Inventory Of GHGs And Other Urban Pollutants From Transport Sector In Delhi And Calcutta

Transcription

1 Proceedings of IGES/APN Mega-City Project January 22 (Rihga Royal Hotel Kokura, Kitakyushu Japan) 22 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies All rights reserved. Inventory Of GHGs And Other Urban Pollutants From Transport Sector In Delhi And Calcutta C. SHARMA *a, A. DASGUPTA b & A.P. MITRA c 1. Introduction Transport sector is one of the major contributors of greenhouse gases and has even more importance for the emission of polluted gases like NO x, SO 2, CO, particulate matter etc into the atmosphere. It has been estimated that motor vehicles contribute to about 64% of the pollution in Delhi while other sources (e.g. domestic-8%, industries 12%, power plants 16%) are of much lesser contributions. These gases play active role in the atmospheric chemistry and are responsible for climate change, adverse effects on human and plant health, atmospheric corrosion etc. At the national level, under Asia Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy Project (ALGAS, 1998), an inventory of emissions of trace gases including greenhouse gases had been prepared but this is the first attempt to inventorize emissions at city level. The growth of the vehicle population in India has been extremely fast especially in the post economic liberalization era and the number of vehicles has nearly doubled during the period as shown in table-1 (The Citizen s Fifth Report, 1999). Table 1: Vehicle population (x1) in India ( ) Buses Year All Vehicle Two wheelers Cars, Jeeps and Taxis Goods Vehicles Others ** ** * Corresponding author. Tel: Ext. 2331, Fax: , csharma@csnpl.ren.nic.in a Researcher, Centre for Global Change, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi India b Graduate Student, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India c Honorary Scientist of Eminence, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi India 1

2 # Others include tractors, trailers, three wheelers (passenger vehicles) and other miscellaneous vehicles, which are not separately classified, **Excludes light motor vehicles (three wheelers and four wheelers) which have been shown under goods Includes omni buses In 1991, the total number of vehicles in India was about 21 millions which swelled to about 41 millions in The Indian mega-cities have reported large growth rates in the increase in vehicle population as reflected in table-2. Table-2: Growth of vehicle population (in millions) in Indian mega-cities Cities % Increase Bangalore Calcutta Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Mumbai Delhi stands out with the largest number of vehicle population in any of the Indian cities. The vehicle population in Delhi is more than the combined vehicle population of other Indian mega-cities like Chennai, Mumbai, and Calcutta. The composition of the vehicle mix in Delhi and Calcutta is given in Table-3 and table-4 respectively. Table-3: Number of registered motor vehicle in Delhi Type of vehicle Cars & Jeep Motor cycle & Scooters Auto Rickshaw Taxis Buses Goods vehicle etc Total Table-4: Number of registered motor vehicle in Calcutta Motor Motor cycle Truck & Deliver Minibus Auto Other Year car & & jeepscooter van Taxi y van Bus rick- Tractor shaw s Total N.A N.A

3 Upto Aug One of the important features of this vehicle mix in Delhi is the large population of two-wheelers (Figure-1), which indicates the preference of personal mode over public mode of transportation in Delhi. As per the estimates, the share of personalized mode is 37% while the share of buses and railways are 62% and 1% respectively in Delhi. In Calcutta, the share of bus in total transport mode is about 72%. The share of two-wheelers in Indian mega-cities is given in Figure- 2. This reveals that, except in Mumbai, all the India mega-cities have high percentages of two-wheelers. The vehicular composition in terms of passenger car units (PCUs) shows that while 65 PCUs were available per thousand urban persons in Calcutta during period, there were 367 PCUs per thousands urban persons were available in Delhi during the same period. Consequently 145 PCUs were estimated to be on per kilometer of road in Delhi compared to 838 PCUs per kilometer on Calcutta roads (Figure-3). Figure-1: Number of registered vehicles in Delhi Cars & Jeep Auto Rickshaw Buses Motor cycle & Scooters Taxis Goods vehicle etc 3

4 Share of two & four wheelers (%) in some cities of India in 1991 Figure-3: Road parameters in some cities of India in 1991 Percentage Mumbai Calcutta Delhi Two-Wheelers Madras Cars Hyderabad Bagalore Mumbai Calcutta Delhi Road length (km) Madras Hyderabad Bangalore PCUs (per km of road) Figure-2: Share of two & four Wheelers(%) in some cities of India in Consumption of petroleum fuel in transport sector Figure-3: Road parameters in some cities of India in 1991 The consumption of petroleum products in Delhi and Calcutta is shown in Figure-4 during to periods. The consumption of diesel in Delhi has gone up quite significantly over this period, which has caused concern for human health related and ecological problems in Delhi. This consumption is not only by the commercial luggage vehicles but also by diesel driven cars, which users are tempted to purchase due to cheaper diesel costs. In Calcutta also, the consumption of diesel is more compared to gasoline, a trend normally observed in all the India cities. The diesel consumption in transport sector is one of the major sources of particulate matter emission. Figure-4: Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel in Delhi and Calcutta Figure-4: Consumption of Gasoline and Diesel in Delhi and Calcutta Consumption (' tons) Delhi Gasoline Delhi Diesel Calcutta Gasoline Calcutta Diesel Methodology and Emission Inventories Using the consumption of gasoline and diesel in the transport sector in Delhi and Calcutta, emissions of different greenhouse gases, other urban gases and particulate matter have been estimated using the IPCC-96 methodologies. For the estimation of CO, NOx, HC and particulate matter from diesel and gasoline, emission factors prescribed by Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun (Mitra 1992) have been utilized. These are given in Table- 1 here. 4

5 Table-1: Emission factors for trace gas emissions from Diesel and Gasoline consumption Species Gasoline Diesel Units CO Kg/liter CO Kg/ton NO x Kg/ton Hydrocarbon (HC) Kg/ton Particulate matter (PM) Kg/ton The results of emission calculations of CO, NO x, HC, PM and black carbon (BC) from gasoline and diesel consumption in Delhi and Calcutta are shown in Figures-5 through 11. It has been found that the CO emissions from gasoline consumption has increased from 13 Gg in to 164 Gg in while from diesel it has increased from 22 Gg in to 35 Gg in The NO x has increased from 3.5 to 4.5 Gg, hydrocarbon from 4.9 to 6.3 Gg, particulate from.7 to.9 Gg, black carbon from.5 to.6 Gg and organic carbon from.25 to.3 Gg from to period in Delhi from Gasoline consumption. From diesel consumption, CO has increased from 22 to 35Gg, NOx from 8 to 12.8Gg, hydrocarbon from 2 to 3Gg, particulate matter from 1.8 to 2.8Gg, black carbon from 7.3 to 11.5Gg and organic carbon from 3.7 to 5.8 Gg during the abovementioned period in Delhi. In Calcutta, the gasoline consumption s contribution in CO has increased from 12 Gg in to 16Gg in , in NO x from.3 to.4, in hydrocarbon from.5 to.6, in particulate matter from.6 to.8, in black carbon.5 to.6, in organic carbon from.2 to.3 Gg respectively during this period. The diesel consumption in Calcutta has contributed to increase in CO from 7 to 9Gg, in NO x from 2.6 to 3.2, in hydrocarbon from.6 to.8, in particulate matter from.6 to.7, in black carbon 2.36 to 3 in organic carbon from 1.2 to 1.5 Gg respectively during this period. Figure-5: Emission of Urban Gases from Gasoline in Delhi Figure-5: Em ission of Urban Gases from Gasoline in De lhi CO NOx HC Partic ulate BC OC

6 Fig Figure-6: u r e Emission s iof n Urban o f Ur Gases b an Gas from egasoline s fr o m in GCalcutta as o lin e in Calcutta CO NOx HC Particulate BC Figure-7: Emission Emission of Urban Gases of Urban from Diesel Gases in Delhi from Diesel in Delhi CO NOx HC Particulate BC OC

7 Figure-8: Emission of Urban Gases from Diesel in Calcutta Figure-8: Emission of Urban Gases from Diesel in Calcutta CO NOx HC Particulate BC OC Figure-9: CO Emissions from Transport Sector Figure-9: CO Emissions from Transport Sector Delhi CO Calcutta CO

8 Figure-1: Particulate Emission from Transport Sector Figure-1: Particulate Emission from Transport Sector Emissions (Gg) Delhi PM Calcutta PM Figure-11: Black Carbon Emission from Transport Sector Figure-11: Black Carbon Emission from Transport Sector Emissions (Gg) Delhi BC Calcutta BC The transport sector in India is witnessing a rapid transition phase due to several policy interventions related to emission norms for vehicles and quality of fuel supplied. One of the interesting aspects is that most of these interventions have been conceived due to status of pollutions in Delhi due to transport sector. References Asian Least Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS), Asian Development Bank, Manila, 1998, Publication Stock No Global Change: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in India 1992 Update. Edited by A.P. Mitra, Published by National Physical Laboratroy, New Delhi 1112, International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1996) Climate Change 1996: The Science of Climate Change. Houghton JT, Meira Filho LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenberg A & Maskell K ( eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. The Citizens s Fifth Report, Edited by Anil Agrawal and Sunita Narain, Published by Centre for Science & Environment, New Delhi-1162,