German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft Designs of the Twentieth Century

Transcription

1 AHS Forum 57 STOVL Technology Session German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft Designs of the Twentieth Century Mike Hirschberg CENTRA Technology, Inc. 11 May 2001

2 Background Second in a series of papers that will form the basis for the V/STOL Encyclopedia series Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000 (65 concepts) German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57, May 2001 (75 concepts) German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001 (?? concepts) Vol 1 to be published in 2002 Future volumes in the planning stages 2

3 Overview Background Dawn of Vertical Flight World War II Designs Post-War Designs Messerschmitt MBB Bölkow VFW Eurocopter Summary 3

4 V/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune 4

5 5 V/STOL History: JUL 54 Transcendental 1G V 20 JUL 55 TH 18 DE C 58 DEC 54 TH 25 OCT 56 Bell XV-3 V VAUG 55 V MAR 60 Bell XV-15 Same Propulsion Curtiss-Wright X-100 V 2 0 NOV AUG 65 Curtiss-Wright X-19 TH TH APR JUN 64 System for H 25 FEB 58 MAR 66 VTH V Hover and Forward Doak 16 VZ-4 8 AUG 66 Flight TH JUN 67 Nord 500 Cadet 1 3 APR 57 V T15 JUL 58 Vertol 76 VZ-2 V 23 JUL 68 All f lights t ethered H 7 JAN 58 H24 NOV 59 V 29 DE C 64 Hille r X V 19 NOV 54 LTV-Hil le r-ryan XC SEP 64 Bell 65 ATV HT 11 JAN 65 8 JAN 1957 H 1955 V Tethered Flight Canadair CL-84 Robertson VTOL MAY 65V TH DE C 65 H21 JAN 59 FE B 60 Ryan VZ T et her ed Fl igh ts V 17 FEB 57 Fairchild 224 VZ-5 V T24 MAY 58 Bell X-14 H NOV SEP 61 V T VTH AUG 66 Hawker P.1127 Kestrel 7 JUL 61 H TH 16 SE P 63 AUG 54 VT Yakovle v Yak-36 9 JAN 63 Lockheed XFV-1 V MAR 54 H TH 2 NOV 54 5 MAY 59V Convair XFY-1 SNECMA C450 Coléoptère V 1 AUG 54 V 28 MAY 56 Ryan X DEC APR 57 H T Separate Power Plant for Hover Combined Power Plant for Hover VTH McDonnell XV-1 V 25 OCT 58 Short SC.1 2 APR 57 6 APR 60 H T 18 OCT 62V Dassault Mirage Balzac V H 11 FEB 54 VH T 6 NOV APR 58 Augmented Power Plant for Hover 5 DEC 59 Tethered Flight Vanguard 2C Omniplane T18 M AR 63 VT EWR VJ 101 C H Kamov Ka- 22 Vintokryl Piasecki 16H-1 2 OCT FEB 65V H 24 JUL NOV JAN 64 TMAR 66 1 MAR 63 8 SE P APR SE P SEP AUG FE B 67 H T 22 NOV 67 V Lockheed XV-4B Fairey Ro to dy ne V 2 4 MAY JUN 64 V 7 JUL 62 H T8 NOV MAY 61H 25 MAY 64HTNOV 64 APR 65 OCT 66 JUN 64 VTH 1960 V SEP 67 Helicopter FE B 62 VTH Mode Helicopter Mode Dassault Mirage III-V 16 DEC 67 Lockheed XV-4A Dornie r Do M AR 69 TH 26 OCT 72 Lockheed AH-56 3 M AY JUL 77 Bell X-22A 29 M AY 81 BAe / Boeing Harrier VFW VAK 191 B V10 SEP JAN 71 H Yakovlev Yak SEP 71V T20 M AR 72 5 OCT 91 Yakovle v Yak M AR DEC JUN 90 H VT GE-Ryan XV-5A VTH 12 MAR 69 V 1978 Tethered Trials Rockwell XFV-12A V Bell Boeing V-22 TH 19 M AR SEP 89 Bell BA609 Bell Boeing V-22 Boeing X-32 Lockheed X-35

6 6 Operational V/STOL Systems: The V/STOL Pyramid Harrier Forger Flight Test: Large-Scale Testing: Design Concepts / Small-Scale Testing

7 Pre-Historical V/STOL Concepts 1909 Boris Loutsky, Berlin biplane helicopter (flown?) 1909 M. Sagert, Magdeburg biplane helicopter (flown?) 1910 Gustave Mees, Charlottenburg twin tilted rotors (design) 1925 Jacob Nöggerath, Berlin first tilt-wing? (design) 1925 Rudolph Chillingsworth compound quad stopped rotor (built?) 1910 Mees 7

8 8 World War II Designs Weserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing (design) Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 Convertible Helicopter (mock-up/component tests) Flettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro (flown) Flettner Fl 201 Dual Rotor Powered Autogyro (design) WNF Wn 342 V3 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown) WNF Wn 342 V4 Tip Jet Autogyro (flown) Focke Rochen (design, later component tests)

9 Weserflug P 1003/1 Tilt-Wing Weser founded in 1933 P 1003 begun in hp Daimler Benz DB m propellers 650 kt 2000 kg Model testing 9

10 10 Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 Verwandlungshubschrauber Focke study began in Received contract in Vertical take-off and landing fighter Design speed: kt 4 m propellers, tilting to 85 Initially used two DB 601 or 605 engines in the wings; later changed to a single air-cooled BMW 132 K in the fuselage Expected to have a 13 AOA nose bias during level flight Mock-up and designs destroyed during Allied raids in July 1942

11 Flettner Fl 185 Powered Autogyro Prior to building successful Fl 282 Kolibri with intermeshing rotors, Fletter built autogyros Fl 185 was a powered autogyro with a pusher and tractor propeller Gross weight 900 kg (1,985 lb) In 1938, encouraging flights were conducted at low altitude In forward flight, both propellers provided thrust. In some flight conditions, however, the machine had problems with vibrations. Fw 61 had much better performance, so design was abandoned Larger, proposed Fl 201 heligiro used twin rotors augmented by twin turboprops troops, ft diameter rotors, 140 mph 11

12 WNF Wn 342 Tip Jet Autogyros Wiener Neustadter Flugzeugwerke (WNF) V3 Design led by Dr. Friedrich von Doblhoff Used tip jets for rotor power Intended for deployment from U-boats First prototype (V1) tested in Oct 1942 V3 & V4 used tip jets only for take-off/hover Clutch transmitted power to propeller for forward flight Vienna was overrun before flight testing the V4; later tested in the U.S. V4 12

13 Doblhoff Tip Jet Rotor Head Fuel consumption was 9 times higher than conventional helicopter! 109 db noise 3 m from the rotor tips! 13

14 14 Focke Rochen 1944 design Two counter-rotating propellers Vectored downwash via louvers Louvers could be closed for gliding if engine was lost Engine exhaust ducted for yaw and roll control

15 15 Focke Rochen After the War, Focke filed a patent in September 1957 Model tests conducted in Bremen in mid-1950s

16 DSH J-62 Deutsche Studiengemeinschaft Hubschrauber (DSH = German Society for the Study of the Helicopter) Led by Dr. Walter Just 1953 design 1,800 kg touring helicopter with 4 to 5 seats Powered by twin turboprop engines The 12 m tip jets rotor Cruising speed 108 kt Maximum speed 130 kt Range 378 nm 16

17 Focke-Wulf Buried Propeller Designs December

18 Messerschmitt Me 408 Rotor-Jet Between 1962 and ~1972, Messerschmitt studied a number of designs adding folding rotors to otherwise conventional transport aircraft Cruise thrust via shaft and gaspowered fans Extensive rotor tests conducted 18

19 19 Me 508 Demonstrator

20 20 Rotor-Jet Folding Rotors 1968 test stand trials with 2 m diameter 1968/69 full-scale wind tunnel tests at transition speeds (135 kt)

21 21 Rotor-Jet Propulsion System

22 22 Refined Me 408 Concept 6-8 pax; 2 crew Cruise speed at 29,500 ft was 405 kt Range: 920 nm with 1,590 lb payload 1,650 nm with no payload Wing span 34.5 ft Length 35.5 ft Rotor diameter 19.7 ft Cargo volume 277 ft 3 Empty weight 6,762 lb Gross weight 11,023 lb

23 23 Me Transport Wing span Length Rotor diameter VTOL payload Empty weight VTOL weight STOL weight 76.4 ft 70.4 ft 44.3 ft 19,975 lb 37,345 lb 57,320 lb 66,140 lb Passengers 55 Payload 13,225 lb Range 650 km Cruise speed 390 kt Max speed 470 kt

24 Bölkow/Heidelberg Hubstrahler Research began in 1956 under Götz Heidelberg Significant testing on low pressure reaction rotors (Hubstrahler) Captive hovering testbed, called a Flying Jeep was tested in 1961 Supplied air by a ground based compressor Basis for a turboshaft powered military version 24

25 Bölkow/Stöckel Stopped Rotor P 109: Rotor diameter from 5.6 ft to 9.8 ft 25

26 Bölkow/Derschmidt Compounds July 1955, Hans Derschmidt filed a patent for a swiveling rotor: lead-lag hinge at about the 40% span of each rotor outer span of the rotor could pivot 40º backwards reducing the tip speed of the advancing blade very high rotational speeds by the retreating blade Initially called P 87, received the designation Bo 46 26

27 27 Bo 46 (P 87) Design Studies

28 28 Dual Derschmidt Rotors

29 29 MBB BBH 1 & 2 speed 200 kt climb rate 65.6 ft/s load factor 3-4 g endurance 2.5 h OGE hover 8,200 ft 2 seat, armored all-weather capable MBB = Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm BBH = Bewaffneter Begleithubschrauber (armed escort helicopter) 1968 RFP BBH 1 = 12,600 lb, 6 bladed rotor, small wing BBH 2 = 13,000 lb, 4 bladed hingless rotor, large wing, prop 1979 Franco-German MOA led to Eurocopter Tiger today!

30 MBB Bo 120 X1 and X2 High Speed Helicopter Program Intended to use Bo 46 as demonstrator hingeless Bo 105 rotor system wings + lift engine! Demonstrator was to provide data for future high speed helicopter programs 245 kt planned In early 1975, Bo wings reached 220 kt Tilt-rotor and other designs also studied 30

31 31 Dornier Designs P 407 Four seats twin engine compound P 410 Tail rotor could swivel 35º Max speed = 230 kt Cruise speed = 200 kt twin engine (T53) compound

32 Merckel Designs E 130 Used automatic blade angle reduction at positive flapping angle Max speed = 315 kt Each engine also drove an aft fan M-133 Demonstrator to prove E 130 concept To use Bo 46 fuselage Max speed = 295 kt 32

33 33 Weser Tiltpropellers WPG P research design Anti-helicopter fighter Tail fans for control thrust Gross weight = 4,075 lb Max speed = 362 kt WPG P design civil/transport roles Tail fans for control thrust Gross weight = 9,700 lb Max speed = 351 kt

34 VFW Compound Helicopters VFW = Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (United Aeronautical Factory) Combined Weser and Focke-Wulf (plus Heinkel, Rhein, and Henschel) Studied a number of compound helicopters (H2, H3, H5, H7, H8, H9) H2 H2 Used cold compressed air to power rotor Used blade tip burners for hover & take-off Ground testing began in March 1964 (110 hr) First flight April flight hours by Sept dba measured at 11.5 ft Rotor diameter 20.3 ft Empty weight 335 lb Flying weight 595 lb Maximum speed 70.1 kt Cruising speed 56.7 kt 34

35 VFW H3 Sprinter Design begun in 1966 as prototype Rotor powered by compressed air Yaw control by engine exhaust vanes Three prototypes First flight (E1) May 1970 Second aircraft (E2) January hours of flight testing Rotor diameter Empty weight Flying weight Maximum speed Cruising speed Range 28.5 ft 1,091 lb 2,134 lb 162 kt 135 kt 270 nm 35

36 VFW H3 Sprinter Final design with shrouded propellers was never tested Intended to divert air from rotors to propellers for high speed cruise 36

37 H5 Mock-Up VFW Follow-On Designs H9 Concepts H5 intended for 5 seats and higher speed H7 intended for 7-8 seats H8 refined combat H7 H9 armed escort helicopter 37

38 38 Eurocopter Eurotilt Design MBB + VFW + many others = Eurocopter Early 1990s, Eurofar - 30 pax, 14 ton commuter tiltrotor Currently, Eurotilt seat executive transport, SAR, offshore 10 tons, 330+ kt, 750 nm range

39 39 Operational V/STOL Systems: The V/STOL Pyramid Harrier Forger Flight Test: Large-Scale Testing: Designs Concepts / Small-scale Testing

40 Summary About 75 different German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft documented Most were design studies only Some achieved significant component testing 4 conducted limited V/STOL flight testing None were tested extensively or reached production (less than 100 hours total!) 40