Table I.1. The energy use and its relationship to GDP of some selected countries Share of world total (%) 2007 GDP

Transcription

1 Appendix I Energy Versus GDP for Various Countries Table I.1. The energy use and its relationship to GDP of some selected countries. Primary energy consumption Mtoe Share of world total (%) 2007 GDP 2007 Share of world total GDP per capita ($US) USA 23, ,811, , China 1, ,280, , Russian Federation ,291, , Japan ,376, , India ,170, , Canada ,326, , Germany ,297, , France ,562, , South Korea , , Brazil ,314, , United Kingdom ,727, , Iran , , Italy ,107, , Saudi Arabia , , Mexico , , Spain ,429, , Ukraine , , South Africa , , Australia , , Taiwan ,800 0 Indonesia , , Turkey , ,400 0 Poland , , The Netherlands , ,600 0 Energy use per capita (toe) Thailand , , Argentina , , Belgium & Luxembourg , ,

2 678 Appendix I Mtoe 2007 Venezuela , ,800 0 Egypt , , United Arab Emirates , ,200 0 Kazakhstan , , Pakistan , , Malaysia , , Singapore , , Sweden , , Uzbekistan , , Norway , , Czech Republic , , Romania , , Algeria , , Greece , , Austria , , Colombia , , Switzerland , , Chile , , Finland , , China Hong Kong SAR 2007 Share of world total (%) 2007 GDP 2007 Share of world total GDP per capita ($US) Energy use per capita (toe) , , Kuwait , , Philippines , , Belarus , , Hungary , , Turkmenistan , Portugal , Qatar , , Bulgaria , , Bangladesh , Denmark , Slovakia , , New Zealand , Republic of Ireland Primary energy consumption , Peru ,

3 Appendix I 679 Primary energy consumption Mtoe 2007 Azerbaijan , , Ecuador , , Lithuania , , Other Africa Other Middle East Other S. & Cent. America Other Asia Pacific Other Europe & Eurasia 2007 Share of world total (%) 2007 GDP 2007 Share of world total GDP per capita ($US) Energy use per capita (toe) Total Asia Pacific 3, Total Europe & Eurasia 2, Total North America 2, Total Middle East Total S. & Cent. America Total Africa Total World 11, In this review, primary energy comprises commercially traded fuels only. Excluded, therefore, are fuels such as wood, peat and animal waste which, though important in many countries, are unreliably documented in terms of consumption statistics. Also excluded are winds, geothermal and solar power generation. Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent); toe: tones of oil equivalent.

4 680 Appendix I Fig. I.1. Energy flow diagram of the USA in Energy Information Administration USA

5 Appendix I 681 Fig. I.2. Electricity flow in the USA in Energy Information Administration USA.

6 682 Appendix I Table I.2. Electricity generation by countries (Terawatt-hours) Countries Change over 2006 Share (%) of total (%) US 4, , Canada Mexico Total North America 5, , Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America , Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium & Luxembourg Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany w 3.2 Greece Hungary Iceland Republic of Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania The Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation ,

7 Appendix I 683 Countries Change 2007 over 2006 (%) Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Other Europe & Eurasia Share of total (%) Total Europe & Eurasia 5, , Iran Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China 2, , China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan 1, , Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines

8 684 Appendix I Countries Change 2007 over 2006 (%) Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Other Asia Pacific Share of total (%) Total Asia Pacific 6, , TOTAL WORLD % 100.0% Of which: European Union a 3, , OECD 10, , Former Soviet Union 1, , Other EMEs 6, , a Based on gross output.

9 Appendix II Property Classes Table IRS asset classes Asset description Table II.1. MACRS property classes table. ADS class life Office furniture, fixtures, and equipment Information systems: computers/peripherals Automobiles, taxis Light general-purpose trucks Railroad cars and locomotives Industrial steam and electric distribution Cotton gin assets Cattle, breeding or dairy Offshore drilling assets Petroleum refining assets Construction assets Manufacture of grain and grain mill products Manufacture of yarn, thread, and woven fabric Cutting of timber Manufacture of cement Manufacture of motor vehicles Telephone distribution plant Radio and television broadcasting equipment Electric utility nuclear production plant Electric utility steam production plant Natural gas production plant Municipal wastewater treatment plant Theme and amusement park assets GDS class life The deprecation deduction for automobiles is limited to $7,660 (maximum) the first tax year, $4,900 the second, $2,950 the third year, and $1,775 per year in subsequent years. 685

10 686 Appendix II Table II.2. Property class. Class of property 3-year property 5-year property 7-year property 10-year property 15-year property 20-year property 27.5-year property 39-year property Items included Tractor units, racehorses over 2 years old, and horses over 12 years old when placed in service, Special handling devices for food and beverage manufacture. Special tools for the manufacture of finished plastic products, fabricated metal products, and motor vehicles Property with ADR class life of 4 years or less Automobiles, taxis, buses, trucks, computers and peripheral equipment, office machinery (faxes, copiers, calculators, etc.), and any property used in research and experimentation. Also includes breeding and dairy cattle. Information Systems; Computers/Peripherals Aircraft (of non-air-transport companies) Computers Petroleum drilling equipment Property with ADR class life of more than 4 years and less than 10 years Office furniture and fixtures, and any property that has not been designated as belonging to another class. All other property not assigned to another class Office furniture, fixtures, and equipment Property with ADR class life of more than 10 years and less than 16 years Vessels, barges, tugs, similar water transportation equipment, single-purpose agricultural or horticultural structures, and trees or vines bearing fruit or nuts. Assets used in petroleum refining and certain food products Vessels and water transportation equipment Property with ADR class life of 16 years or more and less than 20 years Depreciable improvements to land such as shrubbery, fences, roads, and bridges. Telephone distribution plants Municipal sewage treatment plants Property with ADR class life of 20 years or more and less than 25 years Farm buildings that are not agricultural or horticultural structures. Municipal sewers Property with ADR class life of 25 years or more Residential rental property Nonresidential real estate, including home offices. (Note that the value of land may not be depreciated)

11 Appendix II 687 Recovery year Table II.3. MACRS applicable percentage for property class. 3-Year property 5-Year property 7-Year property 10-Year property 15-Year property 20-Year property * * * * 5.90* * The 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-year classes use 200% and the 15- and 20-year classes use 150% declining balance depreciation. All classes convert to straight-line depreciation in the optimal year, shown with an asterisk (*). A half-year depreciation is allowed in the first and last recovery years. If more than 40% of the year s MACRS property is placed in service in the last 3 months, then a mid-quarter convention must be used with depreciation tables that are not shown here. Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service Publication 946, How to Depreciate Property. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

12 Appendix III Unit Conversion Table Table III.1. Unit conversions. Unit To Convert Multiply By Acceleration of free fall, standard (g n) m /s Acre (based on U.S. survey foot) m Acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot) m Ampere hour (A h) Coulomb (C) Angström (Å) m Angström (Å) nm Atmosphere, standard (atm) Pascal (Pa) Atmosphere, technical (at) Pascal (Pa) Bar (bar) Pascal (Pa) Barn (b) m Barrel (bbl) [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)] m Barrel (bbl) [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)] Liter (L) British thermal unit IT (Btu IT) Joule (J) British thermal unit th (Btu th) Joule (J) British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) Joule (J) Btu IT ft/(h ft 2 F) W/(m K) Btu th ft/(h ft 2 F) W/(m K) Btu IT/ft 3 J/m Btu th/ft 3 J/m Btu IT/h Watt (W) Btu th/h Watt (W) Btu IT/(h ft 2 F) W/(m 2 K) Btu th/(h ft 2 F) W/(m 2 K) Btu th/min Watt (W) Btu IT/lb J/kg Btu th/lb J/kg Btu IT/s Watt (W) Btu th/s Watt (W) Btu IT/ft 2 J/m Btu th/ft 2 J/m Btu IT/(ft 2 s) W/m Btu th/(ft 2 s) W/m Bushel (U.S.) (bu) m Bushel (U.S.) (bu) L Calorie IT (cal IT) Joule (J) Calorie th (cal th) Joule (J) Calorie (cal) (mean) Joule (J)

13 690 Appendix III Unit To Convert Multiply By cal th/(cm s C) W/(m K) cal IT/g J/kg cal th/g J/kg cal IT/(g C) J/(kg K) cal th/(g C) J/(kg K) cal IT/(g K) J/(kg K) cal th/(g K) J/(kg K) calorie th per second (cal th/s) Watt (W) cal th/cm 2 J/m cal th/(cm 2 s) W/m Carat, metric Gram (g) Centimeter of mercury (0 C) Pascal (Pa) Centimeter of water (4 C) Pascal (Pa) Centipoise (cp) Pascal second (Pa s) Centistokes (cst) m 2 /s Chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch) m Cord (128 ft 3 ) m Cubic feet (ft 3 ) m Cubic feet/sec (ft 3 /s) m 3 /s Cup (U.S.) m Cup (U.S.) Liter (L) Curie (Ci) Becquerel (Bq) Darcy m Debye (D) Coulomb meter (C m) Temperature, ( C) Kelvin (K) T (K) = t ( C ) Temperature, ( F) ( C) T ( C) = [t ( F) - 32)]/1.8 Temperature ( F) Kelvin (K) T (K) = [t ( F) )]/1.8 Temperature ( R) Kelvin (K) T (K) = [T ( R)]/1.8 Dyne (dyn) Newton (N) Dyne centimeter (dyn cm) Newton meter (N m) Dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm 2 ) Pascal (Pa) Electronvolt (ev) Joule (J) erg (erg) Joule (J) erg per second (erg/s) W Faraday (based on carbon 12) Coulomb (C) Fathom (based on U.S. survey foot) 7 Meter (m) Fermi Meter (m) Fermi Femtometer (fm) 1.0 Fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz) (m 3 ) Fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz) Milliliter (ml) Foot (ft) Meter (m) Foot (U.S. survey) (ft) 7 Meter (m) Foot per second (ft/s) m/s Foot poundal Joule (J) Foot pound-force (ft lbf) Joule (J)

14 Appendix III 691 Unit To Convert Multiply By ft lbf/s Watt (W) gal (Gal) m/s Gallon (gal) m [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] Gallon (gal) Liter (L) [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] Gallon (U.S.) (gal) m Gallon (U.S.) (gal) Liter (L) Gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) m 3 /s (gal/min) Gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) L/s (gal/min) Gamma (γ) Tesla (T) Gauss (Gs, G) Tesla (T) Grain (gr) Milligram (mg) g/cm 3 kg/m Hectare (ha) m Horsepower (550 ft lbf/s) (hp) Watt (W) Horsepower (boiler) W Horsepower (electric) W Horsepower (metric) W Horsepower (U.K.) W Horsepower (water) W Inch (in) cm 2.54 Inch of mercury (32 F) Pascal (Pa) Kelvin (K) ( C) T ( C) = T (K) Kilogram-force (kgf) Newton (N) km/h m/s Kilowatt hour (kw h) Joule (J) Knot (nautical mile per hour) m/s Light year (l.y.) m Liter (L) m Micron (μ) m Micron (μ) Micrometer (μm) 1.0 Mile (mi) m Mile (mi) km Mile (mi) m (based on U.S. survey foot) Mile, nautical m Mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) km/l Mile per hour (mi/h) km/h Millibar (mbar) Pascal (Pa) Ohm centimeter (Ω cm) Ohm meter (Ω m)

15 692 Appendix III Unit To Convert Multiply By Ounce (fl oz) [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] m Ounce (fl oz) [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] Milliliter (ml) Ounce (fl oz) (U.S. fluid) m Pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt) m Pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt) Liter (L) Pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) m Pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) Liter (L) Poise (P) Pascal second (Pa s) Pound (avoirdupois) (lb) kg Pound-force (lbf) Newton (N) lbf/ft 2 Pascal (Pa) psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2 ) Pascal (Pa) Quad (10 15 Btu IT) Joule (J) Quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) m Quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) Liter (L) Quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt) m Quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt) Liter (L) rad (absorbed dose) (rad) Gray (Gy) rem (rem) Sievert (Sv) Revolution (r) Radian (rad) Revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min) Radian per second (rad/s) Roentgen (R) Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min) Radian per second (rad/s) Square foot (ft 2 ) m Square mile (mi 2 ) (based on U.S. survey foot) m Square mile (mi 2 ) (based on U.S. survey foot) km Square yard (yd 2 ) m Stokes (St) m 2 /s Therm (EC) Joule (J) Therm (U.S.) Joule (J) Ton, assay (AT) kg Ton, assay (AT) g Ton, metric (t) kg Tonne (called metric ton in U.S.) (t) kg Ton of refrigeration (12,000 Btu IT/h) Watt (W) Ton of TNT (energy equivalent) Joule (J) Ton, short (2,000 lb) Kilogram (kg) torr (Torr) Pascal (Pa)

16 Appendix III 693 Unit To Convert Multiply By W/cm 2 W/m W/in 2 W/m W s Joule (J) 1.0 Yard (yd) Meter (m)

17 Appendix IV Steam Properties Table IV.1. Saturated water pressure table. Pressure P (kpa) Saturation Temperature T ( o C) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

18 696 Appendix IV Pressure P (kpa) Saturation Temperature T ( o C) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

19 Appendix IV 697 Pressure P (kpa) Saturation Temperature T ( o C) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

20 698 Appendix IV Pressure P (kpa) Saturation Temperature T ( o C) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

21 Appendix IV 699 Table IV.2. Saturated water temperature table. Temperature T ( o C) Saturation Pressure (kpa) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

22 700 Appendix IV Temperature T ( o C) Saturation Pressure (kpa) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

23 Appendix IV 701 Temperature T ( o C) Saturation Pressure (kpa) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

24 702 Appendix IV Temperature T ( o C) Saturation Pressure (kpa) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se

25 Appendix IV 703 Temperature T ( o C) Saturation Pressure (kpa) Specific volume (m 3 /kg) Internal energy (kj/kg) Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Enthalpy (kj/kg) Entropy (kj/kg K) Sat. vapor Sat. liquid Sat. vapor vf ve uf ue hf he sf se Table IV.3. Properties of superheated steam. Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s Sat

26 704 Appendix IV Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s , , , , MPa 0.3 MPa 0.4 MPa Sat , , , ,

27 Appendix IV 705 Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s 0.5 MPa 0.6 MPa 0.8 MPa Sat , , , , MPa 1.2 MPa 1.4 MPa Sat

28 706 Appendix IV Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s , , , , MPa 1.8 MPa 2.0 MPa Sat , , , ,

29 Appendix IV 707 Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s 2.5 MPa 3.0 MPa 3.5 MPa Sat , , , , MPa 4.5 MPa 5.0 MPa Sat

30 708 Appendix IV Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s , , , , MPa 7.0 MPa 8.0 MPa Sat , , ,

31 Appendix IV 709 Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s MPa 10.0 MPa 12.5 MPa Sat , , , , MPa 17.5 MPa 20 MPa Sat

32 710 Appendix IV Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s , , , , MPa 30 MPa 35 MPa

33 Appendix IV 711 Temp 0.01 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.05 MPa (Sat. temp o C) 0.1 MPa (Sat. temp o C) o ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s 1, , , , MPa 50 MPa 60 MPa , , , , v: Specific volume (m /kg); u: Internal energy (kj/kg); h: Enthalpy (kj/kg); s: Entropy (kj/kg K)

34 712 Appendix IV Table IV.4. Properties of compressed liquid. Temp ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s 5 MPa 10 MPa 15 MPa sat v: Specific volume (m /kg); u: Internal energy (kj/kg); h: Enthalpy (kj/kg); s: Entropy (kj/kg)

35 Appendix IV 713 Temp ( o C) v u h s v u h s v u h s 20 MPa 30 MPa 50 MPa sat

36 Appendix V Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials Table V.1. Thermal conductivity of building materials. Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Acoustic Spray Insulation National Gypsum Co. Acrylic Plastic Rohm & Haas Co. Alumina Powder NBS Aluminum Foil Anti-Sweat Compound NBS, Chemistry Division Asbestos Cement Asbestos Products Company Asbestos Insulation Union Asbestos & Rubber Co. (Pittsburgh Corning Corp.) Asbestos Paper Ruberoid Co. Asphalt American Gilsonite Co. Bone Char Brick N.A Cannon Brick Co. Carpet Cellular Alykyd-Isocyanate NOPCO Chemical Co. Cellular Cellulose Acetate N.A Cellular Glass Pittsburgh Corning Corp. Cellular Ionomer Gilman Brothers Co. Cellular Plastic U.S. Rubber Co. Cellular Polyethylene Dow Chemical Co. Cellular Polystyrene Cellular Polystyrene, Expanded Dow Chemical Co. Cellular Polystyrene, Expanded Western Insulfoam Co. Cellular Polystyrene, Expanded U.S. Army Engineer R&D Laboratory Cellular Polystyrene, Extruded N.A Dow Chemical Co. Cellular Polystyrene, Extruded Philips Research Laboratory GmbH Cellular Polyurethane Union Carbide Chemicals Co. Cellular Polyvinyl Chloride B.F. Goodrich 715

37 716 Appendix V Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Cellulose National Cellulose Corp. Cellulose U.S. Insulation Sales Corp. Cellulose Acetate E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Ceramic Fiber Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Kaylo Division Concrete NBS Concrete U.S. Maritime Commission Concrete U.S. Maritime Commission Concrete U.S. Maritime Commission Corkboard N.A N.A Brazil Corkboard Armstrong Cork Co. Corkboard Armstrong Cork Co. Cotton Insulation Industries, Inc. Cotton Janesville Cotton Mill Cotton Sears Roebuck Cotton 216 N.A N.A U.S. Department of Agriculture Cotton N.A U.S. Department of Agriculture Cotton N.A U.S. Department of Agriculture Cotton Burr Cotton Gauze Cotton Linter Diatomaceous Earth Johns Manville Diatomaceous Earth N.A Silicair Co. Diphenylamine Epoxy Resin Sandia Corporation Epsom Salt Fabric Feathers Felt N.A Felt (Dynatech Corporation)

38 Appendix V 717 Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Fiberboard Fiberboard 416 N.A N.A Agasote Millboard Co. Fiberboard United Refrig. Mfg. Co. Fiberboard Baltimore Lumber Company Fiberboard, Cane Flintkote Co. Fiberboard, Cane National Gypsum Co. Fiberboard, Coconut Grasas Vegetales Cubanas Fiberboard, Straw Strawick Corporation Fiberboard, Vegetable N.A Plastergon Wallboard Co. Fiberboard, Wood Fir-Tex Insulating Board Co. Fiberboard, Wood U.S. Gypsum Co. Fiberboard, Wood N.A Masonite Corp. Fiberboard, Wood N.A National Gypsum Co. Fumed Silica Johns Manville Glass Corning Glass Works Glass Fiber Blanket Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. Glass Fiber Blanket Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. Glass Fiber Board Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. Glass Pellet N.A N.A Greenstone Hardboard, Wood Masonite Corp. Honeycomb Panel Hulls Planter Peanut Co. Infusorial Earth N.A N.A Insulating Cement N.A Crossfield Products Insulating Cement Industrials, Inc. Insulation Panel Frosted Foods Insulation Leather Linoleum Cork N.A Marble

39 718 Appendix V Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Mica Mineral Wool Baldwin Hill Co. NBS Fibrous Glass Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp. NBS Gum Rubber NBS, Leather Section Paper Gaylord Container Corp. Paper N.A Waldort Paper Prod. Co. Particle Board Perlite Silbrico Corporation Perlite Silbrico Corporation Perlite Atlantic Perlite Co. Petroleum Coke Phenol Formaldehyde Westinghouse Electric Corp. Plaster National Gypsum Co. Plaster Great Lakes Carbon Corp. Plaster Great Lakes Carbon Corp. Plastic E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Plastic Southern Research Institute Plastic Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Plastic Formica Insulation Co. Plastic, Reinforced Fiber Continental-Diamond Fiber Corp. Plywood Weyerhaeuser Co. Poly(methyl) Methacrylate E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Polyester Monsanto Chemical Co. Polyester NBS Polyethylene U.S. Industrial Chemical Co. Polytetrafluoroethylene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Polyvinyl Chloride U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory Potting Material Westinghouse Electric Corp. Protexulate Powder Rock Wool Rock Wool Mfg. Co.

40 Appendix V 719 Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Rockboard U.S. Rockboard Corp. Rubber Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Rubber U.S. Rubber Co. Rubber Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Rubber Tile Armstrong Cork Co. Rubber, Buna S Great American Industries, Inc., Rubatex Division Rubber, Neoprene (Potomac Rubber Co.) Rubber, Pure Gum (National Gypsum Co.) Rubber, Pure Gum Arthur D. Little, Inc. Rubber, Pure Gum (Dynatech Corporation) Rubber, Silicone Dow Corning Corp. Rubber, Silicone (Potomac Rubber Co.) Rubber, Silicone General Electric Company Rubber, Silicone John G. Shelby Co., Inc. Rubber, Silicone Dow Corning Corp. (Green Rubber Co.) Rubber, Silicone National Beryllia Corporation Rubber, Silicone N.A Rohm & Haas Co. Rubber, Silicone NASA Rubber, Silicone Dow Corning Corp. Rubber, Silicone Dow Corning Corp. Rubber, Silicone McDonnell-Douglas Corporation Rubber, Sponge Great American Industries, Inc. Rubber-Cement Insulation Waterproof Insulation Corp. Sand, Ottawa Silica Ottawa-Silica Co. Silica Aerogel Monsanto Chemical Co. Slag Wool N.A Rock Fleece Corp. Soap Powder Soil N.A. 1.54

41 720 Appendix V Material Bulk density kg m -3 Thickness mm Mean temperature C Delta T K Thermal conductivity W m -1 K -1 Material source Straw N.A North Dakota Research Foundation Vermiculite N.A Zonolite Co. Vermiculite Board N.A Armco Int'l Corp. Viscose Sponge N.A. N.A E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (DuPont Rayon Co.) Wax Halowax Corp. Wood Wood Fiber Blanket Masonite Corp. Wood-Cement N.A Celotex Co. Wool Philip Carey Mfg. Co. (Association of American Railroads) Zirconia Source: NIST Heat Transmission Properties of Insulating and Building Materials Database

42 Appendix VI Exports and Imports of Coal by Countries Coal to Liquid Plants Planned Fig. VI.1. Flow of coal in the USA (Energy Information Administration, Annual energy review 2007). 721

43 722 Appendix VI Table VI.1. Imports and exports of coal by various countries. Country Production in trillion BTU Imports in trillion BTU Exports in trillion BTU Apparent consumption in trillion BTU Total recoverable coal in million short tons Canada 1, , ,251 20, Mexico ,335 17, United States 23, , , , ,718 20, Argentina , Brazil ,148 11, Chile ,302 25, Colombia 1, , ,287 24, Peru ,168 26, Puerto Rico Venezuela , Albania , Austria Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria ,411 6, Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic ,120 11, Denmark BTU value of coal in thousands BTU per short ton Total Recoverable coal in trillion BTU Years of coal remained at the current rate of consumption

44 Appendix VI 723 Country Production in trillion BTU Imports in trillion BTU Exports in trillion BTU Apparent consumption in trillion BTU Total recoverable coal in million short tons BTU value of coal in thousands BTU per short ton Total Recoverable coal in trillion BTU Finland Former Serbia and Montenegro ,288 8, France Germany 2, , , ,428 9, Greece ,299 4, Hungary ,700 7, Iceland Ireland Italy , Luxembourg Macedonia , Netherlands Norway , Poland 2, , ,432 15, Portugal Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden Years of coal remained at the current rate of consumption

45 724 Appendix VI Country Production in trillion BTU Imports in trillion BTU Exports in trillion BTU Apparent consumption in trillion BTU Total recoverable coal in million short tons Switzerland Turkey ,614 8, United Kingdom , , , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan 1, , ,479 16, Kyrgyzstan , Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia 6, , , ,074 19, Tajikistan , Ukraine 1, , ,647 19, Uzbekistan ,409 13, Iran , Israel Lebanon Algeria BTU value of coal in thousands BTU per short ton Total Recoverable coal in trillion BTU Botswana , Congo (Kinshasa) , Years of coal remained at the current rate of consumption

46 Appendix VI 725 Country Production in trillion BTU Imports in trillion BTU Exports in trillion BTU Apparent consumption in trillion BTU Total recoverable coal in million short tons Egypt , Mozambique , Niger , Nigeria , South Africa 5, , , ,738 21, Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Australia 8, , , ,531 20, Bangladesh Bhutan , Burma (Myanmar) , China 52, , , ,215 20, Hong Kong India 8, , , ,903 16, Indonesia 4, , ,476 23, Japan 0 4, , BTU value of coal in thousands BTU per short ton Total Recoverable coal in trillion BTU Korea, North , Korea, South , , , Years of coal remained at the current rate of consumption

47 726 Appendix VI Country Production in trillion BTU Imports in trillion BTU Exports in trillion BTU Apparent consumption in trillion BTU Total recoverable coal in million short tons Laos , Malaysia , Mongolia , Nepal , New Zealand , Pakistan ,362 16, Philippines , Taiwan 0 1, , Thailand ,493 10, Vietnam BTU value of coal in thousands BTU per short ton Total Recoverable coal in trillion BTU Years of coal remained at the current rate of consumption World Total 128, , , , ,000,912

48 Appendix VI 727 Table VI.2. Coal to Liquid plants under consideration or planned in the USA Project Lead Project Partners Location Feedstock Status Capacity Cost American Clean Coal Fuels None cited Oakland, IL Bituminous Feasibility 25,000 N/A Synfuels Inc. GE, Haldor-Topsoe, NACC, ExxonMobil Ascension Parish, LA Lignite Feasibility N/A $5 billion DKRW Advanced Fuels Rentech, GE Medicine Bow, WY Bituminous Design (2011) 13,000 bpd $1.4 billion DKRW Advanced Fuels Rentech, GE, Bull Mountain Land Company Roundup, MT Sub-bituminous/ Lignite Feasibility 22,000 bpd $1 1.5 billion AIDEA ANRTL, CPC Cook Inlet, AK Sub-bituminous Feasibility 80,000 bpd $5 8 billion Mingo County Rentech WV Bituminous Feasibility 20,000 bpd $2 billion WMPI Sasol, Shell, DOE Gilberton, PA Anthracite Design 5,000 bpd $612 million Rentech/Peabody N/A MT Sub-bituminous/ lignite Rentech/Peabody N/A Southern IL, Southwest IN, Western KY Rentech* Kiewit Energy Company, WorleyParsons Feasibility 10,000 30,000 bpd Bituminous Feasibility 10,000 30,000 bpd East Dubuque, IL Bituminous Construction (2010) N/A N/A 1,800 bpd* $800 million Rentech Adams County Natchez, MS Coal/Petcoke Feasibility 10,000 bpd $ million Rentech Baard Energy Wellsville, OH Sub-bituminous Feasibility 35,000 bpd $4 billion Headwaters Hopi Tribe AZ Bituminous Feasibility 10,000 50,000 bpd Headwaters NACC, GRE, Falkirk ND Lignite Feasibility 40,000 bpd $3.6 billion N/A

49 728 Appendix VI Table VI.2. Coal to Liquid plants under consideration or planned worldwide Country Owner/Developer Capacity (bpd) Status South Africa Sasol 150,000 Operational China Shenhua 20,000 (initially) Construction Operational in China Lu an Group ~3,000 4,000 Construction China Yankuang 40,000 (initially) 180,000 planned Construction China Sasol JV (2 studies) 80,000 (each plant) Planning China Shell/Shenhua 70,000 80,000 Planning China Headwaters/UK Race Investment Two 700-bpd demo plants Planning Indonesia Pertamina/Accelon ~76,000 Construction Australia Anglo American/Shell 60,000 Planning Australia Altona Resources plc, Jacobs Consultancy, MineConsult 45,000 Planning Philippines Headwaters 50,000 Planning New Zealand L&M Group 50,000 Planning

50 Appendix VII Exports and Imports of Dry Natural Gas in the World Table VII.1. World Dry Natural Gas Supply and Disposition, Most Recent Annual Estimates, Dry gas Apparent Country production Imports Exports consumption Canada 6, ,606 3,307 Mexico 1, ,200 United States 18,476 4, ,653 North America 26,765 4,879 4,342 27,160 Argentina 1, ,475 Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Peru Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago 1, Uruguay Venezuela Central & South America 5, ,172 4,513 Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland Former Serbia and Montenegro France 43 1, ,

51 730 Appendix VII Dry gas Apparent Country production Imports Exports consumption Germany 692 3, ,524 Greece Hungary Ireland Italy 388 2, ,984 Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands 2, ,930 1,690 Norway 3, , Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain 2 1, ,161 Sweden Switzerland Turkey 32 1, ,101 United Kingdom 2, ,202 Europe 11,195 15,454 6,026 20,284 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan ,097 Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia 23,167 1,847 8,416 16,598 Tajikistan Turkmenistan 2, , Ukraine 689 1, ,560 Uzbekistan 2, ,769 Eurasia 29,460 5,561 10,723 24,298 Bahrain Iran 3, ,839 Iraq Israel

52 Appendix VII 731 Dry gas Apparent Country production Imports Exports consumption Jordan Kuwait Oman Qatar 1, , Saudi Arabia 2, ,594 Syria United Arab Emirates 1, ,522 Yemen Middle East 11, ,006 10,268 Algeria 3, , Angola Cameroon Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Cote d'ivoire (Ivory- Coast) Egypt 1, Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria 1, Senegal South Africa Tanzania Togo Tunisia Africa 6, ,697 2,947 Afghanistan Australia 1, ,012 Bangladesh Brunei Burma (Myanmar) China 2, ,993 Hong Kong India 1, ,380 Indonesia 2, , Japan 174 3, ,247 Korea, South 18 1, ,137

53 732 Appendix VII Dry gas Apparent Country production Imports Exports consumption Malaysia 2, ,053 1,136 New Zealand Niue Pakistan 1, ,112 Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Taiwan Thailand ,176 Vietnam Asia & Oceania 12,962 5,676 3,616 14,956 World Total 103,977 32,578 31, ,425 Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, International Energy Statistics Team.

54 Appendix VII 733 Fig. VII.1. Flow of natural gas in the USA (Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007).

55 Appendix VIII Selected Giant Oil Fields and Their Size Table VIII.1. Selected giant and supergiant oil fields. Oil Field Country Year discovered Estimated Reserves (billions of barrel) Carioca Brazil Sugar Loaf Brazil Tupi Santos Basin, Brazil Bohai China Azadegan Iran Ferdows/Mound/Zagheh Iran Kashagan Kazakhstan White Tiger Viet nam Priobskoye West Siberia, Russia Tengiz Kazakhstan Cantarell Mexico Fyodorovskoye West Siberia, Russia Prudhoe Bay Alaska, United States Lyantorskoye West Siberia, Russia Zakum Abu Dhabi, UAE Samotlor West Siberia, Russia Serir Libya Ahwaz Iran Rumaila Iraq Safaniya-Khafji Saudi Arabia/Neutral Zone Romashkino Volga-Ural, Russia Ghawar Saudi Arabia Burgan Kuwait Agha Jari Iran Kirkuk Iraq Chicontepec Mexico Bolivar Coastal Venezuela Aghajari Iran Ahvaz Iran 17 Azadegan Iran 3 6 Gachsaran Iran Marun Iran Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin Kuwait Minagish Kuwait 2 Raudhatain Kuwait 11 Sarir Libya Kashagan Kazakhstan Daqing China

56 736 Appendix VIII Giant Field: a giant oil or gas field is considered to be one for which the estimate of ultimately recoverable oil is 500 million bbl of oil or gas equivalent. Gas is converted to oil at a ratio of 6,000 cu ft/bbl. Some fields are, therefore, giants only because their combined amounts of oiland gas-equivalent total at least 500 million bbl, and not because either resource is that great by itself. Supergiant: 5,000 to 50,000 MMBOE ( Megagiant: 50,000+ MMBOE ( Fig. VIII.1. World oil and condensate field ranking (Printed with permission from Berman A (November 2008) What s new in exploration. WorldOil.com (The oilfield information sources) 229(2)).

57 Appendix VIII 737 Abqaiq Field, Saudi Arabia Berri Field, Saudi Arabia Bibi Hakimeh Field, Iran Karanj Field, Iran Marun Field, Iran Povkhovskoye Field, Russia Fig. VIII.2. Oil and gas production profiles of six giant/super giant oil fields (Adapted from Simmons MR, The worlds giant oil fields. Simmons and Company International).

58 738 Appendix VIII Fig. VIII.3. Production profiles of eight giant/supergiant oil fields (Printed with permission from Simmons MR (2005) Twilight in the Desert. Wiley).