Oceanographic Data of the 39th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition from November 1997 to March Miwako YORITAKA and Akihiro MASUYAMA

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1 Oceanographic Data of the 39th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition from November 1997 to March 1998 Miwako YORTAKA and Akihiro MASUYAMA Hydrographic Department, Japan Coast Guard, 3-1, Tsuldji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo The results of oceanographic observations on board the icebreaker "Shirase" and tidal observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica are presented in this report. The oceanographic observations were carried out by the summer party of the 39th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-39) during the austral summer of 1997/1998. The tidal observations were carried out by the winter party of JARE-38 from February 1997 to January Oceanographic observations The track of the icebreaker "Shirase" and the sites of oceanographic stations are shown in Fig. 1. Surface water was sampled during the cruise using a plastic bucket of 10 liter capacity. XBT (expendable bathythermograph), XCTD (expendable CD) and serial observations were taken in the Southern Ocean. Three surface drifting buoys were deployed in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. (1) Surface water sampling Surface water was sampled one or two times a day at 44 stations for chemical analysis. The results are given in Table 1. (2) Monitoring of marine pollution Surface water was sampled at 10 stations in the Southern Ocean for monitoring of marine pollution. tems and methods of analysis are given in the following section ( 6). (3) XBT observations -1-

2 XBT observations were carried out at 215 stations in the Southern Ocean from Fremantle to Antarctica, from Antarctica to Cape Town, from Cape Town to Antarctica and back to Sydney. The results are listed in Table 2. ( 4) XCTD observations XCTD observations were carried out at 100 stations along the same route as XBT observations. The results are listed in Table 3. Salinity is not calibrated. Vertical sections of water temperature with XBT and XCTD observations are shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5. ( 5) Serial observations Serial observations with the Rosette sampler, equipped with twenty three Niskin bottles of 2.5 liter capacity, and CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth profiling system: Falmouth Scientific FS TRTON CTD) were carried outat 14 stations. The results of serial ovservation and meteorological data are given in Table 4. (6) Chemical analysis of sampled water Chemical analysis of seawater collected with the bucket or the Niskin bottle was done by the following methods. tem (a) was calculated from conductivity using the 1978 practical salinity scale (UNESCO, 1981). tems (b), (d) and (h) were carried out with the methods described by Strickland and Parsons (1972). tem (c) was analyzed by the Winkler method as modified by Carpenter (1965) for more precision. tem (e) was analyzed with the method in Motomizu and Korechika (1988). tems (t) and (g) were analyzed with the method in Bergamin et al. (1978), Andersson (1979) and Gine et al. (1980). tems (i), G) and (k) were analyzed with the method in Hydrographic Department (1995). (a) Practical salinity: Conductive salinometer (Guildline Autosal salinometer model 8400B). (b) ph: (c) Dissolved oxygen: ( d) Phosphate-P: Glass electrode method (Horiba digital ph meter F-16). Carpenter method (Hirama model ART-3 D0-1). Molybdenum blue method (Shimadzu model UV-1600 spectrophotometer). -2-

3 ( e) Silicate-Si: Molybdenum yellow method (Shimadzu model UV-1600 spectrophotometer). (f) Nitrite-N: 1600 spectrophotometer). (g) Nitrate-N: Cadmium (Cd) - copper (Cu) reduction column, Naphthylethylenediamine method (Sanuki F-3000 Flow njection Analysis system). (h) Ammonium-N: ndophenol blue method (Shimadzu model UV-1600 spectrophotometer). (i) Petroleum oil: G) Cadmium (Cd): (k) Mercury (Hg): n-hexane extraction - fluorophotometric analysis. Solvent extraction - atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of analysis of items (a) to (h) are given in Tables 1 and 4. The results of monitoring of marine pollution items (i) to (k) are given in Table 5. (7) Current observation with surface drifting buoys Each surface drifting buoy is a spherical buoy of 35 cm diameter, from which hangs a drogue of 1 m diameter, 8 m length (C-2340, TOYOCOM Co.). Buoy data from each drift buoy were transmitted to the data processing center through the NOAA satellite, and the Argos system offered buoy position and surface water temperatures to each user. The first surface drifting buoy was deployed at 60 51'S, 'E on March 14, t was operated until March 13, The second was deployed at 56 28'S, 'E on March 15, t was operated until February 24, The third was deployed at 51 54'S, 'E on March 16, t was operated until March 15, The trajectories of the three buoys are shown in Fig. 6. Naphthylethylenediamine method (Shimadzu model UV- -3-

4 2. Tidal observations at Syowa Station Tidal observations at Syowa Station have been carried out since The tide gauge (QWP-8-303D, Meisei Denki Co.) was set on the sea bottom about 15 m below the sea surface at Nisi-no-ura Cove, East Ongul sland by JARE-36 members on February 2, Results obtained from February 1997 to January 1998 are described in this report. The gauge was maintained by Dr. M. Kanao, a member of the JARE-38 winter party, through the year. The methodology of tidal observation is described by Odamaki et al. (1991). n this system, the relative water pressure compensated for atmospheric pressure is measured with a quartz oscillator. The range of the sensor is 0-50 m and its accuracy is 0.01 % to full scale, i.e m. The data sampled 5 times per second are averaged over one minute and recorded on solid C memory every 10 min. Hourly sea level was recorded on the hour. Daily and monthly mean sea levels were calculated from the hourly data. The results are given in Table 6. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Prof. K. Shibuya, the leader of JARE-39, Prof. Y. Fujii, the leader of JARE-38, Asst. Prof. K. Moriwaki, the summer party leader of JARE-39, Asst. Prof. H. Yamagishi, the summer party leader of JARE-38, and to all of the members of JARE-38 and JARE-39 for their helpful support and valuable advice. The authors also express their sincere thanks to Dr. M. Kanao, the member of the JARE-38 winter party who maintained the tide gauge throughout the whole year. The authors also express their thanks to Captain M. Chousa, the officers and crew of the icebreaker "Shirase". References Andersson, L. (1979): Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nitrite and nitrate by flow injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 110,

5 Bergamin, H., Reis, B.F. and Zagatto, E.A.G. (1978): A new device for improving sensitivity and stabilization in flow injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 97, 427. Carpenter, J. H. (1965): The accuracy of the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10, Gine, M.F., Bergamin, H., Zagatto, E.A.G. and Reis, B.F. (1980): Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate by flow injection analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 114, 191. Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency, Japan (1995): Results of surveys in Rep. Mar. Pollut. Surv., 21, (in Japanese). Motomizu, S. and Korechika, K. (1988): FA for trace amounts of silicon based on spectrophotometric determination of molybdosilicic acid. Bunseki Kagaku, 37, Tll5-Tll9. Odamaki, M., Michida, Y., Noguchi,., wanaga, Y., keda, S. and wamoto, K. (1991): Mean sea-level observed at Syowa Station, East Antarctica. Proc. NPR Symp. Antarct. Geosci., 5, Strickland, J.D.H. and Parsons, T.R. (1972): Practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can., 2nd ed., 167, 311 p. UNESCO (1981): Tenth Report of the Joint Panel in Oceanographic Tables and Standards. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science,

6 .. 0 D XBT on XCD on CD ant Serial obiefv.t Relea.e chfting ruoy 0 SU'face w.ier sarpling for mnitorir of rmrire polltiion , N :, 20 ' _ L '\ 0 ', : : : () t r _ : 20S T" , , , , r : St.5 St.6 St.7 St.& St.O 60 ANTARCTCA E Fig. 1. The track of the icebreaker "Shirase" and sites of oceanographic stations. -6-

7 STATON 0 m ,C: /\ - " / tj /// f "' J mr, \ A rv < r 1 J v _ D -:J Cl 600 m.,; /\\\' V" /{(// '>, l V ) V 800 m / 111 r 5 \,..--,r ' 5 l /l.,, 1000 m 38S 40S 42S 44S 46S Latitude 48S 50S 52S 54S Fig. 2. Vertical profile of water temperature( C) observed with XBT and XCTD from Fremantle to Antarctica. Vertical bars on the top of the profile indicate sites of XBT and XCTD observations.

8 1 STATON 0 m \. 200 m c::::::: 0.c= 400 R 00 Q 600 l- 800 l)))\\\ Y ////1 / / \\\\'{JJJJ / v r,--,1/ \ S 45S 50S Latitude 55S 60S Fig. 3. Vertical profile of water temperature ( C) observed with XBT and XCTD from Antarctica to Cape Town. Vertical bars as in Fig. 2.

9 STATON 0 m 200 m ' ::=[Jr 0,c= 400 a i:.o _ \ l l\\\v//(/1,..._ '- '\ J '--.../ \ ( \ S 45S sos Latitude sss 60S Fig. 4. Vertical profile of water temperature ( C) observed with XBT and XCTD from Cape Town to Antarctica. Vertical bars as in Fig. 2.

10 STATON 0 m l 200 t r- \\\\\\V///////"'-. -/_./ /\-.. J \o//jl//f\ \ ;\\_/-\ ( '-/ J / \,._ J l \ \ {! ll/.\\"- J U ill \ U n / ) )1 v /; \ /\\ 5 J J i f / \ r f "1. ff;(}\ \ r V//tJ \V / _\ A m 35S 40S 45S 50S Latitude sss 60S 65S Fig. 5. Vertical profile of water temperature ( C) observed with XBT and XCD from Antarctica to Sydney. Vertical bars as in Fig. 2.

11 ' 20S \, D.No.1757 Mar. 16, 1998,; Mar. 1, 1999 Feb. 1, 1999 Jul., 19,98 May 1, 1998 Mar. 1, ,.,. D.No D \ 100E 120 :ili{?i!r W Fig. 6. Trajectories of three surface drifting buoys. Solid triangles mark the deployment location and the location on the first day of every month for the first buoy (D. No. 2149). Solid squares mark the second buoy (D. No. 2149). Solid circles mark the third buoy (D. No. 1757).

12 Table 1. Data of surface water observations on board the icebreaker "Shirase" in ' N Air Water P04- Sio3- N02- Date Time Position Temn. Temn. Salinity ph 002 p Si N (UT) Lat. LonQ'. oc ( J.l mol/1) 1997 Nov. 14 Dec. 3. Left Tokyo 15 22: N E : : : : : : : : S : : : : : : Arrived in Fremantle Left Fremantle 4 00: : : : : :50 47.:._ : : N03- NH4- N N

13 ,... w Air Water Date Time Position Temn. Temn. Salinity (UT) Lat. Long. 8 01: S E : : : : : : : : Arrived at the ice edge off SYOWA station 1998 Left the ice edg off SYOWA station Mar. 1 05: : : : : : : : : : : : P04- Sio3- N02- N03- NH4- ph D02 p Si N N N ( u mol/

14 Table 2. XBT obseivation data. "S.L." indicates surface layer depth in meters. NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (M) (" C) SP S E o SP S E o o SP S E SP S 107-0lE SP S E o. 5 1 o. 3 1 o. 3 1 o. 1 1 o SP S E SP S E o. 9 1 o. 4 1 o. 3 1 o. 2 1 o. 2 1 o. 2 1 o SP S E o. 4 1 o. 3 1 o. 2 1 o. 2 1 o o. 2 1 o. 2 1 o SP S E o. 8 1 o. 7 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o. 4 1 o. 5 1 o. 4 1 o. 4 1 o. 4 1 o SP S E SP S 101-0lE O O O' O o. 0 SP S E o. 5 1 o. 4 1 o. 6 1 o. 8 1 o o. 2 1 o. 2 1 o SP S E 1 o. 6 1 o. 5 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o. 8 1 o. 5 1 o. 5 1 o SP S E 1 o. 7 1 o. 7 1 o. 7 1 o. 7 1 o SP S E SP S E SP lOS 99-57E

15 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) s. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (M) ("C) SP S 99-41E SP S 99-02E SP S 98-09E SP S 97-42E SP S 97-1 le SP S 96-17E SP S 95-55E SP S 95-30E SP lOS 94-47E SP S 94-39E SP S 94-23E SP S 94-17E SP S 94-03E SP S 93-50E SP lOS 93-24E SP S 93-12E SP S 92-48E SP S 92-38E

16 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) s. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (M) (" C) SP ls 92-14E SP S 92-04E SP S 91-46E ; SP S 91-35E SP S 91-22E SP OS 91-06E SP S 90-52E o SP S 90-18E SP S 89-39E SP S 89-23E o. 4 o o SP S 87-42E o o. 9 o. 9 o. 9 o. 9 o. 8 o o SP S 86-50E o. 9 o o. 3 o SP ls 85-57E o. 4 o. 3 o SP S 84-57E o. 7 o SP S 83-59E o. 5 o o. 6 SP S 82-59E o o. 9 o SP S 81-25E o o o SP S 80-30E o l o

17 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (M) CC) SP S 79-30E o. 1 o o o. 3 o o. 8 SP S 78-29E SP S 77-00E o SP S 76-0lE o. 1 o. 1 o. 1 o. 1 o o SP S 74-00E ; o. 5 SP S 72-57E o SP S 72-30E o SP S 72-14E o o SP S 71-58E o o. 7 SP S 71-43E o SP oo S 71-15E o. 7 SP S 70-20E o. 4 o. 3 o. 3 o. 4 o o SP S 68-56E o. 9 o. 9 o. 6 o. 3 o. 3 o. 3 o. : SP S 67-57E o. 2 o. 2 o o. 2 o. 0 o o. 2 o. ( SP S 67-23E o SP S 67-16E -o o o SP S 67-07E o. 0 o. 0 o. 1 o o SP S 67-0lE o

18 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) s. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (Ml (" C) SP S 66-52E o. 0 o SP S 66-45E SP S 67-37E SP S 66-29E SP S 66-22E o SP S 66-l 5E SP S 66-00E SP S 65-00E o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 o. 8 o o SP S 62-58E o. 0 o. 0 o. 0 o SP S 62-00E o. 9 o SP S 60-58E o o SP S 59-00E o SP lS 57-59E o SP S 56-54E o o SP S 56-00E o SP S 53-57E o SP S 53-00E o o SP S 51-59E o

19 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH CM) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG. 0 to CM) (' C) SP S 51-00E SP S 38-03E SP lOS 38-17E o. 4 o o. 3 o. 4 o. 5 o. 5 o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 SP lS 36-1 le o. 7 o. 7 o. 2 o o o o. 9 o SP o lS 34-20E 0.5 o. 5 o o o. 0 SP lS 31-42E o. 9 o o o SP S 28-48E B o SP S 25-56E o : SP lS 23-18E o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 o. 2 o i o. 2 o. 4 o. 5 o. 5 o. 5 o o. 4 o. 4 o. 5 o o. 7 SP S 21-51E o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 o o o. 9 o. 8 o. 8 o. 7 o. 7 o. 9 SP lS 21-37E o. 8 o o. 9 o. 9 o SP lS 21-26E o. 7 o. 1 o SP S 21-09E o. 9 o. 5 o. 3 o SP S 20-41E SP S 20-31E SP S 20-1 BE SP S 20-04E SP S 19-53E

20 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (" C) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH CM) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG CM) (" C) SP lS 19-41E SP lS 19-28E 1 o. 8 1 o. 8 1 o. 8 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o SP S 19-17E 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o. 6 1 o SP lS 19-lOE o SP lS 18-42E SP S 18-25E o SP o lS 18-29E lj o. 8 1 o SP S 18-35E SP oo S 18-36E SP S 18-38E o. 7 1 o SP S 18-52E o SP S 19-00E o SP S 19-16E SP S 19-22E SP S 19-58E SP S 20-27E SP S 20-40E o SP S 21-02E o. 7 o o o. 9 o

21 NUMBER POSTON DATE TME UT LAT. LONG. TEMPERATURE (' C) DEPTH (Ml ! S. L. AR TEMP. CM) (" C) SP S 21-1 le o. 9 o. 8 o. 8 o SP S 22-22E o. 9 o. 8 o. 6 o o. 2 o. 4 o. 5 o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 o. 4 o. 3 o. 3 o. 5 o. 5 o. 5 o SP S 24-25E SP S 27-44E o. 8 o o. 1 o o. 8 o. 8 o. 8 o. 7 o. 7 o. 6 o. 6 o o SP S 30-00E SP S 32-23E o o o SP S 37-1 le o SP S 48-46E SP S 49-31E SP S 49-44E SP S 49-39E SP S 40-00E o. 2 o. 2 o. 1 o o. 3 o. 2 o. 2 o o. 2 SP S 41-44E o. 5 o. 4 o. 4 o o o. 9 o. 8 o. 8 o. 5 o SP S 45-18E o. 7 o. 7 o SP S 51-08E SP S 62-12E o o. 0 SP S 69-37E o. 7 u SP S 72-09E o i SP S 76-1 OE l

22 NUMBER POSTON TEMPERATURE (' C) s. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH (M) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG (M) (" C) SP S 81-43E o SP S 88-36E o SP S 88-28E o. 4 o. 5 o. 8 o SP S 91-27E o. 2 o. 2 o. 4 o o. 0 o SP S 96-13E - - o. 1 o o. 5 o o. 9 o. 8 o. 7 o. 9 SP S 98-41E o. 1 o. 5 o o. 9 o. 9 o. 9 o. 8 o. 7 o. 6 o. 6 SP S E o. 6 o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 o. 7 SP S 110-0lE o. 3 o. 2 o o. 0 o SP $ E o o. 5 o o SP $ E 0. 8 o. 8 o. 8 o o SP S E o. 2 o SP S E o. 0 o o. 9 SP S E o. 6 o. 6 0:6 o SP S E o SP S E o SP S E o SP $ E o SP S E o. 3 o o

23 NUMBER POS TON TEMPERATURE CC) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH CM) TEMP. LAT. LONG l!io CM) ("C) SP S E o SP S E SP S E o SP S E o SP S E SP S E o. 0 o SP S E o. 3 o. 3 o. 3 o. 2 o o. 3 o. 5 o. 8 o o. 8 o. 8 o. 8 o. 7 o. 7 o. 9 SP S E o SP S E o ) o. 0 SP S E o !l SP S E SP S 150-0lE ( SP S E ! SP S E Ui SP S 150-0lE o U, SP S 150-0E o SP S E o SP S E

24 NUMBER POS TON TEMPERATURE CC) s. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH CM) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG CM) ("C) SP S E SP S E SP S E o SP S E o SP S E o. 8 o. 1 o SP S E SP S E SP S le SP S E SP S 150-0lE SP M8S E SP S E SP S E SP o S E SP S E SP S E SP S E 1 o. 3 1 o o. 3 1 o. 3 1 o. 1 1 o SP S E o. 7 1 o. 2 1 o

25 NUMBER POS TON TEMPERATURE CC) S. L. AR DATE TME DEPTH CM) TEMP. UT LAT. LONG CM) (' C) SP S 150-0lE 1 o. 9 1 o. 9 1 o. 9 1 o. 9 1 o SP S E o. 5 1 o SP S E o. 3 1 o SP lOS E : SP S E :( SP S E SP S E !i 1 o. 8 1 o. 2 1 o SP S E i o. 7 1 o SP o S 150-0lE i' SP S 150-0lE :i SP S E SP , S E SP S E o SP S E SP S 151-lOE SP S E o SP S E

26 Table 3. XCTD observations. station JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA date 1 997/1 2/ /1 2/ /12/ /1 2/4 1997/1 2/4 1997/1 2/5 1997/1 2/ /1 2/5 time(ut) 00:0 1 7:27 1 2:39 1 7:20 22:1 4 3:23 8:27 13:49 latitude S S S S S S S S longitude E E E E E E E E depth temp. )salinity temp. )salinity temp. lsalinity temp. lsalinity temp. lsalinity temp. lsalinity temp. lsalinity temp. lsalinity... a l l l l l l l r; l l l l l l l j ! ! ! ! ! : ! \ ) ) ) ) ) ) j \ j j : : : l l ) / j j j ( ( j ) : ) ( ) ) \ \ \ \ \ \ [ [ ( ( \ ) \ \ / l = = ) ) ) ) ) l l l ) ) !: = = 34_ ) [ ( \ \ _ -_ station JA JA JA JA JA JA JA JA date 1997/1 2/5 1997/1 2/ /1 2/ / 1 2/6 1997/1 2/ /12/ /1 2/ /1 2/6 time(ut) 1 9: :13 23:20 00:48 2:07 3:38 6:23 1 2:41 latitude S S S S S S S S longitude E E E E E E E E... depth.... temp. \salinity temp. /salinity temp. /salinity temp. /salinity temp. \salinity temp. /salinity temp. \salinity temp. l salinity ! / / / l / / / / ( \ ( ( ) \ \ ( l l \ l l l ) ( ( [ [ [ ( ( / / ) / / / / : \ ( \ ) ( ) ) / \ ( ( ( ( J j j j ) ( ( \ j j j \ l \ \ : / / \ [ ( ( \ \ \ ) ) \ / l i i i l - - l l