GIZ Support to Ministry of Urban Development Training on Preparation of City Sanitation Plan Part I State of Andhra Pradesh

Transcription

1 GIZ Support to Ministry of Urban Development Training on Preparation of City Sanitation Plan Part I State of Andhra Pradesh Session 2: Sanitation systems Hyderabad, 1-3 July 2015 Slide 1

2 Sanitation Scenario in India Although the number of septic tanks will grow steeply in the next few years, there is no separate policy or regulation for septage management in India at present Slide 2

3 Key factors influencing planning sanitation systems Settlement Water resource Housing and Population density Formal / informal Asset ownership 1-10 lakh population Million plus Mega cities Size Location Soil Ground water Topography Density and space System On-site / off-site Decentralized / centralized Slide 3

4 Key factor: Settlement Asset Ownership Formal / Informal Housing and population density Water resource Public / Private Regulation and enforcement during design and construction O&M Tenure Participatory Planning Cross subsidy amount of wastewater is function of density availibilty of space is function of density Quantity of supply per capita Protection of waterbodies Slide 4

5 Key factor: Location Soil type High ground water level Topography high altitude, steep terrain operation of soakaways reduces scope for infiltration of wastewater high pumping requirements for water rocky ground increases costs Groundwater pollution Construction of sewers, septic tanks etc. is challenging possible intrusion of groundwater into sewer high pumping requirements for mixed sewage sewer can be gravity driven space limitations Freezing of water frozen, impermeable ground during winter limits soaking capacities Slide 5

6 Key factor: System on-site low density housing / peripheral areas off-site requires sewer system low water consumption high density housing availability of services to manage septage ground conditions allow absorption of wastewater and avoid contamination of groundwater reliable water supply sufficient gradient to avoid pumping in sewers Higher degree of skills and human resource required Slide 6

7 Centralized Sewerage System It collects sewage / storm water from individual buildings, houses, public areas and transports for proper treatment and disposal. Conventional gravity sewers (deeply placed with manholes & pumping stations) Suitable for large city areas with dense population and adequate water supply Required highly skilled manpower for planning, execution & Operation Overall managed by ULB s Require sophisticated or costly maintenance Source: Eawag Suitable for large quantities of organic wastewater flows High Energy requirements Tolerant towards inflow (quantity & quality) fluctuation Slide 7

8 Decentralized Systems "Decentralized" system also refers to the cluster systems to treat all of the wastewater collectively generated by many homes or an entire community. Suitable for smaller communities and small scale operations Required basic operational skills Mostly operated & managed by communities Suitable for organic wastewater flows from 1-1,000 m3 per day Source: Eawag Very less or no energy requirements can augmented through modular design of all components intolerant towards inflow (quantity & quality) fluctuation do not require sophisticated or costly maintenance Slide 8

9 Urban Sanitation Off -Site (Piped Sewer System) On Site System Lined Structures Unlined Structures Septic Tank Cesspool Soak Pit Pit latrine Slide 9

10 Current Scenario Slide 10

11 Septic Tank A sedimentation tank in which settled sludge is partially stabilised by anaerobic digestion most frequent onsite treatment unit worldwide Consists of 2 to 3 compartments Septic tanks are generally designed only for black water Effluent from septic tank further needs secondary treatment + simple, little space required because of being underground + low O&M cost - little removal of dissolved and suspended matter (BOD removal approx. 50%) - high investment cost Slide 11

12 Improved Systems Conventional Systems Septic Tanks Technical Options Single chambered Septic Tank Less Efficient Two chambered Septic Tank Two chambered Septic Tank with filter Anaerobic Baffled Reactor with Filter More Efficient Slide 12

13 Septage Septage is semi-solid matter desludged from an onsite sanitation system like septic tank. It has offensive odour, appearance and contains significant levels of grease, grit, hair, debris and pathogenic organisms. Septage Management is the process of managing onsite sanitation systems including septage collection, transportation, treatment and disposal / recycle / reuse of its contents Scum Effluent Sludge Components of Septage floats on the top, forming a layer of froth which contains soap, grease etc. the semi-treated liquid that is relatively free from sludge and scum. solids which settles at the bottom of the tank. Slide 13

14 Septage Management Management of solids 1 Normally sullage must not be treated in a septic tank Emptying of septic tanks 2 Transportation to the treatment facility in a specially designed vehicles 3 Emptying of septage at treatment facility / sewer 4 Scientific treatment Dry compost at drying beds (as a part of treatment facility 6 Compost application and use of treated water for agriculture purpose 7 Agriculture produce for human consumption 5 Slide 14

15 Septage Management Value Chain Black water Grease Trap Grey water Effluent Soil Conditioning Irrigation/ Horticulture Soak Pit DWWTs Secondary Treatment Septic Tank Septage Desludging and Transport Manure/ Fertilizer Slide 15

16 Why Septage Management is an integral part of Citywide Sanitation? Policy Framework- Legal & Environmental Sanitation- Health & Environment WHY? Insufficient Infrastructure/ Measures Resource recovery Slide 16

17 Impact on Health and Environment Organic matter, total solids, ammonium, and helminth egg concentrations in septage are typically higher by a factor of ten or a hundred compared to wastewater sludge (Montangero and Strauss, 2002) Improper land application of untreated septage can adversely impact surface and groundwater quality (pathogens and nutrients) million people are affected by water borne diseases annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhea alone, 73 million working days are lost due to water borne diseases/annum Slide 17

18 Statutory obligations and regulations for Septage Management National Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers & their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 Building Codes State Municipal Acts State Water Supply and Sewerage Acts Municipal Drainage and Sanitation Bye-laws Municipality Building Rules City Local Municipal Bye-Laws Building Regulations Public Health and Sanitation is a part of the constitutional responsibility of the Municipalities under the 12 th Schedule of the Constitution (74 th CAA,1992) Slide 18

19 Statutory obligations under Municipal Act Power to close open discharge Disconnection of Services Work to be done only by licensed plumbers Protection of misuse of public sewers / infrastructure through construction of roads Grant permission to cross private land for water / sanitation connectivity Tariff fixation, collection Slide 19

20 The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 Highlights Conversion of Insanitary latrines to sanitary latrines within time bound manner Use of technological appliances for cleaning of sewers, septic tanks to eliminate manual scavenging Prohibition of employment as Manual Scavengers (for hazardous cleaning of a sewer or a septic tank) Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the Manual Scavengers within a time bound framework by the Municipality Offences under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable Slide 20

21 Septage as a Resource One person produces about 500 liters of Urine and Kg dry matter of Faeces per year (Vinnerås, 2002, Jönsson, 2004) Urine contains 90% nitrogen, 50-65% phosphorus and 50-80% of potassium, they are very valuable for agriculture purpose (Esrey et al., 2001) The annual amount of human excreta of one person corresponds to the amount of fertilizer needed to produce 250 kg of cereal, Wolgast(1997) Slide 21

22 Fruits grown after application of Treated Septage S. Vishwanath, Biome Slide 22

23 Insufficient Infrastructure / Measures Slide 23

24 Issues in Septage Management Health and Environment (1) Illegal dumping of Septage to open areas/ drains/water bodies (2) No Treatment Construction (1) Construction not as per standards (2) Lack of secondary treatment of effluent from septic tanks (3) Grey water also allowed along with Black water in septic tanks Common weaknesses and threats O & M (1) No/negligible data on number and size of septic tanks prevalent in city (2) Lack of periodic cleaning (3) Lack of mechanization Regulation (1) Lack or weak enforcement of regulations and bye-laws (2) Overlapping functions and roles Slide 24

25 Septage Management: Actions Way forward Communities / households (1) Awareness campaigns (2) Behaviour change (3) Community involvement (4) O&M by private / community Planning & construction (1) Rehabilitation of existing tanks (2) Upgradation of existing tanks (3) Integrate tanks into off-site treatment system Regulations Actions identified by CSPs (1) Establish bye-laws for on-site sanitation, and septage management (2) Enforcement of regulations (3) Establish on-site sanitation monitoring framework O & M (1) Clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems (2) Sustainable operator model (3) SOPs Slide 25

26 As a federal enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices, Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Support to National Urban Sanitation Policy Programme 2 nd floor, B-5/2, Safdarjung Encalve, New Delhi T F E dirk.walther@giz.de I Responsible GIZ SNUSP & CSE Author(s) GIZ and CSE In cooperation with Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India M3: Septage Management Slide 26

27 Census, 2011 SFD for Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (India), 2011 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Disposal / Reuse 76.5 % 20 % 0.5 % 3 % WC to Sewer Septic Tanks Other Old systems (Pit Latrines, etc) Open defecation 11 % 11 % 19.5 % - HHs connected to septic tanks 0.5 % - HHs dependent Transportation on Public Toilets, which Sewage are connected to Sludge septic losses Treatment Management Tanks(GIZ study) 28 MLD : Total Sewage generated 4 MLD : Combined sewage inflow to all STPs MLD: combined capacity of 4 STPs having sludge drying Informally beds emptied (Not 71 % - HHs connected to sewers in accordance Hence with Transportation Losses 5.5 % Unsafely - HHs Emptied dependent on 5.28 MLD: combined Manual Public Toilets, capacity Scavenging which = of (28-4) 2 STPs Act, are connected to sewers / not 28 X 100 = 85 % (GIZ study) having sludge drying 2013) beds and disposed = 85 % of 76.5 % = 65.5 % (violates EPA Act) Sludge not Improper effectively technology managed as Possible per Manual reasons for Transportation Losses: = 5.28 /( ) Scavenging Act, X (Every Lower Insanitary water consumption by HHs = 15 % of latrine 11 % to be converted to Sanitary Actual system losses = 1.5 % latrine by the occupier) Improper HH sewage connectivity 9.5 % Source: CSP 3 % 0.5 % 20 % Residential Environment 65.5 % Drainage system Receiving waters 1.5 %

28 Paradigms (Assumptions) used for developing SFDs Sr. Assumption Examples 1 All % are in absolute terms i.e. % of HHs / fecal waste generated at the city level 2 In case of lack of data / evidence, worst case scenario is used i.e. waste is unsafely managed & disposed into the environment - Pit Latrines & other systems are considered Improper technology as per Manual Scavenging Act, 2013 (Every Insanitary latrine to be converted to Sanitary latrine by the occupier) Desludging of septic tanks is unregulated & informally managed by private operators Septic Tanks discharging overflow into adjoining drains