INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume VI /Issue 4 / JULY 2016

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1 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF I.C ENGINE USING DIESEL AND ETHANOL BLENDS PASULA RAJU 1 K. BHARADWAJA 2 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) (An Autonomous Institution approved by UGC and affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC with A Grade and NBA & Recipient of World Bank Assistance under TEQIP Phase- II S.C.1.1) Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post. Via.Kompally), Secunderabad ABSTRACT: Ethanol is a bio-based renewable and oxygenated fuel, thereby providing potential to reduce the particulate matter emission in diesel engine and to provide reduction in life cycle of carbon dioxide. So that reduces ozone layer depletion. There are several studies which reports improvement in the engine performance and emission by using ethanol blend fuels. Many researches going on in the area of ethanol as alternate fuel, the commercialization of this fuel is not achieved in the Indian automobile scenario. It is mainly because of installation of refilling stations and the problems encountered in the engine while ethanol is used as a fuel. The problem such as starting trouble, cold starting problem, Aldehyde emission coming out from the engine and the stringent norms followed by the government for the use of ethanol. The main objective of this project is to study the performance of the diesel engine using blended fuel. The present work has been carried out using single cylinder, fourstroke, water-cooled diesel engine. In this phase, experiment investigations are conducted using four sets of blended fuels i.e. 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% Ethanol blend have been prepared. The performance evaluation of the I.C engine is done and compared with the base fuel. The performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency are evaluated and compared with the base fuel. Introduction Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compressionignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transeterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products-methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct usually sold to be used in soaps and other products. Biodiesel is better for the environment because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emission compared to petroleum diesel. The transesterification is achieved with monohydric alcohols like methanol and ethanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst. Biodiesel and its blends with petroleum-based diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines without any significant modifications to the engines. The advantages of biodiesel are that it displaces petroleum thereby reducing global warming gas emissions, tail pipe particulate matter, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and other air toxics. Biodiesel improves lubricity and reduces premature wearing of fuel pumps. Project objectives The main objective is to calculate the performance analysis of a 4-S Engine using various blends of bio-diesel and diesel to predict the outcome of the best possible blend that can be used in day-to-day life.

2 utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work. Thus, thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy in a heat engine. 4-s engine Literature review Ethanol has been successfully used to blend with gasoline fuel as part of the alternative to reduce the consumption of conventional gasoline. However, it has not been commercially used to replace part of diesel fuel to diesel engines, because the barriers for application have not been overcome yet, due to the difference in chemical and physical properties between ethanol and diesel fuel. At present, significant investigations of the potential application of ethanol - diesel (ED) fuel blends on diesel engine have been carried out. Hansen et al investigated the Cummins engine performance with 15 % ED fuel blends and found that the engine power decreases by about of 7 to 10 % and the brake thermal efficiency increases by about of 2 3 % at rated speed. Kass et al tested the torque output from the same model engine with two blends containing 10 % and 15 % ethanol and reported an approximate 8 % engine power reduction for both fuel blends. Huang et al investigated the engine performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine when using 10%, 20%, 25% and 30% ethanol-blended diesel fuels. In that study, the results showed that the brake thermal efficiencies decreased with increasing amount of ethanol in the blended fuels. Rakopoulos et al studied the effects of ethanol blends with diesel fuel, with 5% and 10% (v/v) on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. The results showed that increasing the ethanol amount in the fuel blend increased the brake specific fuel consumption and decreased the brake thermal efficiency. INTRODUCTION TO I.C ENGINES Heat Engine: Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and Test ring setup Heat Engines can be broadly classified into two categories. Internal Combustion Engines (I.C. Engines) External Combustion Engines (E.C. Engines) 3.2 Internal Combustion Engines: Here, combustion of fuel with oxygen of the air occurs within the cylinder of the engine. The internal combustion engines group includes engines employing mixtures of combustible gases and air, known as gas engines, those using lighter liquid fuel or spirit known as petrol engines and those using heavier liquid fuels, known as oil, compression ignition or diesel engines. ETHANOL Ethanol is also called as ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with the structural formula CH 3 CH 2 OH, often abbreviated as C 2 H 5 OH or C 2 H 6 O. Ethanol is a psychoactive drug and is one of the oldest recreational drugs still used

3 by humans. Ethanol can cause alcohol intoxication when consumed. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a solvent, and as a fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as alcohol or spirits. Blends Ethanol can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a ethanol blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Several studies show ethanol can run in a conventional diesel engine for an extended time. Researchers have run diesel engines in pickups, city buses, large trucks and tractors on various mixes of ethanol/diesel fuel. The following table shows the properties of fuel and Ethanol: Fuel Properties Fuel Ethanol Density kg/m Cetane number Stoichiometric A/F Viscosity Pa s Boiling point ºC Pour point ºC -1to Flash point ºC Oxygen% weight Heat content MJ/kg Calculations: Mass of fuel consumed, We can use the ethanol blends from 5% (v/v) and mix ethanol in any proportion. This project includes four blends. They are (5% of ethanol), (10% of ethanol), (15% of ethanol) and (20% of ethanol). Ethanol blends of up to 20% reduce the emissions of HC, CO, SO 2, and particulates, as well as improve the engine performance. m = X speciic gravity of fuel t Specific gravity of diesel=0.827 X=volume of fuel consumed=10cc t=time taken (sec) Heat input, HI HI= (m f x calorific value of fuel) in kw and Ethanol blends Calorific value of diesel= in kj/kg Output or Brake Power, BP BP = 2 πnt kw N=speed (rpm) T=torque on the load indicator (N-m) Specific fuel consumption, SFC SFC = Kg/kWhr KirloskarEngine setup Brake Thermal Efficiency,

4 η % = Mechanical Efficiency, SFC BP η % = BP IP 100 IP can be determined, using WILLAN S LINE method and the procedure is below: Draw the graph of fuel consumption Vs brake power Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give the Power losses (Friction Power loss) With this the IP can be found using the relation: IP=BP+FP Volumetric Efficiency, ηvol η % = Q 100 Q C d = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62 a = area at the orifice = (π/4)*d^2 Ha = head in air column, m of air, Ha = h w *ρ water ρ air ρ water = 1000 kg/m3 ρ air = 1.2 kg/m3 Q th = (π/4)*d*d*l*n 60*2 D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.08 m L= Length of the Stroke = m N is speed of the engine in RPM 5.7 Sample Calculation of Blend X=volume of fuel consumed=10cc t=time taken (sec) m fc = 10*0.8289* *69.69 m fc = 1.189*10^-4 Heat input, HI HI= (m f x calorific value of fuel) in kw Calorific value of = in kj/kg HI = 1.189*10^-4* HI = kw Output or Brake Power, BP BP = 2 πnt kw N=speed (rpm) T=torque on the load indicator (N-m) BP = 2 π*1512*2 kw BP = kw Specific fuel consumption, SFC SFC = Kg/kWhr SFC = 1.189*10^ SFC = kg/kwhr Mass of fuel consumed, Brake Thermal Efficiency, m = Specific gravity of = η % = η bth = 3600* * SFC BP

5 η bth = % Mechanical Efficiency, η % = BP IP 100 IP can be determined, using WILLAN S LINE method and the procedure is below: Draw the graph of fuel consumption Vs brake power Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake S. No Speed Load BP SFC T5 η η η power axis The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point will give the Power losses (Friction Power loss) With this the IP can be found using the relation: IP=BP+FP IP = IP = kw η mech = (0.3166/1.5166)*100 η mech = % Volumetric Efficiency, ηvol ρ water = 1000 kg/m3 ρ air = 1.2 kg/m3 H a = 4*10^-2*(1000/1.2) H a = m Q a = C d * a * 2gH a Q a = 0.62*3.14*10^-4* 2*9.81* Q a = 4.978*10^-3 m3/s Q th = (π/4)*d*d*l*n 60*2 D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.08 m L= Length of the Stroke = m N is speed of the engine in RPM Q th = (π/4)*0.08*0.08*0.110* *2 Q th = 6.966*10^-3 m3/s η vol = (4.978/6.966)*100 η vol = % ml and 50ml Ethanol S. No SPEED LOAD BP SFC T5 η bth η mech η vol S. No Speed LOAD BP SFC T5 η η η η % = Q Q 100 Q a = C d * a * 2gH a C d = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62 a = area at the orifice = (π/4)*d^2 a = (π/4)*0.02^2 a = 3.14*10^-4 Ha = head in air column, m of air, Ha = h w *ρ water ρ air ml and 100ml Ethanol 850 ml and 150ml Ethanol S. No Speed Load BP SFC T5 η η η ml and 200ml Ethanol

6 S. No Speed Load BP SFC T5 η η η Graphs Brake Power Vs Mass of fuel consumed Mass of fuel consumed (kg/s) comparison of Brake power Vs Mass of fuel consumed for ethanol blends LOAD Vs SFC SFC(kg/kWhr) Brake Power (kw) LOAD (N-m) comparison of Load Vs SFC for different blends LOAD Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency BrakeThermal Eficiency(%) comparison of Load Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency for different blends LOAD Vs Volumetric Efficiency LOAD (N-m) Dies Volumetric Efficiency (%) Comparison of Load Vs Volumetric Efficiency for different blends. Conclusion From the results, we can observe that the performance of C.I Engine has increased by using diesel and ethanol blends in comparison with pure diesel. From this project we have observed that ethanol can be used as an alternate fuel for the C.I engine without any engine modifications when blended with diesel. It is inferred, from the results that the Brake Thermal Efficiency and Mechanical Efficiency are higher for the blend. Further, it also has lower Specific Fuel Consumption. Hence blend of Ethanol is preferable from the Performance Characteristics of 4-Stroke Single cylinder Engine References Load (N-m) [1] D. Li, H. Zhen, X. Lu, W. Zhang, and J. Yang, Physiochemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and its effect on performance and emissions of diesel engines, Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, no. 6, pp , (2005). [2] Kass, M.D., Thomas, J.F., Storey, J.M., Domingo, N., Wade, J., Kenreck, G., Emissions from a 5.9 liter diesel engine fueled with ethanol diesel blends. SAE Technical Paper (SP- 1632). [3] Corkwell, K.C., Jackson, M.M. and Daly, D.T., Review of Exhaust Emissions of Compression Ignition Engines Operating on E Fuel Blends, SAE Paper No , 2003

7 [4] B.Q. He, S.J. Shuai, J.X. Wang, and H. He, The effect of ethanol blended diesel fuels on emissions from a diesel engine, 1. PASULA RAJU [5] C. Sayin and M. Canakci, Effects of injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 50, no. 1, pp , [6] N. Noguchi, H. Terao, and C. Sakata, Performance improvement by control of flow rates and diesel injection timing on dual-fuel engine with ethanol, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 56, no. 1, pp , (1996). [7] C.D. Rakopoulos, K. Antonopoulos, D. C. Rakopoulos, and D.T. Hountalas, Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol diesel fuel blends, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 49, no. 4, pp , Studying M.Tech in stream of Thermal Engineering from MALLAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE. Completed B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering in 2014 CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECH,Ranga Reddy. id: rajuar123@gmail.com K. BHARADWAJA [8] H. Chen, J. Wang, S. Shuai, and W. Chen, Study of oxygenated biomass fuel blends on a diesel engine, Fuel, vol. 87, no , pp , [9] M. Lapuerta, O. Armas, and J.M. Herreros, Emissions from a diesel-bioethanol blend in an automotive diesel engine, Fuel, Vol. 87, no. 1, pp , (2008). [10] Xing-Cai, L., Jian-Guang, Y., Wu-Gao, Z., Zhen, H. Fuel, pp. Vol. no. 83, pp. : , (2004). [11] Internal Combustion Engines by Fernando Salazar Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN [12] Internal Combustion Engines by Dr. Mohammedali Abdulhadi & Dr. A. M. Hassan [13] Internal Combustion Engines by V. Ganesan Completed A.M.I.E (INDIA) Mechanical in 2001 from Institute of Mechanical Engineers, and M.Tech in Thermal Engineering in 2012 from JNTU College of Engineering(A),JNTUH (Campus),and completed M.Tech in (Cad/Cam) in VITS Affiliated to JNTUH,Hyderabad,and completed Master of Business Administration in 2010 from University of Madras. Working as Assistant Professor at MALLAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE(A) Maismmaguda,SECUNDERABAD. Telangana,India. Area of Intrest:ThermalEngineering,IC Engines id:bharadwajak@mrec.ac.in