Technology and research perspective

Transcription

1 Session: Intelligent Mobility and Low Carbon Vehicles Technology and research perspective Ricardo F Martinez-Botas Mechanical Engineering Department Imperial College London

2 Summary An equation Demand Energy conversion Energy supply Cost/evaluation Perspective

3 CO 2 = D x E x F VEHICLE KILOMETRES ENERGY PER KILOMETRE CO2 PER UNIT ENERGY

4 Individual behaviour & safety Passenger cars 58.3% Vans 11% Buses 2.3% HGVs 20% Mopeds and motorcycles 0.5 % Railways 1.9% Domestic aviation 1.6% Domestic shipping 3.7% Other 0.8% CO 2 = D x E x F PER MODE VEHICLE KILOMETRES = demand occupancy PASSENGER KILOMETRES PASSENGERS PER VEHICLE ENERGY PER KILOMETRE CO2 PER UNIT ENERGY

5 CO = D x E x F 2 VEHICLE ENERGY PER CO2 ROAD TRANSPORT KILOMETRES KILOMETRE PER UNIT ENERGY AERODYNAMICS ROLLING RESISTANCE WEIGHT TIME MODE: Traction Breaking Recuperating Coasting Car (1 person): 800 Wh/km

6 CO = D x E x F 2 VEHICLE ENERGY PER CO2 ROAD TRANSPORT KILOMETRES KILOMETRE PER UNIT ENERGY Car (1 person): 800 Wh/km 2200 kg C d x A = 1.56 m 2 50 mph ~ 11 kw WEIGHT AERODYNAMICS RESISTANCE 400 kg C d x A = 0.11 m 2 50 mph ~ 800 W

7 How is this E delivered? Downsize and boost KERS Exhaust energy recovery Improved combustion

8 Downsizing Technology Performance requirements: Same power output Same transient response Volume/compactness Affordable Key enabling technologies: Boosting/compressor system Combustion Smaller Higher Power density (kw/kg)

9 Downsize and energy recovery RD.10/ Ricardo plc 2010 Belt starter generator 12+X energy storage & controller + - Downsized, DI, turbocharged engine Electric turbo-compound Conventional turbocharger Electric supercharger Design, implementation and assessment of a high efficiency TURBINE for electric turbo compounding Achieved g/km Targets (C-segment car): <100g/km NEDC CO 2 ; cost below Diesel Target Assumptions: Base vehicle (2.0 litre Gasoline): 169g/km Aggressively downsized DI, low loss engine -25% Add cooled EGR and Miller cycle operation -6% Add stop-start and 6kW re-generation -10% Taller gear ratios + gearshift indicator light -7% HyBoost vehicle 99.7g/km

10 How to make a 2.0 litre gasoline engine feel like and perform as a 5.0 litre gasoline equivalent but provide a fuel economy of around 35%

11 Shell

12 Electric Turbo Assist Turbocharger + electric motor/generator + electrical drive + controller 1:1 scale model (3D printed) Off the shelf compressor wheel & housing New ETA shaft and bearing system Off the shelf turbine wheel & housing Turbo Switched reluctance (SR) electric motor (Cat owns design) Prototype rotor & stator lamination packs Electric motor Drive electronics + controller New ETA bearing housing with stator oil cooling

13 Engine Speed 100 to 481 Nm 13

14 CO 2 = D x E x F Thermal aspects of electrical machines 14

15 CO 2 = D x E x F Thermal & electrical management of batteries 15

16 3.5M 4 year TSB/ EPSRC project 2012 to Universities & 10+ Industry advisors To investigate the: Fundamental Understanding of Technologies for Ultra Reduced Emission Vehicles Key Goal: To Predict & Understand Degradation & Failure

17 CO = D x E x F 2 ROAD TRANSPORT VEHICLE ENERGY PER CO2 KILOMETRES KILOMETRE PER UNIT ENERGY biofuel synthetic fuel electricity low/zero carbon please!

18 Percentage Improvement in NEDC CO 2 60% What about costs? CO2 Versus Cost For Powertrain Technologies 50% 40% 30% HyBoost in D-Class Mild hybrid (+20% DS) Full hybrid (+30% DS Atk) 20% 10% 0% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 350% 400% 450% 500% Percentage Cost Increase Relative to E4 Gasoline Engine

19 Finally what are the CO2 expectations? Passenger car tailpipe CO2 trajectories

20 Source: IEA The good news The future is probably going to look something like this Vehicles on Road Bn Bn million on the road by 2020 Plug-in Hybrids Hybrids Fuel Cell Battery

21 Source: Wards Research / OECD International Transport Forum, Transport Outlook 2011 & 2012 & Greg Offer, Mechanical Engineering at Imperial College The bad news But combustion engines aren t going away anytime soon. Vehicles on Road Bn billion vehicles Bn 500 Combustion engines By 2050, there will be around 3 4 times as much global passenger mobility as in 2000 and as much freight activity