Bæredygtige drop-in brændstoffer til transportsektoren

Transcription

1 Bæredygtige drop-in brændstoffer til transportsektoren Eller: hvorfor laver vi ikke bæredygtige transportbrændstoffer endnu? L A S S E R OSENDAHL DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

2 AGENDA 2 Biofuels in transportation background The drop-in paradigm Markets Cases Wrap-up

3 Current alternatives to fossil gasoline, diesel and jet fuel 3 Alcohols - Ethanol (EtOH) added to gasoline fuel C 2 H 5 -OH produced from corn, grain, sugar (under deployment cellulosic ethanol, ie from lignocellulosic sources) - Methanol (MeOH) added to gasoline fuel or stand alone, can be used in modified diesel engines and fuel cells CH 3 -OH primarily fossil but can be produced from syngas or carbon capture sources Vegetable oils - Biodiesel added to diesel fuel FAME fatty acid methyl esther or FAEE fatty acid ethyl esther produced from vegetable oils or animal fat (under deployment cellulosic biodiesel) contains oxygen - HVO (hydrogenated vegetable oils) replaces/mixes into diesel and/or jet fuel produced from vegetable oils, mainly palm oil pure hydrocarbon (alkanes/paraffin) ONLY HVO CAN BE INTRODUCED INTO THE EXISTING HYDROCARBON INFRASTRUCTURE

4 Drop-in biofuels 4 IEA Task 39 definition: Drop-biofuels are defined as liquid hydro-carbons that are functionally equivalent to petroleum fuels and are fully compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure Consequences NO blend wall Point of mixing can be selected from sustainability or efficiency criteria Existing hydrocarbon infrastructure can be repurposed including existing vehicle fleets and technology Significant reduction of socio-economic investment and implementation time scale Focus efforts on efficient first stage processing Effectively rules out biochemical pathways HVO HVO MeOH EtOH Biodiesel

5 Components of fossil fuels only few archetypes but hundreds of compounds 5 Naphtenes (cycloalkanes) EtOH MeOH FAME Paraffins (saturated hydrocarbons / alkanes) HVO Aromatics (unsaturated hydrocarbons)

6 Fuel sustainability and ethics 6

7 Is there a future market? 7 Figure 16 Transport fuel use in the EU Diesel is quite stable and high, whereas gasoline has been decreasing for more than a decade. EUROSTAT.

8 So what s the hold-up? 8 Oil prices are TOO LOW and there s TOO MUCH of it Alternatively, the consequences of climate change are not visible enough

9 The horrendogram of biomass potential or curse?? 9 CORE-Jetfuel Deliverable D4.4 Oct 2016

10 The horrendogram of biomass potential or curse?? 10 Drop-in biofuels CORE-Jetfuel Deliverable D4.4 Oct 2016

11 The horrendogram of biomass potential or curse?? 11

12 So what s the hold-up? 12 Negative legacy and lock-in of 1G and early stage 2G biofuels How to asses sustainability GHG? LUC? ILUC? ILUIC? Water intensity? Local vs global impacts? Investments in 100 s M - first mover incentive or second mouse gets the cheese? Policy makers can t see volumes how to set a target when you don t know how much can be produced? Availability of feedstock in >100,000 s dry tons per year for commercial scale operations Market uncertainties - are biofuels just a passing fad? Lack of competitiveness of biofuels vs fossil fuels no credit for climate mitigation? No one-size-fits-all

13 Techno-economics and sustainability which alternative is worth betting on? 13 HTL is - Most feedstock efficient - Least CAPEX intensive - Least maintenance intensive HTL/LC De Jong (2015), BIOFPR

14 Steeper Energy & Silva Green Fuel (N, S) 14

15 HydroThermal Liquefaction efficient production of liquid energy intermediates 15 Supercritical Region Conditions comparable to those responsible for fossil coal and oil: bar, temperatures approx degrees C Water as liquid HTL: Hydrothermal liquefaction regime Critical o C, 221 bar SuperCritical Water Gasification (SCWG) Hydrothermal Gasification (HTG) Except time: 100s mio years vs 15 mins Hot Compressed Water Processes Gas product + H 2 O + catalyst Energy recovery in oil product: 70-85% Mass recovery in oil product >35-45% Water as steam CO 2, CH 4, H 2, CO Oil product Water phase w/soluble organics Solid product inorganics, char Process efficiency ~ 85% 15

16 Opgradering til produktion af drop-in fuels 16 Gasoline range

17 Synergies combined electro- and bio-fuel solutions? 17 Example: integrated HTL on any feedstock with FT-SPK/A on nearly pure CO 2 stream MFSP ~ 18 / GJ (0.66 / LGE) MFSP fossil / LGE /gasification Hansen et al (2018). Submitted to Applied Energy

18 Outlook & perspectives 18 Technology options are lining up - addressing TRL, sustainability, efficiency, integrability, flexibility, fuel quality - advanced biofuel deployment is underway (and accelerating) Challenges in funding focused R&D as well as next-stage demonstration scale - if ROI is only driver risk of lock-in on short term technologies - quite a wide range of TRL efforts need to be funded Challenges in political determination to realize sustainability change - long term focus and overall targets necessary - political framework at European or global scale No level playing field for economical competitiveness of sustainable vs fossil fuels - internalized vs externalized cost of climate change adaption Competing pathways, but electrification and biofuels do not contradict each other on the contrary - Insufficient biomass for +90 Mbpd - Targeted transport segments for advanced biofuels aviation, shipping and heavy land/agricultural machines Everybody must learn from Dieselgate

19 A A U B I OMASS TO VA L I D AT E D F U E L P L AT F ORM W W W. B I OMASS.AAU.DK ANALYSIS Product separation Biomass pretreatment Continuous HTL 1/3 bpd Continuous hydrotreatment (2 stage) End use validation jet or ICE engine platform Renewable oil well Existing & adapted infrastructure T H A N K YOU F OR YOUR AT T E N T I ON Acknowledgements: Grant # Grant # B Contact details: lar@et.aau.dk