Nuclear Binding Energies and Atomic Masses

Transcription

1 Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group I: Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms Volume 22 Nuclear Binding Energies and Atomic Masses Subvolume A Nuclei with Z = 1 54 S.I. Sukhoruchkin Z.N. Soroko Edited by H. Schopper

2 ISSN (Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms) ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. I/22A: Editor: H. Schopper At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables. I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), II. Landolt, H. (Hans), III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Authors and Redaktion Landolt-Börnstein, Darmstadt Printing and Binding: AZ Druck, Kempten SPIN: / Printed on acid-free paper

3 Editor H. Schopper CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Contributors S.I. Sukhoruchkin Z.N. Soroko Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia Landolt-Börnstein Springer Tiergartenstr. 17, D Heidelberg, Germany fax: +49 (6221) Internet

4 6 Contents Preface Precise nuclear masses and nucleon separation energies are basic data for various fields, in particular for nuclear physics and astrophysics. In Volume I/22 a compilation of experimental and theoretical data on atomic masses, nuclear binding energies, nucleon separation energies, Q-values of nuclear reactions, and parameters derived from such data are presented. It consists of two parts, volumes I/22A and I/22B, in which data for nuclei with atomic numbers up to Z = 54 and Z 55 are presented, respectively. So far nuclear masses have not been reported in the New Series of Landoldt-Börnstein. Earlier Q-values of nuclear reactions were collected in Volume 1/5A. Since the beginning of nuclear physics almost 100 years ago, nuclear masses played a key role in the understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus. From the first simple mass formula inspired by the liquid-drop model the development of theories of the nucleus has gone a far way. Studying nuclei is interesting from the point of view of multi-body systems. Heavier nuclei contain a few hundred particles and thus lie in between few-particle systems and the large number of particles involved in solid state physics. The aim is to explain nuclear masses, nuclear excitations and nuclear binding energies simultaneously in the framework of a general theory. A number of theories have been developed which are reviewed and compared to experimental data. New experimental facilities have become available during the last decade and with their help a large number of precision data has been obtained. Precision measurements of nuclear masses, binding energies and nucleon separation energies will be essential to develop even better theories of the nuclear structure including nuclei with unusual properties. The data reported in this volume will be of great significance for astrophysics and the understanding of the production of elements in the early universe. For example, separation energies of protons and α- particles play a decisive role in estimating reaction rates of many astrophysical processes with unstable isotopes whose cross sections could not be measured experimentally in laboratories. The critical review of the recently obtained data is based on the oustanding competence of the authors who benefit from their integration into the international scientific network. Thanks are due to the members of the Landoldt- Börnstein editorial staff who have made major contributions to the successful production of this volume. Geneva, January 2009 The Editor

5 Contents 7 Contents 1 Introduction General remarks Mass measurements, methods and progress Methods of mass measurements ISOL method of ion production Mass measurements with ISOLTRAP at CERN JYFLTRAP Penning trap spectrometer Canadian Penning Trap Spectrometer at Argonne LEBIT facility at NSCL SHIPTRAP and FRS-ESR-SMS facilities at GSI Isochronous method with FRS-ESR SMILETRAP spectrometer in Stockholm Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer (PTMS) at Seattle MISTRAL at ISOLDE/CERN Mass measurements with CSS2 cyclotron and SPEG at GANIL New facilities TOF-Bρ at MSU and ILIMA-FAIR at Darmstadt Some new results of mass excess and atomic mass measurements Ultraprecise atomic mass measurements Measurements of nucleon separation energies, Q-values, T 1/2 and nuclear magnetic moments Nuclear data for astrophysics Nucleon residual interactions derived from masses Long-range correlation in nuclear binding energies Nuclear mass estimations, mass formulas FRDM Finite-range Droplet Model, Liquid Drop Model ETFSI Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinsky-Integral method RMF Relativistic Mean Field model HFB Hartree-Fock-Bogolubov method DUZU Duflo-Zucker mass formula KUTY mass formula, INMM, SSME by Liran-Zeldes, and fitting methods (IRNM) Nucleon structure and origin of hadronic mass Historical background, Nambu suggestions QCD quark dressing effect, nucleon structure and NRCQM Possible application of nuclear data for QCD development Data presentation Conclusions Acknowledgments Tables Neutron n Hydrogen H H

6 8 Contents H H H H Helium He He He He He He He He Lithium Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Graphs Beryllium Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Graphs Boron B B B B B B B B B B B Graphs Carbon C C C C C C

7 Contents 9 C C C C C C C Graphs Nitrogen N N N N N N N N N N N N N Graphs Oxygen O O O O O O O O O O O O O Graphs Fluorine F F F F F F F F F F F F F Graphs... 65

8 10 Contents 10-Neon Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Graphs Sodium Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Graphs Magnesium Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Mg Graphs Aluminium Al

9 Contents 11 Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Al Graphs Silicon Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Si Graphs Phosphorus P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

10 12 Contents P Graphs Sulfur S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Graphs Chlorine Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Graphs Argon Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar Ar

11 Contents 13 Ar Ar Graphs Potassium K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Graphs Calcium Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Ca Graphs Scandium Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc Sc

12 14 Contents Sc Sc Graphs Titanium Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti Graphs Vanadium V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V Graphs Chromium Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr

13 Contents 15 Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Graphs Manganese Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Graphs Iron Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Graphs Cobalt Co Co Co Co Co Co

14 16 Contents Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Co Graphs Nickel Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni Graphs Copper Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu

15 Contents 17 Cu Cu Graphs Zinc Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Graphs Gallium Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Graphs Germanium Ge

16 18 Contents Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge Graphs Arsenic As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As As Graphs Selenium Se Se Se Se Se Se Se

17 Contents 19 Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Se Graphs Bromine Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Br Graphs Krypton Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr

18 20 Contents Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Kr Graphs Rubidium Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Rb Graphs Strontium Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr

19 Contents 21 Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Sr Graphs Yttrium Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Graphs Zirconium Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr

20 22 Contents Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Zr Graphs Niobium Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Nb Graphs Molybdenum Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo

21 Contents 23 Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Graphs Technetium Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Tc Graphs Ruthenium Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru

22 24 Contents Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Ru Graphs Rhodium Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Rh Graphs Palladium Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd

23 Contents 25 Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Graphs Silver Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Graphs Cadmium Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd

24 26 Contents Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Graphs Indium In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In In

25 Contents 27 In In In In Graphs Tin Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Sn Graphs Antimony Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb

26 28 Contents Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Sb Graphs Tellurium Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Te Graphs Iodine I I I I I

27 Contents 29 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Graphs Xenon Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe

28 30 Contents Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Graphs References Appendix Supplement (complete sets of data)... DOI: /