc. Fuel consumption is better at injection pressure 210 bars and inlet valve opening timing is 13 0 btdc. The hydro carbon and Carbon di oxide is less when compare to other injection pressure and inlet valve opening timing. So injection pressure 210 bars and inlet valve opening timing is 13 0 btdc are chosen as best performance and emission results and this injection pressure are taken further work. In order to find the optimize the engine for the Fuel B10 and with the injection pressure of 210 bar and with inlet valve opening timing is 13 0 btdc, the Performance and Emission analysis for various compression ratio of 16:1, 17.5:1 and 19:1 is taken and the result is plotted Performance characteristic for various compression ratios The engine performance parameters (BTE & SEC) were evaluated for all test fuel. Brake thermal efficiency is simply the inverse of the specific fuel consumption. It is observed from Fig. 1 that the BTE of all tested fuel is lower than the diesel. Brake thermal efficiency increases with increase of loads. It is seen that the efficiency of the engine for 30 % of waste cooking oil diesel blends is 9% lesser compare to the diesel. The greatest brake thermal efficiency is % for diesel, whereas in B30, it is %. B10 and B20 increases BTE by 7.75%, 11.53%respectively compared to B30. The drop of Brake thermal efficiency for 30% of waste cooking oil diesel blends is due to higher viscosity and its reduced energy content and lower calorific value compare to diesel. This results in poor atomization, incomplete combustion and lower heat release. Fig 2. Brake power vs BTE Fig 3 Bake power vs TFC Fig 4 Brake power vs SEC Emission characteristic for various compression ratios 959

4 B10 and B20 reduce the smoke by 32.79%, 25.67%, respectively, when compared to B30. It is seen that the smoke density of the engine for diesel is 45.92% is higher than the 30% of diesel waste cooking oil blends. This may be due to overall richness of air fuel ratio, increasing the smoke is higher temperature dependent and longer duration of diffusion combustion phase and reduced oxygen concentration. This may be due to poor atomization of fuel and incomplete combustion. It is observed from Fig. 4 that HC emission for all blends at every one load are high, when compared to diesel. The Hydro Carbon gets decreased when the brake power also increased. It affects proper mixture formation causes more HC emission. It is seen that, the HC of the engine for diesel is 22% lesser compare to 30 % of waste cooking oil diesel blend. This may be due to poor atomization of the waste cooking oil diesel blends, because of higher viscosity, high density and poor volatility. Incomplete combustion of waste cooking oil causes more combustion. Fig 6 Brake power vs CO 2 Fig 7 Brake power vs Hydrocarbon Fig 5 Brake power vs CO Fig 8 Brake power vs Nox It is observed from Fig. 5 that NOx emission for all blends at every one load are high, when compared to diesel. Increasing the load the NOx emission is increasing. It is seen that the oxides of nitrogen of the engine for diesel is 35.85% is higher than the 30% of diesel waste cooking oil blends. This may be due to higher combustion temperature in cylinder of the engine with increasing the load, overall richness of air fuel ratio, longer duration of diffusion combustion phase and reduced oxygen concentration. 960

5 Fig 9 brake power vs smoke It is observed from Fig. 6 that CO 2 emission for all blends at every one load are high, when compared to diesel. Emissions of CO 2 are increased with increasing the loads or blends. The CO 2 emission for the diesel is 40.15% lesser compare to the 30% of waste cooking oil diesel blends. The 10% of diesel waste cooking oil blends is almost equal to diesel. This may be due to complete combustion at higher loads. Emission of CO 2 results from incomplete combustion of HC. Temperature of the engine will get increased so that combustion will be somewhat good and the CO will become CO 2. It is observed from Fig. 7 that CO emission for all blends at every one load are high, when compared to diesel. The CO emission for the diesel is 25.87% higher compared to the 30% of diesel waste cooking oil blends. The 10% of diesel waste cooking oil blends is almost equal to diesel. Increasing the loads with the decreasing the carbon monoxide emissions. Incomplete combustion may have increased the emission. This may be due to the reduced rate of premixed combustion, higher viscosity of the WCO that ultimately increased the droplet size and poor atomization. CONCLUSION The following conclusion is made from the present study of performance characteristic and emission analysis of various concentrations of blends of diesel waste cooking oil, for various compression ratios. 1. Total fuel consumption found to be more for blends when compare to diesel. 2. Specific energy consumption found to be more for blends when compare to diesel. 3. Increasing the percentage of waste cooking oil in the blends of diesel and waste cooking oil, decreases the calorific value and viscosity. 4. The expected brake power reduction is due to lower calorific value of waste cooking oil. 5. The CO emission is higher for waste cooking oil diesel blends than diesel. This may be due to incomplete combustion. 6. The CO 2 emission is lower for waste cooking oil diesel blends than diesel. 7. Out of three blends 10 % waste cooking oil diesel gets the better performance and emission results, compared, to other two blends of 20% and 30% of waste cooking oil diesel blends. 8. Out of three compression ratios, 19:1 gets the better performance and emission results, compared, to other two compression ratio of 16:1 and 17.5:1. 9. The HC emission is higher for compression ratios, 19:1 and compare to others compression ratio such as 16:1 and 17.5: The NO x and Smoke emission is higher for compression ratio of 19:1 than other two compression ratios such as 16:1 and 17.5:1. This may be due to the higher heat release rate in the premixed combustion phase. 11. Better performance characteristic and reduced emission are obtained for the blend of 10% waste cooking oil diesel, injection pressure of 210 bar, inlet valve opening timing of 13 0 btdc and compression ratio of 19:1. REFERENCE:- 1. Hameed Hussain J., Anbazhgan G., Improve of the cop of vapour compression refrigeration system by using thermoelectric cooler, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14, PP , Nakkeeran S., Hussain J.H., Innovative technique for running a petrol engine with diesel as a fuel, International Journal of 961

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