2014 AEIG. Road Transport Chapter Update. Ghent,

Transcription

1 2014 AEIG Road Transport Chapter Update Ghent,

2 Major Revisions Euro 5/6 & V/VI regulated pollutants Chlorinated species NH3 N2O NO2

3 EURO 5/6 & V/VI

4 New Euro 5 & 6 EFs Methodology HBEFA data (version 3.2) QA/QC Regression analysis Emission factor equation 4

5 NOx Diesel PCs 5

6 NOx Diesel LCVs 6

7 NOx HDVs 7

8 FC Gasoline LCVs 8

9 FC Diesel LCVs 9

10 CO Gasoline LCVs 10

11 CO Diesel Buses 11

12 CHLORINATED SPECIES

13 Chlorinated species PCDD: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins PCDF: polychlorinated dibenzofurans HCB: Hexachlorobenzene PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls

14 Methodology Literature Study 27 publications with recent or relevant data Mostly of US and Asian origins Separated according to: Vehicle category (motorcycles, passenger cars, LDVs, HDVs) Fuel (diesel, gasoline) Euro emissions standard by comparing aftertreatment technology Complete lack of data for HCB Non-traceable? Measurement issues? Not a priority? Limited data for PCB

15 Excerpt from literature data Engine/Vehicle Type Fuel Emissions control Total I-TEQ Units [pg I-TEQ/km] (approx.) Source (year) MMF+CDPF 2.95 pg/nm MMF+CDPF 34.1 pg/nm Heavy duty Diesel DOC+CDPF 4.65 pg/nm DOC+CDPF 0.68 pg/nm (2011) DOC+CDPF pg/nm PDPF 6.67 pg/nm engine out pg/km 0.62 CuZ SCR HT pg/km 0.53 CuZ SCR LT pg/km 0.84 FeZ SCR pg/km 0.92 Modern diesel (2008, 6.7l) Diesel DOC + CDPF pg/km 0.41 T DOC+CDPF+CuZSCR+ASC+urea pg/km (2011) T DOC+CDPF+FeZ SCR+ASC+urea pg/km 0.12 T DOC+CDPF pg/km 0.07 T DOC+CDPF+CuZ SCR+ASC+urea, 10 ppm Cl pg/km 0.06 pg/bhp*hr TEQ HDD Engine (8.9, 12.9 l, Engine Out 0.31 WHO ' Diesel 2010) pg/bhp*hr TEQ 3 (2011) DOC+DPF+SCR 0.12 WHO ' Transient and multi mode DOC+DPF+SCR (SRC: Cu/Z type) pg/scm WHO engine operation (8.9l Diesel 4 (2011) 2010) DOC+DPF+SCR (SRC: Fe/Z type) pg/scm WHO

16 HCB to PCDD/F Ratio Emission source HCB PCDD/F Units Ratio HCB:PCDD/F Source Residential plants Hard/Brown Coal) µg/gj Residential plants Biomass µg/gj 6.25 Commercial/institutional Hard/Brown Coal µg/gj 3.05 Commercial/institutional Biomass µg/gj Residential Plants-Solid fuel (not biomass) µg/gj 1.24 Biomass Residential (fireplaces, saunas) µg/gj 6.25 Residential Plants - Wood µg/gj 6.25 Residential Plants - Solid, not biomas Stoves µg/gj 0.62 Residential Solid fuel,not biomass, small boilers µg/gj 1.24 Commercial/institutional, Gas Oil µg/gj Coal µg/gj Fuel Oil µg/gj Heavy duty oil in gasworks µg/gj Other oil products in gasworks µg/gj Refinery Gas µg/gj Natural Gas µg/gj Natural Gas II µg/gj Industrial waste/unspecified µg/gj Biomass >1 MW µg/gj Wood <1MW µg/gj Wood/straw µg/gj Gaseous Biofuels µg/gj In exhaust from industrial and hospital waste incinerators ng/nm Experimental PVC combustion [600 C] 1 47 ratio to PeCB Back yard burning in open barrel 2 14 ratio to PeCB 7.00 Ship engine operating conditions: Marine Distillate ng/kwh Ship engine operating conditions: Residual Oil ng/kwh Average

17 Emission factors proposed Emission Factors PCDD/Fs: as the average of each category PCBs: PCDD/Fs levels multiplied by a factor of 0.2 (based on limited evidence) HCB equal to PCDD/Fs (only a proposal!) Factors were used to estimate PCB and HCB EFs because: Lack of data Identical chemical and thermal processes for the production of HCB,PCB and PCDD/Fs emissions Good correlation between PCDD/Fs and HCB emissions from industrial installations

18 Gasoline light vehicles Gasoline mopeds, motorcycles, passenger cars and LDVs PCDD [pg I-Teq/km] PCDF [pg I-Teq/km] COPERT New 10 COPERT New

19 Diesel light vehicles Diesel Passenger Cars and LCVs PCDD [pg I-Teq/km] PCDF [pg I-Teq/km] COPERT New COPERT New

20 HDDVs Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles PCDD [pg I-Teq/km] PCDF [pg I-Teq/km] COPERT New COPERT New

21 Conclusions HCB levels are not based on measurements! Data in need. Levels proposed are just equal to PCDD/Fs. Significant increase in PCDD/Fs emissions from PC and LDV Diesel Significant Increase in PCDD/Fs emissions from HDDVs Reduction in PCDD/Fs emissions from gasoline vehicles High uncertainty overall

22 AMMONIA

23 Methodology Literature Study 10 relevant studies on recent technologies European studies (EMPA, JRC) included Impact of mileage on emissions Separated according to: Vehicle category (motorcycles, passenger cars, LDVs, HDVs) Fuel (diesel, gasoline) Euro emissions standard Driving Conditions (urban, rural, highway)

24 Ammonia Literature research Results from literature study - Example Vehicle Type Emission NH3 emissions Aftertreatment Cycle Fuel standard [mg/km] NEDC 5.27 Passenger car EURO 5 - UDC gasoline 6.7 EUDC 4.46 Passenger Car - DI cold FTP EURO 6 oxicat+cdpf diesel Diesel 2.0L hot FTP Source (year) 5 (2009) 6 (2011) Dedicated Studies: Mileage Engine Passenger car - Average SULEV vehicles Emission Standard EURO 5/6 SULEV Aftertreatment Cycle Fuel NH3 emissions [mg/km] TWC - Original FTP 1.5 Equipment (15.000km) US06 7 gasoline TWC - Aged Equipment FTP 2.5 ( km) US Source (year) 7 (2003)

25 Ammonia - Assumptions Vehicle Technologies Gasoline Vehicles Diesel Light Vehicles Diesel Heavy Duty Vehicle Technology Euro Class TWC (ULEV) Euro 5/6 TWC (SULEV) Euro 5/6 DPF Euro 5 DPF+DeNox Euro 6 SCR Euro V SCR+DPF Euro VI Assumptions due to lack of relevant data Euro 5/6 Urban-hot EF BASE derived from the relevant Euro 3/4 ratio Euro 5/6 Highway EF BASE derived from the relevant Euro 3/4 ratio

26 Ammonia - Results For Gasoline Euro 5/6 vehicles: Corrected emission factor EF EF = [a CMileage + b] EF BASE Driving conditions EF BASE NH 3 [mg/km] a b St.Deviation Urban cold E Urban hot E Rural E Highway E Diesel Vehicles Vehicle Category Urban [mg/km] Rural [mg/km] Highway [mg/km] Diesel PC - Euro 4 or earlier Diesel PC - Euro Diesel PC - Euro Heavy duty - Euro IV or earlier Heavy Duty - Euro V Heavy Duty Euro VI 9 9 9

27 Ammonia - Comparison

28 Ammonia - Conclusions Gasoline Euro 5/6 vehicles Largest emitters of NH 3 Mixed behavior compared to Euro 4 (increase in Urban hot and cold, decrease in rural, highway) Diesel Euro 6 and V/VI vehicles Increase of NH 3 emissions compared to Euro 4, due to ammonia slip from SCR aftertreatment technology More testing required for the different driving conditions and especially for diesel vehicles

29 NITROUS OXIDE

30 Nitrous Oxide - Methodology Identical methodology to ammonia EFs Literature Study Emissions in mg/km Dedicated studies (mileage) Separated according to: Vehicle category (motorcycles, passenger cars, LDVs, HDVs) Fuel (diesel, gasoline) Euro emissions standard Driving Conditions (urban, rural, highway)

31 Nitrous Oxide - Assumptions Vehicle technology assumptions the same as for NH 3 Assumptions due to lack of relevant testing: Euro 5/6 EF BASE Rural derived from EF BASE Urban with the relevant Euro 4 ratio Euro 5/6 EF BASE Highway derived from EF BASE Urban with the relevant Euro 4 ratio Euro 5/6 a and b coefficients for Rural and Highway considered equal to Euro 4

32 Nitrous Oxide - Results For Gasoline Euro 5/6 vehicles: Corrected emission factor EF EF = [a CMileage + b] EF BASE Driving conditions EF BASE N 2 O [mg/km] a b St. Deviation Urban cold E Urban hot E Rural E Highway E For Diesel passenger cars and light duty vehicles Urban Cold [mg/km] Urban Hot [mg/km] Rural [mg/km] Highway [mg/km] Conventional Euro Euro Euro 3/4/ Euro

33 Nitrous Oxide - Comparison

34 Nitrous Oxide Conclusions Gasoline Vehicles: Increased emissions from urban driving conditions compared to highway and rural Mixed behavior of Euro 5/6 gasoline vehicles compared to Euro 3 and Euro 4 Diesel Vehicles: Small reduction in the average N 2 O emissions from Euro 6 compared to Euro 3/4/5. Mixed behavior (increase in urban-hot, decrease in urbancold) Limited information available for newer vehicles, especially for diesel fueled.

35 NITROGEN DIOXIDE

36 Nitrogen Dioxide - Methodology Literature research, ranging from pre-euro to Euro 6/VI Emissions in primary NO 2 fraction of NO x, f-no 2 [%] Results from literature research divided according to vehicle category, fuel and Euro standard Assumptions for market share of aftertreatment technologies, to estimate f-no 2 for Euro 6/VI

37 Nitrogen Dioxide - Literature Example Vehicle Type Euro Standard Aftertreatment Cycle Fuel f-no2 Source (year) Passenger Cars Euro 5 TWC London urban gasoline 3 8 (2013) DI diesel, 2.0L Euro 5 oxicat+cdpf - diesel (2011) LDDV, 3L Euro 6 DPF-SCR - diesel (2008) Toyota Avensis Euro 5 - diesel Helsinki city Toyota Verso D-Cat Euro 5 - diesel cycle Mazda CX-5 Euro 6 SKYACTIVE diesel (2013) Euro 5 EGR, OC, DPF - 38 Euro 5 EGR, OC, DPF - 54 Passenger cars Euro 5 EGR, OC, DPF (2012) Euro 5 EGR, OC, DPF - diesel 24.2 Euro 6 EGR,OC,DPF,SCR HDDV Euro III engine-out Euro III + DPF DPF - diesel (2009) Euro VI DPF+SCR Scania 9L Euro VI city cycles diesel (2013)

38 Nitrogen Dioxine - Comparison Similar studies were used for comparison/evaluation TNO [15] f-no2 [%] Driving cond. New E5 Old E5 E4 Urban cong Urban norm Urban light Rural Highway HBEFA [16] Vehicle Type Fuel Euro Standard Driving Cond. f-no2[%] urban 32 Euro 5 rural 33 Passenger Cars Diesel motorway 32 urban 40.5 Euro 6 rural 38.5 motorway 35.5 urban 5 Euro 5 rural 5 Passenger Cars Gasoline motorway 5.9 urban 4.5 Euro 6 rural 4.5 motorway 5.8

39 Nitrogen Dioxide - Results Vehicle Type Euro Standard New Values COPERT 4v10.0 Pre-Euro Euro Euro Gasoline passenger cars and Euro LGVs Euro Euro Euro Diesel passenger cars and LGVs HGVs and buses Pre-Euro Euro Euro Euro Euro 3 with DPF Euro Euro 4 with DPF Euro Euro Pre-Euro I Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI 8 10 Euro III+CRT 36 -

40 Nitrogen Dioxide - Conclusions Gasoline light vehicles: No significant change in f- NO 2 expected from Euro 6 Diesel PCs and LDVs: SCR dominant technology. 70% of Euro 6 vehicles expected to be equipped with an SCR preceding a DPF Heavy Duty Diesel: in Euro VI HDDVs, SCR installed downstream of DPF, thus low f-no 2. Special category for HDDVs retrofitted with a CRT due to increased f- NO 2 [%]