SLCP emissions from small-scale wood combustion in the Nordic countries
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1 SLCP emissions from small-scale wood combustion in the Nordic countries A project financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers June December 2017 Ingrid Mawdsley
2 Background Focus on Black Carbon/EC (but also OC, PM 2.5, CH 4, NMVOC) : Background analysis and identification of knowledge gaps Report available at Background analysis provided basis for designing a measurement program : Emission measurements (residential biomass combustion), development of emission factors, inventory methodology : Identify relevant actions/measures for reduced emissions of SLCP in the Nordic countries
3 Residential biomass combustion Emission factors for PM in the Nordic countries based on different measurement standards. Generally lower emission factors for PM 2.5 in Sweden, based on hot flue gas measurements (without condensables), while e.g. Danish and Norwegian emission factors are based on diluted sampling (with condensables). Differences may also be due to different assumptions regarding operational conditions, e.g. the extent of bad firing habits (incomplete combustion due to restricted air supply) which will produce higher emissions.
4 Measurement program Residential biomass appliances representative for the Nordic countries EC, OC, PM 2.5, CH 4, NMVOC Test methods (operational conditions and firing schemes): Boilers: EN Room heaters: EN series, including part load (according to proposed revision) Startup phase (ignition) sampled separately Sampling: Dilution tunnel (according to Norwegian standard 3058) Performed in cooperation by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden (boilers) and Danish Technological Institute (DTI) in Denmark (stoves)
5 The boiler population Modern Old Pellets P1 Inverse combustion and λ-probe P2 Inverse combustion and flue gas fan P3 Inverse combustion and flue gas fan P4 Inverse combustion and natural draught P5 "Simple" boiler P6 Old combination boiler (oil+wood) P7 Traditional pellet burner in an oil or combination boiler P8 Advanced pellets burner in boiler designed for pellet firing P9 Pellet boiler with integrated grate burner P10 Wood chip boiler
6 The stove population Modern stoves A0 Modern medium class wood stove A1 DIY wood stove (simple building market stove ) A2 Modern popular wood stove A3 State of the art wood stove A4 Traditional Nordic cast iron stove A5 Traditional Nordic tiled stove A6 Traditional Nordic slow heat release appliance A8 European type pellets stove A9 Traditional Nordic sauna stove
7 A1 Simple A2 Modern A3 State-of-the-art A9 Sauna A4 Cast iron stove A5 Tiled stove A6 Slow heat release A8 Pellets
8 mg/mj 500 Example of results individual boilers 450 P1 λ-probe 400 P2 flue gas fan 350 P3 flue gas fan PM2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) OC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj) P4 natural draught P5 old tech P6 old combi P7 "old" pellet burner P8 adv pellet burner P9 pellet boiler P10 wood chip
9 Modern log wood boilers (41 samples, 6 cycles) 300 mg/mj Moist fuel X1.5 Measured EF (nominal load, standard fuel) GB - Advanced/ecolabelled boilers and stoves 50 0 X1.5 PM2.5 (mg/mj) X1 X1 EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj)
10 Traditional log wood boilers (14 samples, 2 cycles) mg/mj x4 X1.5 X>1.5 X>3 Part Moist load fuel X>3 X>1.5 X>1.5 x1 PM2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj) Measured EF (nominal load, standard fuel) GB - Conventional boilers <50 kwh
11 Modern stoves (25 samples, 8 cycles) Part Moist load fuel mg/mj 400 X5 X Measured EF (nominal load, standard fuel) 250 Measured EF, including ignition x2 X2 X1.5 x2 GB Advanced/ecolabelled stoves and boilers GB Energy efficient stoves x1 X1 PM2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj)
12 Tiled and masonry stoves (6 samples, 2 cycles) mg/mj Moist Part load fuel Measured EF (nominal load, standard fuel) GB Conventional stoves GB Energy efficient stoves x2 x2 x1 x1 X1.5 x1 x1 PM2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj)
13 PM2.5 and OC EC EC emissions do not correlate with PM2.5 emissions EC/PM 2.5 Nominal: Standard fuel st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th PM2.5 (mg/mj) OC (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) Modern log wood boilers 18% Traditional log wood boilers 7% Pellet-fired boilers 17% Wood chip boilers 2% Modern stove 28% State-of-the-art 3% Older stove 9% Tiled and masonry stove 52% Pellet stove 10% Sauna stove 50%
14 Can the new EFs be used outside of the Nordic countries? EFs are general for specific installation type Different user practices are reflected by the factors for moist fuel and part load combustion Wood type judged to be less importance compared to other factors (moist fuel and poor combustion)
15 Application of emission factors EF Weighted = EF Normal S Normal +Ratio Part/Nominal EF Normal S Part + Ratio Moist/Standard EF Normal S Moist EFNormal = Emission factor under normal combustion conditions SNormal = Share of fuel used in the specific technology burned under normal combustion conditions RatioPart/Nominal = Factor showing increased emissions during part load firing SPart = Share of fuel used in the the specific technology burned under part load conditions RatioMoist/Nominal = Factor showing increased emissions during firing of moist wood SMoist = Share of moist fuel used in the specific technology
16 Some conclusions All measurements in dilution tunnel = with condensables. Lower emissions for wood log boilers and older/traditional stoves than Guidebook EFs. However EC emissions for stoves more consistent with Guidebook factors. EC emissions not strongly affected by heat load or fuel moisture. Part load increases PM emissions, especially for boilers, up to 4 times. Moist fuel increases PM emissions, especially for stoves, up to 5 times. Detailed activity data (technologies) and assumptions regarding operational conditions essential for emission inventory
17 Thank you for your attention Project group Karin Kindbom, Erik Fridell, Ingrid Mawdsley, IVL, Sweden Ole-Kenneth Nielsen, Morten Winther, AU, Denmark Kristina Saarinen, SYKE, Finland Kári Jónsson, Umhverfisstofnun, Iceland Kristin Aasestad, SSB, Norway
18 New EF - boilers Nominal: Standard fuel (N:S) N:S min N:S max Ratio moist fuel to standard fuel N:M/N:S Ratio part load to nominal load P:S/N:S Guidebook 2016 Modern log wood boilers (41,6) Advanced/ecola belled boilers and stoves PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) * NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) Traditional log wood boilers (14,2) Conventional boilers <50kWh PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) > CH4 (mg/mj) >1.5 >3.0 11* NMVOC (mg/mj) >1.5 > CO (mg/mj) Pellet-fired boilers (15,3) Pellet stoves and boilers PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) * NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) Wood chip boilers (5,1) PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) * IPCC EF: Utility source EF (wood/wood waste boilers)
19 New EF room heaters (I) Nominal: Standard fuel N:S min N:S max N:S including ignition N:M/N:S P:S/N:S Guidebook 2016 Modern stoves (incl state-of-the-art) (25,8) PM 2.5 (mg/mj) Advanced/ec olabelled stoves and boilers EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg(mj) ** NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) Older stove (3,1) Conventiona l stoves PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg(mj) * NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) Tiled and masonry stove PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) * IPCC EF: Wood stoves ** IPPC EF: Conventional wood stoves (6,2) Convention al stove *
20 New EF room heaters (II) Nominal: Standard fuel N:S min N:S max N:S including ignition N:M/N:S P:S/N:S Guideboo k 2016 Pellet stove (3,1) Pellet stoves and boilers PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg(mj) * NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) Sauna stove (3,1) PM 2.5 (mg/mj) EC (mg/mj) CH4 (mg/mj) NMVOC (mg/mj) CO (mg/mj) * IPCC EF: Wood stoves
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