Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective

Transcription

1 Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective Presented at Indo Japanese Conference on Fuel Quality and Vehicular Emissions th March 2009, New Delhi K.K.Gandhi Executive Director ( Technical ) Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Delhi

2 Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Non-profit organization representing 44 vehicle & vehicular engine manufacturers Advocacy: Economic Policy, Technical Policy & Public Policy Networking Stakeholders National / International Seminars / Conferences Technical, Trade & Economic, Road Safety Statistical services Production, Sales and Exports Auto Expo Promotes sustainable development of Indian automobile industry

3 SIAM Members

4 2008 Auto Industry Growth Trajectory Vehicle Sales : 1972 onwards mn units mn units mn units mn units mn units Millions

5 Auto Industry Today 8.02 Commercial Vehicles 30% Two Wheelers 25% Three Wheelers 2% 1.76 PV 0.54 CV 0.5 3W 2W Passenger Vehicles 43% Domestic Sales ~ US $ bn Exports ~ US $ 3.46 bn Estimated; All figures for

6 Vehicle Parc As on March 2008 Passenger Vehicles 13% Commercial Vehicles* 13% Two Wheelers 74% Total Registered Vehicles ~ 109 Mn Source: Govt. of India Statistics of Registered Vehicles & SIAM estimates * Include tractor, trailer, three wheelers and others

7 CHALLENGES

8 Challenges before the Automotive Industry Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

9 Challenges before the Automotive Industry Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

10 CURRENT SCENARIO BS-IV REVIEW BS-IV (SELECT CITIES) BS-III (11 CITIES) BS-III (ENTIRE COUNTRY) CNG BUSES (DELHI) BS-II (ENTIRE COUNTRY) BS-II (NCR) BS-II (3 CITIES) BS-II (8 CITIES) BS-II (2 CITIES) BS-I (NCR) BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY) India Unique CMVR 92 (DIESEL) CMVR 96 (DIESEL) EVA & CC EMI (PETROL) IDLE EMI FAS (DIESEL) CMVR 91 (PETROL)

11 CURRENT SCENARIO Need to evolve future road map BS-III (11 CITIES) BS-IV REVIEW BS-IV (SELECT CITIES) BS-III (ENTIRE COUNTRY) CNG BUSES (DELHI) BS-II (ENTIRE COUNTRY) BS-II (NCR) BS-II (3 CITIES) BS-II (8 CITIES) BS-II (2 CITIES) BS-I (NCR) BS-I (ENTIRE COUNTRY) India Unique CMVR 92 (DIESEL) CMVR 96 (DIESEL) EVA & CC EMI (PETROL) IDLE EMI FAS (DIESEL) CMVR 91 (PETROL)

12 Challenges before the Automotive Industry Air quality Energy diversification Climate Change

13 Portfolio of Clean Fuels CNG,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol Hydrogen Clean Fuels Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

14 CURRENT Portfolio of Clean Fuels CNG,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol Hydrogen Clean Fuels Bio-fuels Bio-diesel 5%Ethanol Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

15 Portfolio of Clean Fuels CNG,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol Hydrogen Clean Fuels Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

16 The Indian Bio Fuel Program

17 Among Biofuels, Ethanol & bio diesel are promising renewable fuels which can be used as blending component with petrol & diesel up to a specified percentage in transport sector without any modification in the existing set of engines.

18 Ethanol Programme in India Mandatory Mandatory5% 5% Ethanol Ethanol blending blending in in gasoline gasoline in in 9 States States & 4 UTs UTsw.e.f. January January 1, 1, Mandatory Mandatory 5% 5% Ethanol Ethanol blending blending in in States States & 3 3 UTs UTs subject subject to to commercial commercial viability viability & ethanol ethanol availability availability % 5% Ethanol Ethanol blending blending made made mandatory mandatory throughout throughout country country (except (except NE, NE, J&K, J&K, A&N) A&N) subject subject to to commercial commercial viability viability w.e.f w.e.f CCEA CCEA decides decides to to implement: implement: Voluntary Voluntary 10% 10% ethanol ethanol blending blending from from Oct Oct Mandatory Mandatory 10% 10% ethanol ethanol blending blending from from Oct Oct Dec2008 SIAM SIAM informed informed that that Pilot Pilot Project Project has has Commenced Commenced through through two two Depots Depots one one each each at at Desur Desur (Karnataka) (Karnataka) and and Aonla Aonla (UP) (UP)

19 Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) (Y2K Compliant vehicles-2w) MODEL A Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks Power, kw Acceleration, Sec Max Speed, kmph FE, kmpl No significant variation Comparable Comparable 2 ~ 7% drop Legends : -OK within Spec. Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency observed Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks CO, gm / km HC, gm / km NOx, gm / km HC + NOx, gm / km Remarks :- 40 ~ 78 % drop 0 ~ 5 % increase 17 ~ 25 % increase 7 ~ 8.5 % Increase Drop in CO, gm / km, Increase in Nox, gm/km

20 Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) : (Y2K Compliant vehicles 2W) MODEL B Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks Power, kw Acceleration, Sec Max Speed, kmph FE, kmpl Increase 5.5 ~ 7% drop Comparable 2 ~ 4% drop Legends : -OK within Spec Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency & Acceleration observed Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks CO, gm / km HC, gm / km NOx, gm / km HC + NOx, gm / km Remarks :- 30 ~ 64 % drop 9.5 ~ 24 % Increase 10 ~ 32 % Increase 10 ~ 27 % Increase Drop in CO, & Increase in HC, Nox gm / km

21 E10 Studies on Four wheelers General Trends: Driveability of ethanol is lower because of Distillation characteristics & RVP of ethanol blended fuel. Reduced Cold & Hot Startability & Acceleration performance. E10 fuel affects material compatibility, engine wear & life. Rubber swelling & metal corrosion increases. Intake valve deposits & stickiness, combustion chamber deposits increases, subsequently leads to loss of compression & reduction in engine performance. International experience confirms 3% Increase in Fuel consumption due to lower energy value of ethanol. Evaporative emissions increases drastically. In Sweden,, about 40% of in-use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporative emission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend (Source: WP29 informal document) Misfire (in some cases) Ethanol can absorb water; If water enters the fuel tank It dilutes ethanol, reducing its value as a fuel. It causes problems of phase separation in fuel. Ethanol absorbs dirts & carries inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus contaminating the car engine system. Most of the In-use vehicles are not compatible with E10 fuel

22 E10 Studies on 4 wheelers General Trends: In India, not much vehicle testing taken place to date however the following impact is expected. ( performance and emissions impact is highly dependent on application ) Driveability Potential deterioration in startability & cold driveability. Closed loop vehicles can tolerate to some extent. Vehicle Emissions HC, CO NOx Decreases significantly. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration. Increases. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration. Evaporative emissions Increases drastically to the extent of 40-50%. Inspection / Maintenance Negligible change. Hardware durability Rubber / plastics Aluminum Steel Deposits Increased degradation (fuel lines, injectors, seals, connectors) Increased corrosion (fuel rail, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage of E10 fuel. Increased corrosion (fuel lines, fuel tank, pressure regulator, pump, filler neck, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage. Increased intake system deposits.

23 Australia, USA & Japan Studies on E10 Impacts Parameters Fuel Injected model (4 Wheelers) USA JAPAN Carburetted model Vehicle Performance Mileage (or) Fuel economy Increases by 2.8% Drop up to 2.4% Driveability Drop up to 0.8% Drop up to 2.3% Acceleration delay Cold Startability Drop up to 2.0% Drop up to 2.5% Hot Startability Drop up to 1.0% Drop up to 3.5% Vehicle Emission Parameters M ass emission CO Drop by 32% 10-11% drop decreases HC Drop by 12% 15-16% drop decreases NOx Increases by 1% 3-7% increase increases PM % drop Evaporative emission 10-40% increase Increases Increases Material compatibility Doubtful / Unsatisfactory - - Distortion, stiffening happens in diaphragms. Rubber - Crumbling of rubber - -decrease in hardness (breakdown) - Leakage from hoses Aluminium - - Corrosion such as Complete dissolution, reduction in mass Durability Doubtful / Unsatisfactory - Engine life Reduces - Valve & Combustion chamber seposits AUSTRALIA valve stickiness increases, loss of compression - Fuel filter clogs Fuel system durability - pump life deteriorates - - injector drifts -

24 10% Ethanol-blended Gasoline Concerns Very large number of in-use vehicles are not compatible with 10% blend. Hence, this issue needs to be addressed. For the use of E-10, as fuel compression ratio needs to be increased to compensate for the FE loss, hence the use of E-0 (in case of a discontinued supply of E-10) may cause knocking. The consumers / vehicle manufacturers should be given assurance of a sustained supply of 10% blend. There should be a clear Road Map for implementation with sufficient lead time for the vehicle manufacturers Assured supply Defined percentage Labeled

25 Pilot E10 Blending Program SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced through two Depots one each at Belgaum from Desur (Karnataka) and in Bareilly from Aonla (UP) w.e.f. 15 th December 2008 SIAM study of the field situation in Bareilly Labeling of Dispensing Units by Oil Companies is more or less being followed, but needs to be streamlined. Vehicle Dealers are generally aware that E10 blended Gasoline is being sold. There is a wide variation in the Ethanol percentages in Bareilly; from 0% to 10% from the samples tested by SIAM Since this variation largely depends on the availability of Ethanol by each Depot, at any particular time, this variation is likely to continue. It may be difficult for SIAM members to conclude the extent of impact of E10 fuel on vehicles due to this inconsistency. On-line blending is not being done at IOC Depot at Aonla.

26 Examples of E10 Sticker on Dispensing Units at Bareilly

27 ) No labels were observed in the Petrol Station

28 Bio Diesel studies

29 Observations during the road test A car running on Biodiesel shows no particular deviation from a car running on fossil diesel as far as vehicle performance is considered. The vehicle fueled with Biodiesel meets the Euro III emission standard and therefore also the effective Bharat Stage II (EU II) norms with a sufficient margin. Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are comparable to that of fossil diesel. However, carbon monoxide emissions tend to increase. Particulate emissions from the vehicle have shown significant reductions to those of a car running on fossil diesel. The storage stability of the Biodiesel is a parameter which needs to be studied further as increased emissions were observed with aged Biodiesel. In order to come to a more conclusive understanding of the performance of JME Biodiesel in Mercedes-Benz Common Rail Diesel engines additional test are being further conducted.

30 The Tough gets going!!

31 Field Trials by OEM s

32 Field Trials on State Transport Buses Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors Haryana Roadways 20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year Driveability performance observed satisfactory and smoke found lower Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel

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34 Portfolio of Clean Fuels CNG,LPG Low sulphur Diesel / Petrol Hydrogen Clean Fuels Bio-fuels Bio-diesel, Ethanol Electric/ Hybrid Electric Vehicles

35 Propulsion Technology HEV EV H 2 H-CNG FEV

36 Battery Technology : Heart of EV+ Fuel Cell H 2 ICE H-CNG EVs Diesel / Petrol CNG/LPG

37 Hydrogen Centric Activities

38 The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways: Seeding For H2ICE H Development Pilot Fleet Incubation of H 2 ICE Tech Demo Jan 09 Jan 10 Jan 11 Jan 13 OR For Fuel Cell Development Incubation Tech Demo Pilot Trials Jan 09 Jan 12/13 Jan 15 Jan 17

39 A roadmap for development and implementation of zero emission vehicles HCNG EV/HCNG H2/Fuel Cells Hybrids & H2EV s Yr 2008 Yr 2010 Yr 2011/12 Yr 2020 Yr 2030 Challenges: Production, Storage and Transportation

40 To sum up percent Ethanol Petrol blend introduced in India but sustained availability a concern 2. Issues concerning Fuel Quality & Engine Durability for new & in use vehicles has to be adequately resolved for 10 % blends. 3. Bio diesel is an environmentally & Technically Feasible Alternative Fuel for India 4. Need to evolve standards for Bio Fuels in line with International regulations 5. Prepare roadmap for sustained availability in consultation with all stake holders 6. Electric Vehicles & Hydrogen hold the key for the sustained development of Industry

41 Commitment of All Stakeholders Oil Companies Vehicle Users Government Departments Judiciary Clean Vehicles / Air & Energy Security NGOs Vehicle Manufacturers Research Institutions

42 Visit us at Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Core 4B, 5th Floor India Habitat Centre Lodi Road, New Delhi Phone: Fax:

43 Cold weather High altitude Biodiesel testing The Himalaya-trials with Biodiesel was in continuation of road trials in C-Class cars & 1 Viano van were utilized for the Cold weather + High Altitude testing of Biodiesel. Encouraging results from trials Mileage comparable to normal diesel (8-9 km/l for C-Class & 7.5 km/l for Viano). Engine performance comparable- and marginally better than conventional diesel. Low particulate emissions: one-third of normal diesel. Complete combustion (black smoke). Power loss observed. Not attributable to Biodiesel but due to oxygen rarity at high altitude. Fuel sample taken for every 1000kms & sent to Daimler for testing & analysis.