ISO :2014 PIANC:2002

Transcription

1 ISO7357:204 PIANC:2002

2

3 . INTRODUCTION2. COMPLIANCE WITH ISO7357: Safety and Reliability 3.2 No Deterioration or Variation in Performance 3.3 Advantages at Inclined Berthing 3.4 Most Cost Competitive System 3.5 Soft Reaction Force for Ship and Jetty Structure 3.6 Lower Mooring Forces under Rough Weather Conditions 3. ADVANTAGES Stronger against Shearing Force 3.8 Adaptable to the Tide 3.9 Simple and Low Cost Installation 3.0 Low Maintenance Cost 3. Shipping Cost Minimization 4. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Pressure Rating 4.2 Type (Net Type) 4.3 Type (Sling Type) 4.4 Design Variations 5. Outer Rubber 5.2 Synthetictirecord Layer 5.3 Inner Rubber 5. BASIC CONSTRUCTION Bead Ring and Flange Opening 5.5 Turnup System 5.6 Air Valve and Safety Valve 6. SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Standard Sizes 6.4 Fender Compression Speed 6.2 Performance Table 6.5 Temperature Effect 6.3 Safety Design and Pressure Requirements 7. FENDER SELECTION ShiptoShip 7.2 ShiptoJetty 7.3 Required Data for Securing Fenders 8. SHIPTOSHIP APPLICATIONS Installation Examples 8.2 Equipments 8.3 Installation Photographs 9. SHIPTO JETTY APPLICATIONS Installation Methods 9.4 Installation Photographs 9.2 Equipments 9.3 Dimension of Jetty for Installation 0. MAINTENANCE TOOLS Small and mediumsize (Size:02000). 0.2 Largesize (Size:2040).. PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING...68 APPENDIX TYPICAL SHIP CHARACTERISTICS Ap Oil Tanker Ap5 Container Ship Ap2 Gas Carrier Ap6 Passenger Ship Ap3 Bulk Carrier Ap7 Ferry Ap4 General Cargo Ship reserves the right to modify data and designs without notice.

4 . INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION COMPLIANCE WITH ISO7357:204 The "Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fender" was developed in 958 based on a rubber company's technology for automobile tires and rubber aircraft fuel tanks. Progress in the development of such floating pneumatic rubber fenders is closely related to the progress and development of ship technology, and has to continuously cope with progressively larger oil tankers such as VLCC's, ULCC's, large gas carriers, bulk carriers and floating structures. Floating pneumatic fenders are used world wide for shiptoship (STS) transfer operations, terminals, and for all kinds of ships. Since its creation until today, more than 60,000 fenders have been supplied worldwide both for shiptoship and shiptodock operations serving our valuable customers. These fenders play a critical role in the safe operation of ship berthing and mooring. 2. COMPLIANCE WITH ISO7357: 204 ISO7357:2002, the standard of high pressure of floating pneumatic rubber fenders, had been published in 2002 under growing needs for international standardization specified material, performance and dimensions of floating pneumatic fenders to prevent variety of originally designed products with low quality had been introduced into the market. In 204, ISO7357:2002 had been renewed as st edition of ISO7357:204 to strengthen its standard concerning design, material and certification of floating pneumatic fender. Although the structure is maintained from ISO7357: 2002 to ISO7357: 204 as shown in Fig, new requirements and new design listed below are added in ISO7357:204 aiming at higher berthing operation safe. The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. confirms that its Pneumatic Rubber Fenders, Pneumatic P & P, fully comply with all requirements of ISO7357:204. ( i ) GENERAL INFORMATION ( ii ) PERFORMANCE ( iii ) DOCUMENTATION Scope Normative References Terms and Definitions Classification Ordering or Inquiring Information General Requirements Performance Requirements (A) Prototype Testing (B) Commercial Test & Inspection (C) Marking Documentation & Certificates Inspection & Evaluation (A) (B) (C) Energy, Reaction, Hull Pressure Minimum Endurable Pressure HydroStatic Testing Pressure Parallel Compression Test Angular Compression Test Durability Test CompressionRecovery Test PunctureResistance Test Material TestRubber Dimensional Inspection Air Leakage Test HydrostaticPressure Test Remarks: The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd confirms that all its Pneumatic and fully comply with all requirements of ISO7357:204. Performance Confirmation of Prototype fender test shall be done every ten years. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

5 New Requirement () Diameter of the bead ring or other steel material around the flange opening shall be less than 0.20 D (D: fender diameter) to make metal parts safe from permanent deformation when it gets over compression near to %. Bead ring outside diameter Flange opening outside diameter Bead ring Cover plate Mouth metal Air charge valve Air valve Safety valve INTRODUCTION COMPLIANCE WITH ISO7357:204 (2)The performance confirmation of prototype fender test shall be done every ten years. (3) Layer made of synthetictyrecord fabric, which maintains the internal air pressure of the fender. The canvas fabric shall not be used for the high pressure pneumatic floating fender. Warp 2 2 Weft Warp Weft 3 New design Type I Single Net type and one end with no flange opening and no metal parts The flange opening shall be at only one end for Type I Single and no metal parts shall be at the other end to make that end safe from permanent deformation when it gets over compression. No flange opening and no metal parts. Flange opening and metal parts. Vessel B Vessel A a 2 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

6 3. ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES 3. Safety and Reliability Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are constructed of several layers of strong tirecord, and are thus resistant to pressure and cutting. The safety factor adopted in the design of this fender is based on accepted theory and has been proven by extensive experimentation. Operational experience over a long period of time attests to its high safety and reliability, and hydraulic pressure tests have proven the strength to be suitable. Furthermore, largesize fenders are equipped with a safety valve to release the inside air in the event of accidental overpressure. The figure below shows data obtained from many destructive pressure tests at various percentage compressions. Such data are used to establish a basic minimum endurable pressure (MEP) curve for pneumatic rubber fenders. 7000L L 0000L 320L L 03000L L 2050L L Pressure (kpa) MEP ISO7357:204 MEP Deflection (3kPa) Yokohama's MEP Minimum Design Requirement Pneumatic MEP P60 ISO7357:204 MEP Deflection (5kPa) Deflection Fig.3 Burst Test Data to determine Minimum Design Requirements of MEP Fig.3.2 Burst Test at 0% Deflection Fig.3.3 Burst Test at 60% Deflection YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 3

7 3.2 No Deterioration or Variation in Performance Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders utilize the compressive elasticity of air, therefore performance deterioration due to fatigue is absent. In the case of solid rubber fenders or foamfilled fenders, based on data were taken from comparison tests of Yokohama Fenders, there are variations in performance. Such performance variations are associated to changes of rubber or foam hardness occurring as a result of cyclic compression and temperature change. 20 ADVANTAGES Relative Reaction Force Pneumatic Solid Cell Foam Relative Reaction Force Pneumatic 60 Solid Cell Number of Compression Cycles Temparature Fig.34 Variation in Performance on Cyclic Compression and Temperature In the case of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders, if the pressure is maintained properly, such variations are absent. Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders also fully comply with the durability test required by ISO7357:204. After 3000 repetitive cycles, there must be no cracks or other harmful defects on any part of the fender. Any reduction of the guaranteed energy absorption (GEA) is not accepted. Table 3 Cyclic Compression Results for Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders Items original After 3000cycles GEA (index) Reaction force at GEA (index).04 Deflection at GEA (%) The good performance of the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders remains unchanged even at temperatures under degrees Centigrade (58 degrees Fahrenheit). 4 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

8 ADVANTAGES 3.3 Advantages at Inclined Berthing Ships usually make initial contact with the dock or another ship on STS operations at an oblique angle. In the case of solid rubber fenders or foam fenders, rated reaction force and energy absorption decreases considerably at inclined compressions compared with parallel compression. In order to compensate for the decrease of energy absorption at inclined compression, it is necessary to use larger sizes in the case of solid rubber fenders or foam fenders. Percentage of Max. Energy Absorption Compression Percentage of Max. Rated Energy Absorption Compression Percentage of Max. Rated Energy Absorption Compression (a) Pneumatic Fender (b) Solid Fender (c) Foam Fender Fig.35 Reduction of Energy Absorption at Inclined Berthing for Pneumatic, Solid and Foam Fender In the case of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders, energy absorption does not decrease at inclined compression up to 5 degrees. Fig.36 Load Distribution at Inclined Berthing for Pneumatic, Solid and Foam Fender Distribution of load is also comparatively even because of the molecular freedom of air and high flexibility of the multilayered cordreinforced rubber membrane. This makes the body of a pneumatic rubber fender more shape conformant compared to solid or foam fenders, and thus able to better distribute the load along the hull of a ship or jetty structure during inclined compression. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 5

9 3.4 Most Cost Competitive System The utilization of the compressive elasticity of air, unlike other fenders which need protector panels, provides completely uniform surface pressure on contact, making Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders ideal. The surface pressure of the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders is equal to the internal air pressure. The pressure of some is below kn/m 2 (5 ton/m 2 ). Due to low and uniform surface pressure properties, the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are popular at LNGship terminals. ADVANTAGES Protector Panel Fig.37 Yokohama Pneumatic Fender330060L Fig.38 Yokohama Solid Fender RBF2000H Table 32 Cost Competitiveness Comparison based on Uniform Surface Pressure Item Pneumatic Fender Solid Fender Fender Body Chain net Protector Panel 75 0 Chain, Anchor Total 00 2 Remarks : The above comparison has been made based on data of Yokohama Pneumatic fender L and Yokohama Solid fender RBF2000H 6 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

10 ADVANTAGES 3.5 Soft Reaction Force for Ship and Jetty Structure Although all fenders should be used within their maximum load limit, it often happens that fenders accidentally receive excess load. The reaction force of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders does not increase sharply, even under excess load conditions. Therefore, the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders perform well in such cases, and protect ships and mooring facilities. In contrast, the reaction force of solid rubber fenders, including bucklingtype fenders, increases sharply under excess load conditions. The excess load turns the solidtype fender into a solid rubber block, which cannot perform as a fender. This often leads to damage of the ship and mooring facilities. Solid fenders Yokohama Pneumatic RubberFenders Reaction force A B C D A' B' C' D' Compression stages A, A' : First buckling point of solid fender. B, B' : Normal deflection point during typical berthing. C,C' : Designed rated energy point. D, D' : Abnormal berthing Deflection Fig.39 Soft Reaction Force for Ship and Jetty Structure Fig.39 above compares the reaction force generated by a typical solid rubber fender to a pneumatic rubber fender at different compression stages during a typical berthing operation. The curves are derived from the performance of a solid rubber fender and a pneumatic rubber fender with the same energy absorption performance. Points A', B', C', and D' along the reaction curve for the pneumatic fender represent matching energy absorption performance at point A, B, C, and D on the reaction curve for the solid rubber fender. The table below compares the typical reaction loads and hull pressure imposed by solid and pneumatic type fenders at various compression stages, and it can be seen that the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are ideal as fender system because of gentle treatment of ships. Compression Stage A, A' : Buckling point of solid fender B, B' : Normal deflection point C, C' : Designed rated energy point D, D' : Abnormal berthing point Comparison Pneumatic fender has lower reaction force and exerts lower hull pressure compared to the solid rubber fender Pneumatic fender has lower reaction force and exerts lower hull pressure compared to the solid rubber fender Pneumatic fender has slightly higher reaction force only at this point Pneumatic fender has lower reaction force and exerts lower hull pressure compared to the solid rubber fender YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 7

11 3.6 Lower Mooring Forces under Rough Weather Conditions During mooring under rough weather conditions such as high waves and strong wind, large ship motions are induced by high waves, long period waves or a resonant effect between the natural period of a ship and the predominant period of the waves. This movement results in compression and shearing forces on fenders. The reaction force and deflection of solidtype fenders under rough weather conditions easily reaches their respective maximums. Therefore, repeated compression with shearing force resulting from the movement of ships causes fatigue and often damages solidtype fenders. On the other hand, the reaction force and deflection of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders do not easily reach the maximum because the reaction force increases slowly and allowable deflection is wide. Thus, the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders safely protect ships and mooring facilities even under rough weather conditions. The use of Pneumatic Rubber Fenders sometimes eliminates the necessity of constructing a breakwater in the harbor. There are many studies and reports relating to the above subjects. 34m Z G 0 7m 8.3m 4m X +2 m m 0 2 SWAY SWAY (a) Pneumatic (b) Solid (Buckling) 000 sec 000 sec ADVANTAGES Fig.30 Model Studies on Ship's Movement with Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fender & with Buckling Fender Fig.3 Calculation Results of Harbor Oscillations for Ship Motions moored along Quay Walls 8 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

12 ADVANTAGES 3.7 Stronger against Shearing Force After contacting a dock, a ship is usually shifted to the correct mooring position. The shifting exerts shearing and compression forces on the fenders. This combined force is very severe in the case of solid rubber fenders because they are not reinforced against such force. In contrast, Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are adequately reinforced using strong tirecord to cope against such forces as well as internal pressure. Berthing Force Shearing Force Fig.32 Stronger against Shearing Force 3.8 Adaptable to the Tide Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders basically float on the water in an unrestricted vertical plane corresponding to the tidal range and ship's vertical movement. This means that energy absorption always takes place at the most suitable position, and that only one fender is required per dolphin. H.W.L. dolphin L.W.L. Fig.33 Adaptable to Tide YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 9

13 3.9 Simple and Low Cost Installation The weight of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders is supported by the water on which it floats. Therefore, the fender can be moored simply by means of a guy rope or chain, requiring minimal extra cost. It can be removed easily to a suitable jetty or quay when not in use, or transferred to another mooring point whenever required. ADVANTAGES Fig LP Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders installed at a dolphin 3.0 Low Maintenance Cost Maintenance cost is very low. Although the internal pressure will vary with seasonal changes, the air leakage is so minimal that it is sufficient to check the air pressure only once a year. The chain net needs to be replaced only once in 3 or 4 years, depending on ambient conditions. 3. Shipping Cost Minimization In order to minimize the shipping cost of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders, the fenders are usually packed and shipped in containers or on pallets in vacuumed and folded down state. Fig.35 Vacuumed and Folded Down Condition for409000lp 0 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

14 4. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES, AND VARIATIONS 4. Pressure Rating There are two initial pressure ratings for Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders : ) Pneumatic (P, Initial internal pressure kpa) 2) Pneumatic (P, Initial internal pressure kpa) PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS 4.2 Type(Net Type) Nettype fenders (Type) are covered with a chain net, wire net or fiber net for small size fenders. Usually these nets have usedtires together with rubber sleeves for additional protection, except fiber net which has only rubber sleeves. Chain nets last longer against corrosion, while wire nets are light and more easily repaired Ring Shackle For fender sizes0000l320l, each end of longitudinal chains or wires of nets is linked together with rings and shackles. Fig.4 Ring Shackle (Fender Size : 0000L320L) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

15 4.2.2 Towing Ring For fender sizes 03000L330060L, each end of longitudinal chains or wires of nets is linked together with a towing ring. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Fig.42 Towing Ring (Fender Size: 03000L330060L) Special Towing Ring For fender sizes L402000L, each end of longitudinal chains or wires of nets is linked together with a special towing ring which contains a special builtin swivel joint. Fig.43 Special Towing Ring (Fender Size: L L) 2 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

16 4.3 Type(Sling Type) Slingtype fenders (Type)0000L402000L have an attachment eye on each end for lifting and installation. Handling of sling type fenders is easy due to their lightweight. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Fig.44 Sling Type (Fender Size : 0000L402000L) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 3

17 4.4 Design Variations 4.4. Net Variations Rubber Sleeve Net Rubber sleeve nets cover the chain net completely by strong rubber sleeves. The rubber sleeve is made of rubber reinforced with synthetictirecord. The standard colors of the rubber sleeve are black and orange. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Aircraft Tire Chain Net Aircraft tire chain nets use air craft tires, instead of automobile tires, to keep larger standoff distance and enough protection for the fender body Rubber Jacket (Up to 2.0m) Rubber jackets are popular for Oil tankers, LPGships and cruise ships applications because of the low risk of spark or damage to the ship's hull. 4 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

18 4.4.2 Outer Rubber Variations Grey Rubber Grey rubber is a specially formulated rubber with color compound added. Creamy white color can be requested instead of grey color as an alternative. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Double Cover (2.5m, 3.3m) Double cover consists of a single cover with an extra tyre cord layer and outer rubber. It is better resistance to operational damage such as abrasion, cuts and gauges. Outer rubber layer Single tyre cord layer Inner rubber layer Double outer rubber layer Double tyre cord layer Single Cover Construction Double Cover Construction YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 5

19 4.4.3 Fender Monitoring System ( FMS) Fender Monitoring System has been developed to monitor offshore ShipToShip (STS) operation. The system incorporates technology from the design of pneumatic fenders and the numerical simulation analysis of dynamic ship motion. The system can simultaneously monitor the state of pneumatic fenders used as shock absorber between the two ships and the behavior of both ships. This wireless fendermonitoring system can be also applied to onshore ShiptoDock operation anywhere in the world. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS LowPressure (LP) The LowPressure fender type is a pneumatic fender designed with a lighter body construction. It is popular for application requiring large clearance between the ship and jetty or between two ships but not necessarily needing the high performance of a standard highpressure pneumatic fender. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

20 4.4.5 LightWeight LightWeight fenders are focused on portability, and are small and light for convenient use with cruise ships, pleasure boats, and other small boats. PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS Vertical VerticalPneumatic Rubber fenders are specially designed pneumatic fenders that can be waterballasted and installed vertically. They are popular with vessels whose berthing point is below the water line such as catamaran ships, semisubmersibles platforms or other submersibles Globuoy Globuoy is a modified pneumatic fender for use as a surface or subsea buoy in equipment installation, mooring, anchoring and various offshore operations. It can be used with higher working pressure or can be filled with pressure resistant material for various under water applications. The pneumatic design of the Globuoy makes it easy to handle and launch due to its light weight. Also, because of the flexible reinforced rubber body, it is less prone to damaging or being damaged by the decks or hulls of vessels. It is a noncollapsible buoy in case of oversubmergence. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 7

21 8 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & PRESSURE RATING, TYPES AND VARIATIONS

22 5. BASIC CONSTRUCTION The Floatingtype Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are kind of a cylindrical air bag with hemispherical heads at both ends. Basic body construction of this fender consists of an outer rubber layer, cord layers and an inner rubber layer. All of these are vulcanized together, and then proven by hydraulic pressure test. 5. Outer Rubber The outer rubber layer protects the cord layers and inner rubber layer from abrasion and other external forces. This compound has sufficient tensile and tear strength to withstand any weather condition and hard usage as shown in Table 5. Standard color is black, but other colors such as grey and creamy white are available on request. BASIC CONSTRUCTION 5.2 Synthetictirecord Layer The reinforcement cord layers, which are made of Synthetictirecord, are arranged at ideal angles to hold the internal pressure and to distribute the stress evenly. As the main fibers of the synthetictirecord are not braided like synthetic canvas fabric or synthetic belt fabric as shown in Fig.52, there are advantages for its fatigueresistance performance and pressureholding performance. 5.3 Inner Rubber The inner rubber layer seals the air inside, utilizing a compound equivalent to that of the liner or tube of an automobile tire. The specifications are shown in Table 5. TYPICAL CUT SECTION OF FENDER WALL outer rubber cord layers inner rubber flange opening Fig.5 Basic Construction of Floatingtype Pneumatic Rubber Fenders YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 9

23 Table 5 Properties of Outer and Inner Rubber Material Test Item Inspection Methods Outer Rubber Inner Rubber Tensile strength ISO 37 : 20 8 Mpa or more 0 Mpa or more Before Aging Elongation ISO 37 : % or more. 400% or more. Hardness ISO 769 : (Durometer hardness Type A) 0 (Durometer hardness Type A) After Aging Test method ISO88:998 Tensile strength Elongation ISO 37 : 20 ISO 37 : 20 Not less than % of the original property Not less than % of the original property Not less than % of the original property Not less than % of the original property hrs Tear resistance Hardness Compression test Static ozone aging test ISO 769 : 200 ISO 34 : 200 ISO 85: 2008 ISO 43 : 202 Not to exceed the original property by more than N/cm or more 30% (70for hrs) or less No cracks after elongation by 20% and exposure to pphm at 40 for 96 hrs Not to exceed the original property by more than 8 No requirement No requirement No requirement BASIC CONSTRUCTION 2 : Warp (Tension member) 2 : Weft (no tension member) Fig.52 Basic Construction of TyreCords 20 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

24 5.4 Bead Ring and Flange Opening 5.4. Bead Ring A steel ring is placed at one or both ends of the fender to hold the end of the reinforcement cord layers. The outside diameter of the bead ring has been designed smaller than 20% of the fender diameter to maintain the fender's safe compression up to %. BASIC CONSTRUCTION Flange Opening A steel flange to which air valves are attached is mounted on the fender to serve as flange opening. The flange opening is designed smaller than 2% of the fender diameter to maintain safe compression up to % compression. (Type ) Bead ring outside diameter Flange opening outside diameter Bead ring Cover plate Mouth metal Air charge valve Air valve Safety valve (Type ) Bead ring outside diameter Flange opening outside diameter Fig.53 Flange Opening for 3300 Bead ring Air valve Bushing Flange pening outside daiameter Air valve (Large size) (Medium and small size) (Type ) Bead ring (Type ) Bead ring outside diameter Flange opening outside diameter Hanging metal Mouth metal Air charge valve Air valve Safety valve Bead ring outside diameter Flange opening outside diameter Bead ring Air valve Hanging metal (Large size) (Medium and small size) Fig.54 Construction of Flange Opening YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 2

25 5.5 Turnup System The reinforcement cord layers are turned upward around a bead, which is builtin near the flange opening, except for small sized fenders. This system was originally invented for automobile tires and is quite reliable for distributing loads evenly without any concentration of stress on cord layers. 5.6 Air Valve and Safety Valve Medium and small sized Floatingtype Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are equipped with a small air valve, which is the same in size and construction as the air valve of an automobile tire. This valve serves as both aircheck, air charge and release valve. On the large size fenders, the small air valve, a globe valve and a safety valve are equipped, the small valve serves for an aircheck, the globe valve having a one touch joint coupler serves for air charge and release, and the safety valve serves for releasing excess internal pressure when the fender is accidentally over compressed. BASIC CONSTRUCTION (a) Safety valve for fenders (b) Safety valve for40 fenders (c) Air valve for air charging and air check Fig.55 Air Valve and Safety Valves for Yokohama Floatingtype Pneumatic Rubber Fenders YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

26 6. SIZES AND PERFORMANCES 6. Standard Sizes The Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are available in the following sizes, which are generally expressed in terms of diameter by length. SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Fig L P Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders Fig.62 Standard Sizes of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fender YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 23

27 6.2 Performance Table 6.2. Pneumatic (Metric) Table 6(a) Pneumatic Standard Sizes Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Nominal Size Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) Diameter Chain Wire Synthetic Length E R p Net Net Fiber Net (mm mm) (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Table 6(b) Pneumatic Popular Non Standard Sizes Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Nominal Size Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) Diameter Length E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (mm mm) (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Note :. Figures on the table comply with requirements of ISO7357: Weight of fender body and net may vary 0%. 3. Special sizes are available upon request YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

28 6.2.2 Pneumatic (Metric) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Table 62(a) Pneumatic Standard Sizes Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Nominal Size Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) Diameter Chain Wire Synthetic Length E R p Net Net Fiber Net (mm mm) (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Table 62(b) Pneumatic Popular Non Standard Sizes Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Nominal Size Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) Diameter Length E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (mm mm) (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Note :. Figures on the table comply with requirements of ISO7357: Weight of fender body and net may vary 0%. 3. Special sizes are available upon request YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

29 6.2.3 Pneumatic (U.S. Customary) Table 63(a) Pneumatic Standard Sizes Nominal Size Diameter Length (ft ft) (mm mm) Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (psi) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Table 63(b) Pneumatic Popular Non Standard Sizes Nominal Size Diameter Length (ft ft) (mm mm) Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (psi) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) Note :. Figures on the table comply with requirements of ISO7357: Weight of fender body and net may vary 0%. 3. Special sizes are available upon request YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

30 6.2.4 Pneumatic (U.S. Customary) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Table 64(a) Pneumatic Standard Sizes Nominal Size Diameter Length (ft ft) (mm mm) Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (psi) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) Table 64(b) Pneumatic Popular Non Standard Sizes Nominal Size Diameter Length (ft ft) (mm mm) Weight of Net Type (Type ) Guaranteed Reaction Hull Weight Energy Safety Initial Force Pressure Approx. of Absorption Valve Testing Internal Approx. Weight of Net at GEA at GEA Fender Sling (GEA) Setting Pressure Pressure Body Type pressure Weight (Type) E R p Chain Wire Synthetic Net Net Fiber Net (kips) (kips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (psi) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs) Note :. Figures on the table comply with requirements of ISO7357: Weight of fender body and net may vary 0%. 3. Special sizes are available upon request YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 27

31 6.2.5 LightWeight Nominal size Diameter Length (mm mm) (U.S.Customary) Nominal size Diameter Length (ft ft) LowPressure (U.S.Customary) (mm mm) Nominal size Diameter Length (mm mm) Nominal size Diameter Length (ft ft) VerticalPneumatic Nominal size Diameter Length (mm mm) (mm mm) Initial Internal Pressure Guaranteed Energy Absorption GEA E 8 45 Reaction Force at GEA R (U.S.Customary) Hull Pressure at GEA 74 0 Testing Pressure 2 2 Weight of Sling Type Type (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) Initial Internal Pressure.6.6 Guaranteed Energy Absorption GEA E Reaction Force at GEA R p Hull Pressure at GEA Testing Pressure Weight of Sling Type Type (psi) (ftkips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (lbs) Initial Internal Pressure 0 0 Initial Internal Pressure (kpa) Guaranteed Energy Absorption GEA E Reaction Force at GEA R p Hull Pressure at GEA Testing Pressure Weight of Sling Type Type (kpa) (knm) (kn) (kpa) (kpa) (kg) Initial Internal Pressure.5.5 Guaranteed Energy Absorption GEA E Weight of Body (kg) Reaction Force at GEA R Nominal size p Diameter Length (ft ft) Hull Pressure at GEA.8.83 (mm mm) Safety Valve Setting Pressure Testing Pressure (psi) (ftkips) (kips) (kips/ft 2 ) (psi) (psi) p Initial Internal Pressure (psi) Weight of Sling Type Type (lbs) Weight of Body (lbs) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES 28 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

32 6.3 Safety Design and Pressure Requirements 6.3. Overcompression The guaranteed energy absorption of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders is the energy absorption at 60% deflection. This figure should be observed in engineering design and in actual operation. However, even if the fender is accidentally overdeflected beyond this guaranteed value, the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fender has a wide safety margin as shown in Fig.64 and Table 65 below. These curves and table express the capacity for energy absorption and reaction force until the time of ultimate deflection when the deflection of fender reach the largest diameter of mouthpiece metal parts. This is shown by using the guaranteed energy absorption and reaction force as the index value of. The figures and table show the wide safety margin of our pneumatic fenders in absorbing energy and low reaction force. SIZES AND PERFORMANCES ENERGY ABSORPTION INDEX times 2.3 times Safety valve working point Guaranteed energy absorption DEFLECTION (%) E / E60 without SV E'/ E60 with SV P (kpa) without SV P'(kPa) with SV 75kPa INNER PRESSURE(kPa) REACTION FORCE INDEX times Fig.64 Safety Design at Overcompression Safety valve working point.2 times Rated Reaction Force DEFLECTION (%) R / R60 without SV R'/ R60 with SV P (kpa) without SV P'(kPa) with SV 75kPa INNER PRESSURE(kPa) Table 65 Safety Design at Overcompression With Safety Valve (SV): Energy Absorption (Index) Reaction Force (Index) Internal Pressure (kpa) DEF (%) Without Safety Valve (SV): Energy Absorption (Index) Reaction Force (Index) Internal Pressure (kpa) DEF (%) At Guaranteed Energy Absorption (%) (%) At Safety Valve Operating Point (Approx) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Note :. Table shows study results based on a L pneumatic fender. 2. They are studied based on the condition that air release capacity of the safety valve is not exceeded. At Deflection Iimited by Mouthpiece Metal (Approx.) (%) (%) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 29

33 6.3.2 Endurable Pressure at 0% and 60% Deflection Minimum endurable pressure, the safety valve pressure and the test pressure for each size of Pneumatic and Pneumatic are shown below. Table 66 Pressure Requirements (Pneumatic ) Nominal size Diameter Length (mm mm) Internal pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) at 60% deflection (kpa) Minimum endurable pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) at 60% deflection (kpa) Safetyvalve pressure setting (kpa) Test pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) SIZES AND PERFORMANCES Table 67 Pressure Requirements (Pneumatic ) Nominal size Diameter Length (mm mm) Internal pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) at 60% deflection (kpa) Minimum endurable pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) at 60% deflection (kpa) Safetyvalve pressure setting (kpa) Test pressure at 0% deflection (kpa) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

34 The minimum endurable pressures at 0% compression and 60% compression are the most important parameter in the design of a pneumatic fender. Therefore, more than twenty prototype fenders have been burst to establish the design standard to keep this pressure strength for all Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders. SIZES AND PERFORMANCES (a) Burst test at 0% deflection (b) Burst test at 60% deflection Fig.65 Burst Tests for Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fender YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 3

35 6.4 Fender Compression Speed Performance requirements of reaction force and energy absorption for Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are basically evaluated for static conditions with a constant slow compression speed of 0.00m/s. However, during actual ship berthing operations, the Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders are dynamically compressed at speeds over 0.05m/s. The Fig.66 below shows the effect of compression speed at 60% deflection against the static rated values on reaction force and energy absorption. The reaction force and energy absorption increase together with compression rate. In actual ship berthing conditions those values are about 20% higher compared to those of static compression. R Rs E Es Compression rate (%/ s) Compression rate (%/ s) (a) Reaction force (b) Energy absorption Fig.66 Compression Speed Effect on Performance for Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders SIZES AND PERFORMANCES 6.5 Temperature Effect The performance of Yokohama Pneumatic Rubber Fenders is engineered based on air pressure. Therefore, the performance of the fenders is stable relative to temperature variations when the initial internal pressure is set to be the specified pressure. 32 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

36 7. FENDER SELECTION 7. ShiptoShip The fender selection procedure for shiptoship operations is outlined below. Two ship types, sizes and weather conditions such as Calm, Moderate and Rough are initially confirmed. 7.. OCIMF Table Selection Equivalent displacement coefficient ; ''C'' is calculated, and fenders are selected tentatively by using the table in OCIMF ShiptoShip Transfer Guide ; ''OCIMF Table Selection'', Table 7. In this case, initial internal pressure of the fender shall be kpa (Pneumatic ). The selections are designed based on Calm weather condition, therefore if the weather is confirmed as Calm, the fender system can be simply selected from the tables. Table 7 Quick Reference Guide to Fender Selection for STS Operations PETROLEUM, CHEMICALS and LIQUEFIED GASSES FENDER SELECTION Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C) Relative Velocity Berthing Energy Suggested Fenders Tonnes m / s Tonnes.m Diameter Length (m) Quanitity,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 0, or more 4 or more 5 or more 4 or more Notes :. ''ShiptoShip Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals and Liquefied Gases, CDI, ICS, OCIMF, SIGTTO 203'' 2. ''C'' is calculated as per equation ; 3. If the C is between two coefficients, the fender size shall be selected for the larger coefficient. in the tables. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 33

37 7..2 Berthing Energy Selection Berthing energy of the two ships is then calculated ; "Berthing Energy Selection". If energy absorption capacity of the tentative selected fender (Ef) is larger than the calculated berthing energy (E), it is confirmed that a suitable fender selection has been made. If the fender energy absorption capacity is less than the calculated berthing energy, the tentatively selected fender shall be upgraded Fender Selection procedure Fender selection procedure for shiptoship operations is illustrated below. Ship Types, Ship Sizes and Conditions Relative Approaching Velocity (V) determined from Weather Conditions (Calm, Moderate, and Rough) OCIMF Table Selection Equivalent Displacement Coefficient; WA : Displacement of ShipA WB : Displacement of ShipB Fender Selection by C based on Table 7 or Table 72 (Max. Fender Energy Absorption; Ef ) Berthing Energy ; Max. Fender Energy Ef > Berthing Energy; E Berthing Energy Selection No FENDER SELECTION Yes Suitable Fender Selected Fender to be upgraded Fig.7 Fender Selection for ShiptoShip Usage 7..4 Equivalent Displacement Coefficient The equivalent displacement coefficient will vary depending on each ship particulars and the type of ShiptoShip operation. The three types of ShiptoShip operations are described in Table 72 below. Table 72 Quick Reference Guide to Fender Selection for STS Operations ShipA Larger Ship ShipB Smaller Ship ( i ) FullFull berthing Discharging ship; (Full) Receiving ship (Full) ( ii) Ordinary lightering Discharging ship; (Full) Receiving ship (Ballast) (iii) Reverse lightering Receiving ship; (Ballast) Discharging ship (Full) 34 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

38 It is obvious from Fig.72 below that ship s displacement at the ordinary lightering or the reverse lightering operation is smaller compared to that for the fullfull berthing, however, at the severest condition when the two vessels are both almost full, the displacement become similar to condition of the fullfull berthing and therefore the fender system should be selected considering the fullfull berthing even in case of the ordinary lightering and the reverse lightering operation. ( i ) Full Covered Berthing ShipA ShipB FullLoaded FullLoaded ( ii ) Ordinary lightering ShipA ShipB ShipA ShipB Discharging Ship Receiving Ship Discharging Ship Receiving Ship VLCC oil VLCC oil FENDER SELECTION FullLoaded Ballast Almost FullLoaded Almost FullLoaded The severest condition ( iii ) Reverse lightering ShipA ShipB ShipA ShipB Receiving Ship Discharging Ship Receiving Ship Discharging Ship VLCC oil VLCC oil Ballast FullLoaded Almost FullLoaded Almost FullLoaded The severest condition Fig.72 Equivalent Displacement Coefficient in ShiptoShip Operations YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 35

39 7..5 Berthing Energy The berthing energy needs to be calculated considering weather conditions, categorized by the three conditions Calm, Moderate and Rough, and the approaching velocities to calculate the berthing energy are assumed to be as shown in Table 73 and Fig.73. These are obtained from various industry references and standards. The three different weather conditions are defined by sea state and significant wave height as shown in Table 73. This table shows figures for tankers, but it can be applied to other kinds of ships, if their virtual weights correspond to those in the table. Table 73 Relative Approaching Velocity for Each Weather Condition in STS Operations DWT Calm Sea State : 03 Wave Height (m) : 0. Moderate Sea State : 4 Wave Height (m) :.2.5 Rough Sea State : 5 Wave Height (m) : , m/s 0.40 m/s 0. m/s 0,000, m/s 0.3 m/s 0.40 m/s,00000, m/s 0. m/s 0.30 m/s Over 00, m/s 0.20 m/s 0. m/s V(m/s) ,000 00,000, ,000 (DWT) (a) Petroleum and others 2, ,000 3, ,000 FENDER SELECTION V(m/s) ,000 40,000 60,000,000 (GT) (b) Liquefied Gases 00,000 20,000 Fig.73 Relative Approaching Velocity Based on Weather Condition in STS Operations 36 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

40 7..6 Safety factor A safety factor (SF) value from.0 to 2.0 for the berthing energy shall be considered for abnormal berthing conditions Fender upgrade When the fenders need to be upgraded, increasing the fender diameter is preferable. Increasing the length or initial internal pressure from pressure kpa to kpa is not recommended. If the length or internal pressure is increased, the reaction force and energy absorption are increased. However, the gradient of the curves become steeper without providing any significant increase in allowable compression capacity as shown in Fig.74. On the other hand, in the case of using a larger diameter fender keeping the pressure kpa, the performance curves of the fenders have almost the same gradient, and the allowable compression capacity is increased. Therefore the larger diameter fender is preferable to keep safe standoff distance between two ships during berthing and mooring R (kn) P R (kn) P P FENDER SELECTION Reaction Force (kn) 00 R (kn) P R (kn) P C P B P A P Compression ( m ) Option Increase Diameter Increase Pressure Increase Length Curve Gradient A B C Effectiveness Best Acceptable Not Recommendable Fig.74 Fender Performances relating to Size in Length and Diameter, and Initial Internal Pressure 7..8 Fender Selection Tables Tables 7.4 through 7.9 show the fender selection tables for various kinds of tankers coming alongside lightering ships at three weather conditions; Calm, Moderate and Rough, for each ship size. In the tables, the berthing energy, equivalent displacement coefficient and suitable fender system for each case are indicated. This table shows figures for tankers, but it can be applied to other kinds of ships if their virtual weights correspond to those in the table. In the tables, a safety factor SF=.0 is used, but if a higher SF value is to be considered, the energy value is to be multiplied by the desired SF value and the fender selected according to the revised energy value. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 37

41 38 Table 7 4 Fender Selection at Calm Condition (Petroleum) SHIP B DWT Ton (DT) DWT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000, ,000 2, , , ,000,590 3,0 4,530 5,970 7,390 8,0,600 4,300 7,00 2,00 27,0 34,400 4,000 54,000 66,0 79,0 05,000 30,000 54,000 9,000,000 3, , , ,000,000, (,590) (2,097) (2,354) (2,5) (2,67) (2,693) (2,797) (2,862) (2,909) (2,957) (3,008) (3,040) (3,06) (3,089) (3,06) (3,8) (3,33) (3,42) (3,48) (3,54) (3,0) (3,4) (3,6) (3,8) (3,9) (3,0) (3,667) (4,064) (4,348) (4,563) (4,868) (5,068) (5,0) (5,375) (5,546) (5,654) (5,730) (5,828) (5,888) (5,930) (5,984) (6,07) (6,039) (6,062) (6,085) (6,00) (6,09) (6,4) (6,8) (4,530) (5,5) (5,67) (5,98) (6,5) (6,8) (7,3) (7,459) (7,79) (8,006) (8,59) (8,359) (8,485) (8,572) (8,685) (8,755) (8,) (8,8) (8,899) (8,930) (8,9) (8,960) (8,970) (5,970) (6,605) (7,4) (7,883) (8,423) (8,8) (9,307) (9,829) (0,74) (0,4) (0,75) (0,960) (,06) (,298) (,4) (,494) (,578) (,663) (,75) (,7) (,767) (,785) (7,390) (8,034) (9,028) (9,744) (0,320) (0,946) (,676) (2,6) (2,523) (3,00) (3,308) (3,523) (3,8) (3,985) (4,03) (4,9) (4,357) (4,437) (4,49) (4,5) (4,543) (8,0) (0,008) (0,895) (,620) (2,420) (3,368) (4,05) (4,490) (5,34) (5,55) (5,846) (,239) (,484) (,649) (,8) (7,004) (7,) (7,9) (7,7) (7,265) (,600) (2,9) (3,823) (4,970) (,370) (7,3) (8,084) (9,098) (9,767) (20,246) (20,892) (2,299) (2,575) (2,872) (,75) (,366) (,495) (,556) (,62) (4,300) (5,575) (7,047) (8,886) (20,202) (2,204) (,62) (23,557) (24,240) (,72) (,766) (26,70) (26,608) (27,058) (27,343) (27,536) (27,627) (27,7) (7,00) (8,89) (2,75) (,844) (24,34) (,975) (27,230) (28,46) (29,40) (30,4) (30,782) (3,390) (32,09) (32,48) (32,689) (32,88) (32,956) (2,00) (23,99) (26,56) (27,862) (30,344) (32,070) (33,349) (35,39) (36,307) (37,5) (38,002) (38,928) (39,59) (39,923) (40,5) (40,3) (27,0) (30,7) (33,34) (36,704) (39,26) (4,95) (43,96) (45,5) (47,098) (48,536) (,056) (5,038) (5,74) (52,037) (52,385) (34,400) (37,4) (42,027) (45,43) (48,02) (5,8) (54,404) (56,238) (58,300) (60,7) (6,948) (62,948) (63,426) (63,944) (4,000) (46,6) (,83) (54,00) (58,973) (62,339) (64,759) (67,9) (70,486) (72,449) (73,820) (74,479) (75,94) (54,000) (59,7) (64,35) (7,32) (76,304) (79,962) (84,96) (88,879) (92,0) (94,245) (95,3) (96,497) ,04,029 (66,0) (72,599) (8,653) (88,2) (93,8) (98,982) (05,58) (09,978) (3,8) (4,724) (,43) ,027,062,0,00 (79,0) (90,488) (98,663) (04,865) (2,270) (20,753) (26,630) (30,879) (32,964) (35,262) ,09,039,062 (05,000) (,70) (24,865) (35,7) (48,062) (56,995) (3,579) (6,849) (70,484) (30,000) (40,986) (54,704) (7,286) (83,356) (92,400) (96,940) (202,024) ,052,0, (54,000) (70,5) (90,884) (205,996) (27,48) (3,300) (9,858) 924,048,43,2,4,297 (9,000) (2,928) (236,657) (,943) (9,786) (268,705),2,340,442,495,556 (,000) (277,797) (299,098) (30,2) (323,020),498,627,695,774 (3,000) (337,944) (352,206) (368,4),7,862,958 (370,000) (387,5) (407,35),952 2,057 (406,000) (428,24) 2,75 (453,000) 2,000 3,0 3,000 4,530 4,000 5,970 5,000 7,390 6,000 8,0 8,000,600 0,000 4,300 2,000 7,00 5,000 2,00 20,000 27,0,000 34,400 30,000 4,000 40,000 54,000,000 66,0 60,000 79,0,000 05,000 00,000 30,000 20,000 54,000,000 9, ,000,000 2,000 3, , , , , , , P, 3pcs P, 3pcs 2050 P, 3pcs P, 4pcs P, 5pcs P, 4spcs,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 0,000 C C C C C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION

42 39 Table 7 5 Fender Selection at Moderate Condition (Petroleum) SHIP B DWT Ton (DT) DWT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000, ,000 2, , , ,000,590 3,0 4,530 5,970 7,390 8,0,600 4,300 7,00 2,00 27,0 34,400 4,000 54,000 66,0 79,0 05,000 30,000 54,000 9,000,000 3, , , ,000,000, (,590) (2,097) (2,354) (2,5) (2,67) (2,693) (2,797) (2,862) (2,909) (2,957) (3,008) (3,040) (3,06) (3,089) (3,06) (3,8) (3,33) (3,42) (3,48) (3,54) (3,0) (3,4) (3,6) (3,8) (3,9) (3,0) (3,667) (4,064) (4,348) (4,563) (4,868) (5,068) (5,0) (5,375) (5,546) (5,654) (5,730) (5,828) (5,888) (5,930) (5,984) (6,07) (6,039) (6,062) (6,085) (6,00) (6,09) (6,4) (6,8) (4,530) (5,5) (5,67) (5,98) (6,5) (6,8) (7,3) (7,459) (7,79) (8,006) (8,59) (8,359) (8,485) (8,572) (8,685) (8,755) (8,) (8,8) (8,899) (8,930) (8,9) (8,960) (8,970) (5,970) (6,605) (7,4) (7,883) (8,423) (8,8) (9,307) (9,829) (0,74) (0,4) (0,75) (0,960) (,06) (,298) (,4) (,494) (,578) (,663) (,75) (,7) (,767) (,785) (7,390) (8,034) (9,028) (9,744) (0,320) (0,946) (,676) (2,6) (2,523) (3,00) (3,308) (3,523) (3,8) (3,985) (4,03) (4,9) (4,357) (4,437) (4,49) (4,5) (4,543) (8,0) (0,008) (0,895) (,620) (2,420) (3,368) (4,05) (4,490) (5,34) (5,55) (5,846) (,239) (,484) (,649) (,8) (7,004) (7,) (7,9) (7,7) (7,265) (,600) (2,9) (3,823) (4,970) (,370) (7,3) (8,084) (9,098) (9,767) (20,246) (20,892) (2,299) (2,575) (2,872) (,75) (,366) (,495) (,556) (,62) (4,300) (5,575) (7,047) (8,886) (20,202) (2,204) (,62) (23,557) (24,240) (,72) (,766) (26,70) (26,608) (27,058) (27,343) (27,536) (27,627) (27,7) (7,00) (8,89) (2,75) (,844) (24,34) (,975) (27,230) (28,46) (29,40) (30,4) (30,782) (3,390) (32,09) (32,48) (32,689) (32,88) (32,956) (2,00) (23,99) (26,56) (27,862) (30,344) (32,070) (33,349) (35,39) (36,307) (37,5) (38,002) (38,928) (39,59) (39,923) (40,5) (40,3) ,0,042,056,063,070 (27,0) (30,7) (33,34) (36,704) (39,26) (4,95) (43,96) (45,5) (47,098) (48,536) (,056) (5,038) (5,74) (52,037) (52,385) ,044,079,9,2,89,209,28,8 (34,400) (37,4) (42,027) (45,43) (48,02) (5,8) (54,404) (56,238) (58,300) (60,7) (6,948) (62,948) (63,426) (63,944) ,063,23,7,27,270,306,33,343,356 (4,000) (46,6) (,83) (54,00) (58,973) (62,339) (64,759) (67,9) (70,486) (72,449) (73,820) (74,479) (75,94) ,030,9,97,4,32,394,444,479,496,54 (54,000) (59,7) (64,35) (7,32) (76,304) (79,962) (84,96) (88,879) (92,0) (94,245) (95,3) (96,497) 927,09,2,23,28,362,454,57,562,584,608 (66,0) (72,599) (8,653) (88,2) (93,8) (98,982) (05,58) (09,978) (3,8) (4,724) (,43),04,59,266,348,446,559,638,695,723,755 (79,0) (90,488) (98,663) (04,865) (2,270) (20,753) (26,630) (30,879) (32,964) (35,262),098,24,304,44,545,638,707,74,779 (05,000) (,70) (24,865) (35,7) (48,062) (56,995) (3,579) (6,849) (70,484),2,,333,475,578,656,695,739 (30,000) (40,986) (54,704) (7,286) (83,356) (92,400) (96,940) (202,024),327,468,642,77,869,99,976 (54,000) (70,5) (90,884) (205,996) (27,48) (3,300) (9,858),642,863 2,032 2,2 2,9 2,306 (9,000) (2,928) (236,657) (,943) (9,786) (268,705) 2,53 2,38 2,563 2,657 2,766 (,000) (277,797) (299,098) (30,2) (323,020) 2,663 2,892 3,03 3,54 (3,000) (337,944) (352,206) (368,4) 3,4 3,30 3,48 (370,000) (387,5) (407,35) 3,469 3,658 (406,000) (428,24) 3,868 (453,000) 2,000 3,0 3,000 4,530 4,000 5,970 5,000 7,390 6,000 8,0 8,000,600 0,000 4,300 2,000 7,00 5,000 2,00 20,000 27,0,000 34,400 30,000 4,000 40,000 54,000,000 66,0 60,000 79,0,000 05,000 00,000 30,000 20,000 54,000,000 9, ,000,000 2,000 3, , , , , , , P, 3pcs 2050 P, 3pcs P, 4pcs P, 5pcs P, 4pcs,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 0,000 C C C C C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons)

43 40 Table 7 6 Fender Selection at Rough Condition (Petroleum) SHIP B DWT Ton (DT) DWT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000, ,000 2, , , ,000,590 3,0 4,530 5,970 7,390 8,0,600 4,300 7,00 2,00 27,0 34,400 4,000 54,000 66,0 79,0 05,000 30,000 54,000 9,000,000 3, , , ,000,000, (,590) (2,097) (2,354) (2,5) (2,67) (2,693) (2,797) (2,862) (2,909) (2,957) (3,008) (3,040) (3,06) (3,089) (3,06) (3,8) (3,33) (3,42) (3,48) (3,54) (3,0) (3,4) (3,6) (3,8) (3,9) (3,0) (3,667) (4,064) (4,348) (4,563) (4,868) (5,068) (5,0) (5,375) (5,546) (5,654) (5,730) (5,828) (5,888) (5,930) (5,984) (6,07) (6,039) (6,062) (6,085) (6,00) (6,09) (6,4) (6,8) (4,530) (5,5) (5,67) (5,98) (6,5) (6,8) (7,3) (7,459) (7,79) (8,006) (8,59) (8,359) (8,485) (8,572) (8,685) (8,755) (8,) (8,8) (8,899) (8,930) (8,9) (8,960) (8,970) (5,970) (6,605) (7,4) (7,883) (8,423) (8,8) (9,307) (9,829) (0,74) (0,4) (0,75) (0,960) (,06) (,298) (,4) (,494) (,578) (,663) (,75) (,7) (,767) (,785) (7,390) (8,034) (9,028) (9,744) (0,320) (0,946) (,676) (2,6) (2,523) (3,00) (3,308) (3,523) (3,8) (3,985) (4,03) (4,9) (4,357) (4,437) (4,49) (4,5) (4,543) (8,0) (0,008) (0,895) (,620) (2,420) (3,368) (4,05) (4,490) (5,34) (5,55) (5,846) (,239) (,484) (,649) (,8) (7,004) (7,) (7,9) (7,7) (7,265) (,600) (2,9) (3,823) (4,970) (,370) (7,3) (8,084) (9,098) (9,767) (20,246) (20,892) (2,299) (2,575) (2,872) (,75) (,366) (,495) (,556) (,62) (4,300) (5,575) (7,047) (8,886) (20,202) (2,204) (,62) (23,557) (24,240) (,72) (,766) (26,70) (26,608) (27,058) (27,343) (27,536) (27,627) (27,7) ,005,033,052,073,094,08,8,,27 (7,00) (8,89) (2,75) (,844) (24,34) (,975) (27,230) (28,46) (29,40) (30,4) (30,782) (3,390) (32,09) (32,48) (32,689) (32,88) (32,956) ,06,08,56,94,,,28,30,34,32,328 (2,00) (23,99) (26,56) (27,862) (30,344) (32,070) (33,349) (35,39) (36,307) (37,5) (38,002) (38,928) (39,59) (39,923) (40,5) (40,3) ,07,26,22,279,347,404,444,488,535,565,586,596,607 (27,0) (30,7) (33,34) (36,704) (39,26) (4,95) (43,96) (45,5) (47,098) (48,536) (,056) (5,038) (5,74) (52,037) (52,385) 989,074,206,33,397,486,560,62,672,735,777,6,820,835 (34,400) (37,4) (42,027) (45,43) (48,02) (5,8) (54,404) (56,238) (58,300) (60,7) (6,948) (62,948) (63,426) (63,944),094,242,366,464,570,659,723,797,876,929,966,983 2,003 (4,000) (46,6) (,83) (54,00) (58,973) (62,339) (64,759) (67,9) (70,486) (72,449) (73,820) (74,479) (75,94),239,384,3,634,747,83,928 2,035 2,07 2,58 2,83 2,20 (54,000) (59,7) (64,35) (7,32) (76,304) (79,962) (84,96) (88,879) (92,0) (94,245) (95,3) (96,497),335,467,65,746,845,962 2,094 2,84 2,249 2,2 2,35 (66,0) (72,599) (8,653) (88,2) (93,8) (98,982) (05,58) (09,978) (3,8) (4,724) (,43),520,692,849,968 2, 2,276 2,39 2,475 2,5 2,562 (79,0) (90,488) (98,663) (04,865) (2,270) (20,753) (26,630) (30,879) (32,964) (35,262),654,828,964 2,30 2,327 2,467 2,570 2,6 2,679 (05,000) (,70) (24,865) (35,7) (48,062) (56,995) (3,579) (6,849) (70,484),752,899 2,083 2,304 2,466 2,587 2,648 2,77 (30,000) (40,986) (54,704) (7,286) (83,356) (92,400) (96,940) (202,024) 2,073 2,293 2,565 2,767 2,92 2,999 3,087 (54,000) (70,5) (90,884) (205,996) (27,48) (3,300) (9,858) 2,566 2,92 3,75 3,379 3,483 3,603 (9,000) (2,928) (236,657) (,943) (9,786) (268,705) 3,365 3,72 4,004 4,52 4,323 (,000) (277,797) (299,098) (30,2) (323,020) 4,2 4,59 4,709 4,929 (3,000) (337,944) (352,206) (368,4) 4,944 5,7 5,439 (370,000) (387,5) (407,35) 5,42 5,75 (406,000) (428,24) 6,043 (453,000) 2,000 3,0 3,000 4,530 4,000 5,970 5,000 7,390 6,000 8,0 8,000,600 0,000 4,300 2,000 7,00 5,000 2,00 20,000 27,0,000 34,400 30,000 4,000 40,000 54,000,000 66,0 60,000 79,0,000 05,000 00,000 30,000 20,000 54,000,000 9, ,000,000 2,000 3, , , , , , , P, 3pcs 2050 P, 3pcs P, 4pcs P, 5pcs P, 4pcs,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 3,000 6,000 0,000 30,000,000 00,000, , ,000 0,000 C C C C C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) P, 5pcs YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons)

44 4 Table 7 7 Fender Selection at Calm Condition (Liquefied Gas) SHIP B Ton (DT) GT GT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000,000 2,4 4,570 6,530 8,420 0,200 2,000 5,0 8,900,200 27,000 34,0 42,400 49,0 64,00 78,00 9,700 8,000 44,000 9, ,000,000 2,4 2,000 4,570 3,000 6,530 4,000 8,420 5,000 0,200 6,000 2,000 8,000 5,0 0,000 8,900 2,000,200 5,000 27,000 20,000 34,0,000 42,400 30,000 49,0 40,000 64,00,000 78,00 60,000 9,700,000 8,000 00,000 44,000 20,000 9,000, , (2,4) (3,) (3,595) (3,83) (3,990) (4,0) (4,276) (4,385) (4,462) (4,543) (4,630) (4,686) (4,7) (4,775) (4,7) (4,829) (4,858) (4,876) (4,888) (4,90) (4,570) (5,377) (5,924) (6,32) (6,69) (7,059) (7,360) (7,5) (7,87) (8,079) (8,) (8,372) (8,532) (8,635) (8,706) (8,799) (8,859) (8,899) (8,942) (6,530) (7,356) (7,962) (8,458) (9,89) (9,706) (0,092) (0,57) (0,997) (,37) (,546) (,853) (2,052) (2,92) (2,375) (2,493) (2,574) (2,659) (8,420) (9,5) (9,896) (0,92) (,6) (2,209) (2,837) (3,559) (4,0) (4,405) (4,885) (5,20) (5,424) (5,78) (5,90) (,04) (,79) (0,200) (,027) (2,304) (3,249) (3,978) (4,6) (5,776) (,444) (,932) (7,599) (8,043) (8,358) (8,777) (9,05) (9,239) (9,438) (2,000) (3,527) (4,6) (5,579) (,65) (7,846) (8,706) (9,340) (20,2) (20,4) (2,3) (2,785) (,54) (,409) (,679) (5,0) (7,032) (8,5) (9,694) (2,447) (,70) (23,642) (24,964) (,866) (26,58) (27,40) (27,987) (28,396) (28.83) (8,900) (20,48) (,235) (24,496) (26,46) (27,40) (29,93) (30,435) (3,34) (32,58) (33,44) (33,998) (34,623) (,200) (24,366) (27,07) (29,42) (30,70) (32,978) (34,573) (35,746) (37,369) (38,469) (39,245) (40,08) (27,000) (30,408) (32,99) (35,0) (37,996) (40,27) (4,77) (43,945) (45,474) (46,56) (47,742) (34,0) (38,6) (40,970) (45,0) (48,47) (,453) (53,749) (56,054) (57,75) (59,542) (42,400) (45,3) (5,039) (54,962) (57,988) (62,384) (65,5) (67,792) (70,3) (49,0) (56,052) (60,89) (64,546) (70,04) (74,006) (76,93) (,20) (64,00) (70,4) (75,455) (83,073) (88,7) (92,946) (97,776) (78,00) (84,355) (93,99) (0,273) (06,830) (3,260) (9,700) (03,20) (2,048) (8,890) (26,908) (8,000) (29,70) (38,969) (,049) (44,000) (55,2) (9,9) (9,000) (85,675) (206,000) P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 4pcs,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000,000 C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) C,000 Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION

45 42 Table 7 8 Fender Selection at Moderate Condition (Liquefied Gas) SHIP B Ton (DT) GT GT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000,000 2,4 4,570 6,530 8,420 0,200 2,000 5,0 8,900,200 27,000 34,0 42,400 49,0 64,00 78,00 9,700 8,000 44,000 9, ,000,000 2,4 2,000 4,570 3,000 6,530 4,000 8,420 5,000 0,200 6,000 2,000 8,000 5,0 0,000 8,900 2,000,200 5,000 27,000 20,000 34,0,000 42,400 30,000 49,0 40,000 64,00,000 78,00 60,000 9,700,000 8,000 00,000 44,000 20,000 9,000, , (2,4) (3,) (3,595) (3,83) (3,990) (4,0) (4,276) (4,385) (4,462) (4,543) (4,630) (4,686) (4,7) (4,775) (4,7) (4,829) (4,858) (4,876) (4,888) (4,90) (4,570) (5,377) (5,924) (6,32) (6,69) (7,059) (7,360) (7,5) (7,87) (8,079) (8,) (8,372) (8,532) (8,635) (8,706) (8,799) (8,859) (8,899) (8,942) (6,530) (7,356) (7,962) (8,458) (9,89) (9,706) (0,092) (0,57) (0,997) (,37) (,546) (,853) (2,052) (2,92) (2,375) (2,493) (2,574) (2,659) (8,420) (9,5) (9,896) (0,92) (,6) (2,209) (2,837) (3,559) (4,0) (4,405) (4,885) (5,20) (5,424) (5,78) (5,90) (,04) (,79) (0,200) (,027) (2,304) (3,249) (3,978) (4,6) (5,776) (,444) (,932) (7,599) (8,043) (8,358) (8,777) (9,05) (9,239) (9,438) (2,000) (3,527) (4,6) (5,579) (,65) (7,846) (8,706) (9,340) (20,2) (20,4) (2,3) (2,785) (,54) (,409) (,679) (5,0) (7,032) (8,5) (9,694) 2,447) (,70) (23,642) (24,964) (,866) (26,58) (27,40) (27,987) (28,396) (28,83) (8,900) (20,48) (,235) (24,496) (26,46) (27,40) (29,93) (30,435) (3,34) (32,58) (33,44) (33,998) (34,623) (,200) (24,366) (27,07) (29,42) (30,70) (32,978) (34,573) (35,746) (37,369) (38,469) (39,245) (40,08) ,04 (27,000) (30,408) (32,99) (35,0) (37,996) (40,27) (4,77) (43,945) (45,474) (46,56) (47,742) (34,0) (38,6) (40,970) (45,0) (48,47) (,453) (53,749) (56,054) (57,75) (59,542) ,042,086,8, ,036,09,3,203,249 (42,400) (45,3) (5,039) (54,962) (57,988) (62,384) (65,5) (67,792) (70,3) ,047,30,75,238,292 (49,0) (56,052) (60,89) (64,546) (70,04) (74,006) (76,93) (,20) ,076,44,96,7 (64,00) (70,4) (75,455) (83,073) (88,7) (92,946) (97,776) ,082,58,28,288 (78,00) (84,355) (93,99) (0,273) (06,830) (3,260) 944,047,28,9,267 (9,700) (03,20) (2,048) (8,890) (26,908) 929,00,85,272 (8,000) (29,70) (38,969) (,049) (44,000) (55,2) (9,9) (9,000) (85,675) (206,000), ,282,276,388, P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 4pcs P, 4pcs Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons),000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000,000 C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) C,000 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION

46 43 Table 7 9 Fender Selection at Rough Condition (Liquefied Gas) SHIP B Ton (DT) GT GT Displacement SHIP A,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000,000 2,4 4,570 6,530 8,420 0,200 2,000 5,0 8,900,200 27,000 34,0 42,400 49,0 64,00 78,00 9,700 8,000 44,000 9, ,000,000 2,4 2,000 4,570 3,000 6,530 4,000 8,420 5,000 0,200 6,000 2,000 8,000 5,0 0,000 8,900 2,000,200 5,000 27,000 20,000 34,0,000 42,400 30,000 49,0 40,000 64,00,000 78,00 60,000 9,700,000 8,000 00,000 44,000 20,000 9,000, , (2,4) (3,) (3,595) (3,83) (3,990) (4,0) (4,276) (4,385) (4,462) (4,543) (4,630) (4,686) (4,7) (4,775) (4,7) (4,829) (4,858) (4,876) (4,888) (4,90) (4,570) (5,377) (5,924) (6,32) (6,69) (7,059) (7,360) (7,5) (7,87) (8,079) (8,) (8,372) (8,532) (8,635) (8,706) (8,799) (8,859) (8,899) (8,942) (6,530) (7,356) (7,962) (8,458) (9,89) (9,706) (0,092) (0,57) (0,997) (,37) (,546) (,853) (2,052) (2,92) (2,375) (2,493) (2,574) (2,659) (8,420) (9,5) (9,896) (0,92) (,6) (2,209) (2,837) (3,559) (4,0) (4,405) (4,885) (5,20) (5,424) (5,78) (5,90) (,04) (,79) (0,200) (,027) (2,304) (3,249) (3,978) (4,6) (5,776) (,444) (,932) (7,599) (8,043) (8,358) (8,777) (9,05) (9,239) (9,438) (2,000) (3,527) (4,6) (5,579) (,65) (7,846) (8,706) (9,340) (20,2) (20,4) (2,3) (2,785) (,54) (,409) (,679) ,03,036,069,092,08,26 (5,0) (7,032) (8,5) (9,694) 2,447) (,70) (23,642) (24,964) (,866) (26,58) (27,40) (27,987) (28,396) (28,83) ,028,068,097,38,7,88,20 (8,900) (20,48) (,235) (24,496) (26,46) (27,40) (29,93) (30,435) (3,34) (32,58) (33,44) (33,998) (34,623) ,052,9,8,204,6,293,39,348 (,200) (24,366) (27,07) (29,42) (30,70) (32,978) (34,573) (35,746) (37,369) (38,469) (39,245) (40,08) ,073,38,2,283,330,397,445,479,58 (27,000) (30,408) (32,99) (35,0) (37,996) (40,27) (4,77) (43,945) (45,474) (46,56) (47,742),039,40,2,328,408,469,559,6,673,727 (34,0) (38,6) (40,970) (45,0) (48,47) (,453) (53,749) (56,054) (57,75) (59,542),,242,363,456,529,638,77,777,844 (42,400) (45,3) (5,039) (54,962) (57,988) (62,384) (65,5) (67,792) (70,3),,353,455,536,657,748,8,894 (49,0) (56,052) (60,89) (64,546) (70,04) (74,006) (76,93) (,20),230,335,420,549,647,7,80 (64,00) (70,4) (75,455) (83,073) (88,7) (92,946) (97,776),345,439,584,696,783,886 (78,00) (84,355) (93,99) (0,273) (06,830) (3,260),40,564,685,779,892 (9,700) (03,20) (2,048) (8,890) (26,908),452,579,6,3 (8,000) (29,70) (38,969) (,049),730,852 2,003 (44,000) (55,2) (9,9) P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 3pcs P, 4pcs P, 4pcs Energy Absorption:kNm (C:tons),993 2,8 (9,000) (85,675) 2,377 (206,000),000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 20,000 40,000,000 C C C C C C Color Equivalent Displacement Coefficient (C:tons) C,000 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & FENDER SELECTION

47 7..9 Fender Selection by Numerical Simulation for Two Ships Berthing and Mooring Fender quantity and size will be determined by calculating the berthing energy, derived from the calculated virtual mass and the relative berthing speed between the two ships. In some cases large ship motions are induced by waves, wind and current. Consequently, excess loads are given to the fenders. In severe weather conditions, fenders used for ship berthing or ship mooring need to be selected after a more thorough investigation of the ship's motions under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, when two ships are moored together during STS operations, not only the fenders but also the system of mooring lines needs to be studied as it has the important role of keeping a proper standoff distance between the two ships. The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. developed the numerical simulation software IAMOS (Integrated Approach, Mooring and Operation Simulation for Ship/FPSO to Ship Operation), and will provide the analysis for customers on special request. Fig.75 through 78 show details of the IAMOS process. Appropriate (or Final) Fender Size, Number and Positions Change of Fender Condition Simulation Conditions; External Force Conditions (Waves, Wind, Current) Approaching Condition Computer Simulation (IAMOS) Results ; Time Series (Ship Motions, Fender Loads, Line Tensions, Standoff Distance) No Check Results Yes Final Fender Size, Number and Positions FENDER SELECTION Fig.75 Fender Selection by Numerical Simulation (IAMOS) for ShiptoShip Usage INPUT DATA Ship Size, Conditions, Principal Dim. Fender Size, Number, Position Mooring Line Size, Number, Pretension External Conditions (Waves, Wind, Current) Approaching Conditions Mooring Conditions 3D Model generated Computer Simulations Animation Software Time Series Results Fig.76 Numerical Simulation for Two Ships Berthing and Mooring (IAMOS) 44 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

48 (a) at Berthing Hydrodynamic forces Waves (b) Mooring during Operation Wind Waves Current Hydrodynamic forces Fenders Ship A (VLCC) Ship A Mooring Iines Ship B Fig.77 Applicable Conditions for Two Ships (IAMOS) FENDER SELECTION (a) TwoShips Berthing (b) TwoShips Mooring Fig.78 Animation Display Results for Two Ships (IAMOS) YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 45

49 7.2 ShiptoJetty The selection of a pneumatic fender system (sizes and installation methods) for a jetty is determined based on several design parameters for each ship berthing and mooring condition Fender Selection for Berthing and Mooring of Ships Ship size and condition, as well as berthing velocity are at first determined. Then berthing energy "E" is calculated, and a fender is selected based on the berthing energy requirement. A safety factor (SF) value from.0 to 2.0 for the berthing energy shall be considered for abnormal berthing conditions. Fender selection procedure for shiptojetty operations is illustrated as Fig.79 below. E : Ship berthing energy (knm) W : Displacement (ton) V : Berthing velocity (m/s) d : draft (m) B : Breadth (m) Ce : Eccentricity factor Cm : Virtual mass factor, Cs : Softness coefficient Cc : Berth configuration factor SF : Safety factor Fender Selection FENDER SELECTION Ship Types, Ship Sizes and Conditions Berthing Velocity (V) based on Weather Condition (Calm, Moderate, or Rough) Berthing Ship Berthing Energy ; Max. Fender Energy Ef > Berthing Energy ; E Suitable Fender Selected Fig.79 Fender Selection for ShiptoJetty Usage 46 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

50 7.2.2 Berthing Energy Tables Tables 7 through 77 show the berthing energy for various kinds of ships and sizes at different approaching speeds corresponding to Calm, Moderate and Rough weather conditions as shown in Table 70. In the tables, a safety factor SF=.0 is used, and if a higher SF value is to be considered, the energy value is to be multiplied by the desired SF. Table 70 shows figures for tankers, but it can be applied to other kinds of ships, if their virtual weights correspond to those in the table. Table 70 Berthing Velocity for ShiptoJetty Operations DWT Calm Moderate Rough 0, m/s m/s 0.40 m/s 0,000, m/s m/s 0.30 m/s,00000, m/s m/s 0.20 m/s Over 00, m/s m/s 0.20 m/s Table 7 Berthing Energy for Oil Tanker (knm) FENDER SELECTION DWT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000, ,000 2, , , ,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ) 2,849 5,486 8,042 0,573 3,064 5,533 20,427,36 30,03 36,966 48,590 60,07 7,427 93,856 8,692 44,6 8,483 4, ,35 328, , , , ,8 773, ,077,332,582,735, ,83,5,98 2,278 2,498 2, ,02,262,492,848 2,423 2,996 3,560 3,903 4, ,7,470,87 2,49 2,66 3,488 4,35 5,26 5,620 6, ,87,446,85 2,243 2,653 3,285 4,307 5,327 6,328 6,939 7, ,,466,855 2,260 2,836 3,5 4,46 5,32 6,729 8,323 9,888 0,842 2, ,093,3,607 2,2 2,67 3,4 4,083 5,047 5,970 7,39 9,690,985 4,239 5,62 7, ,005,20,479,944 2,40 2,857 3,754 4,748 5,785 7,9 8,972 0,63 3,39 7,7 2,307,33 27,755 30,940 Calm condition Moderate condition Rough condition YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 47

51 Table 72 Berthing Energy for Gas Carrier (knm) GT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ) 4,454 8,83,672 5,03 8,9 2,384 27,586 33,604 39,440 47,92 6,687 75,086 88,2 09,372 29,723 49,7 85,834, ,045, ,05,208,5, ,094,297,49,858 2, ,73,377,709 2,027 2,330 2,904 3, ,078,388,689,983 2,46 2,99 3,355 4,8 4, ,03,344,578,97 2,467 3,003 3,5 4,375 5,89 5,965 7,433 8,859 Table 73 Berthing Energy for Bulk Carrier (knm) DWT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 20,000, ,000 2, ,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ) 2,757 5,290 7,743 0,54 2,8 4,859 9,464 23,936 28,403 35,85 46,054 56,728 67,389 88,3 08,45 3,6 9,3 209, ,3 306,202 40, ,05 586, ,003,235, ,02,444,779 2, ,78,396,7 2,6 2,779 3, ,066,373,696 2,00 2,4 3,249 4,002 4, ,08,3,695 2,094 2,48 3,062 4,0 4,94 5, ,053,3,690 2,056 2,648 3,27 3,877 4,784 6,267 7,720 9, ,036,276,5,987 2,433 2,96 3,84 4,7 5,583 6,890 9,024, 3, ,36,407,842 2,269 2,696 3,533 4,326 5,264 6,7 8,375 9,9 2,248,043 9,762 23,477 FENDER SELECTION Calm condition Moderate condition Rough condition 48 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

52 Table 74 Berthing Energy for General Cargo Ship (knm) DWT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ) 2,908 5,672 8,395,065 3,74,356 2,558 26,75 3,894 39,54 52, 64,629 77,090 0,768 26, , ,08, ,00,205,590, ,75,454,735 2,290 2, ,069,276,58 2,089 2,585 3,084 4,07 5,048 Table 75 Berthing Energy for Container Ship (knm) FENDER SELECTION DWT 7,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 00,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ) 8,273 20,699,734 30,782 38,5,376 62,4 74,489 98,838 26,047 45,6 86,920 7, ,05, ,02,79,54, ,260,456,869 2, ,4,544,969 2,275 2,92 3, ,33,406,676 2,4 2,836 3,276 4,206 5, ,029,23,5 2,05 2,0 2,9 3,954 5,042 5,824 7,477 9,0 Calm condition Moderate condition Rough condition YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 49

53 Table 7 Berthing Energy for Passenger Ship (knm) GT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ),468 2,7 4,20 5,394 6,654 7,895 0,360 2,795 5,207 8,737 24,676 29,492 34,086 42,826 5,283 59,34 74, , ,54,335, ,,363,73 2,05 2,374 2,998 Table 77 Berthing Energy for Ferry (knm) GT,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 0,000 2,000 5,000 20,000,000 30,000 40,000 V (m/s) VW ( T ),838 3,653 5,469 7,278 9,094 0,90 4,529 8,09 2,70 27,84 36,53 45,59 54,94 72, , ,0,29, ,087,446,6 2,8 2,893 FENDER SELECTION Calm condition Moderate condition Rough condition YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

54 7.2.3 Fender Selection by Numerical Simulation for Ship Motions Moored along Jetty Fender quantity and size will be determined by calculating the berthing energy, derived from the calculated virtual mass and berthing speed. During mooring of a ship, large ship motions are induced by waves, especially longperiod waves and harbor oscillations, and in some cases breaking accident of mooring lines or fenders occur. In order to check for a suitable fender and mooring system under severe weather conditions, a computer simulation for evaluating ship motions and mooring loads on fenders and mooring lines under dynamic condition should be conducted. The YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO., LTD. developed the numerical simulation software IMOS (Integrated Mooring and Operation Simulation for Ship to Jetty Operation) and will provide the analysis for customers on special request. Fig.70 through 74 show details of the IMOS. Appropriate (or Final) Fender Size, Number and Positions Change of Fender Condition Simulation Conditions External Force Conditions (Waves, Wind, Current) Harbor layout, Jetty construction Mooring Line Condition Computer Simulation ( IMOS) Results Time Series (Ship Motions, Fender Loads, Line Tensions, Standoff Distance) FENDER SELECTION No Check Results Yes Final Fender Size, Number and Positions Fig.70 Fender Selection by Numerical Simulation (IMOS) for ShiptoJetty Usage depth : 5m H :m T () :0s T(2):s Longperiod waves bounded (setdown) wave Fig.7 Mooring Line Accident during Longperiod Waves YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 5

55 INPUT DATA Ship Size, Conditions, Principal Dim. Fender Size, Number, Position Mooring Line Size, Number, Pretension External Conditions (Waves, Wind, Current) Approaching Conditions Mooring Conditions 3D Model generated Computer Simulations Time Series Results Animation Software Fig.72 Numerical Simulation for Ship Motions Moored along Jetty (IMOS) Outside wave gauge (xa, ya) Outside harbor region PIER m Y SHIP WIND Inside wave gauge (xa, ya) ys xs Moored ship () Inside harbor (2) region FENDER G 0 2m MOORING LINE WAVE X (a) Harbor Layout ( b) Mooring Arrangement Fig.73 Applicable conditions for Ship moored along Jetty (IMOS) FENDER SELECTION y ( m ) Sway 2.0 m Surge 4.0 m origin (0,0) 4.0 Heave 0.5 m s x ( m ) Fig.74 Simulation Results of Harbor Oscillations and Moored Ship Motions (IMOS) 52 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

56 7.3 Required Data for Securing Fenders If assistance is required in selecting the proper fender for a particular application, select the appropriate data sheet and submit the completed sheet together with your query ShiptoShip Use Fender Selection Data Form for ShiptoShip Use. Location of site 2. Potential sea state 3. Potential beaufort scale Type of lightering e.g. ordinary lightering or reverse lightering Water depth around STS ops. ShipA ShipB 6. Type of ship e.g. tanker, ore carrier, gas carrier, etc. FENDER SELECTION Role of lightering e.g. discharging ship (STBL), receiving ship Displacement tonnage (full loaded) Displacement tonnage (at start of STS ops.) Gross tonnage (GT) Dead weight tonnage (DWT) Length of ship (overall length) (Loa) Length of ship (length between P.P.) (Lpp) Beam Depth Draft (full loaded) Draft (at start of STS ops.) Freeboard when coming in contact Relative approaching velocity of ships Mooring line sizes Mooring line pretensions ton ton GT DWT ton ton GT DWT m/s (ft/s) mm ton. Number of mooring lines 23. Other information YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 53

57 7.3.2 ShiptoJetty Use Fender Selection Data Form for ShiptoJetty Use. Location of site 2. Loading or unloading berth Large ship Small ship Type of ship e.g. tanker, ore carrier, gas carrier, etc. Displacement tonnage (full loaded) ton ton Disp. tonnage when coming in contact Gross tonnage (GT) Dead weight tonnage (DWT) Length of ship (overall length) (Loa) Length of ship (length between P.P.) (Lpp) Beam Depth Draft (full loaded) Draft when coming in contact Freeboard when coming in contact Berthing velocity to dock ton GT DWT m/s (ft/s) ton GT DWT m/s (ft/s) Berthing angle Required energy Berthing point of ship from bow end degree knm (ftkips) degree knm (ftkips) 9. Kind of docks e.g. jetty or quay, dolphins, etc Top level from sea bed Bottom elevation from sea level if bottom is elevated from sea bed Length of jetty or quay Width of dolphin Height of dolphin Number of dolphins Spacing of dolphins Dolphins ton (kips) FENDER SELECTION Permissible reaction force of dock Permissible hull pressure Permissible standoff of fender Tidal range : HWL, High water level LWL, Low water level Water depth around dock Maximum wave height at mooring ton /m 2 (kips/ft 2 ) 33. Swell period s 34. Long wave period m/s 35. Maximum wind speed at mooring 36. Drawings: Attached or not 37. Required fender type Floating fender, ABFP, others 38. Required quantity of fenders mm 39. Mooring line sizes ton 40. Mooring line pretensions 4. Number of mooring lines 42. Other information 54 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

58 8. SHIPTOSHIP APPLICATIONS 8. Installation examples Four largesize fenders are usually floated at the water line as primary fenders to absorb impact energy at berthing and keep proper standoff distance between two ships. Two smallsize fenders (secondary fenders) are hung high on the hull at both bow and stern of smaller ship to prevent contact from rolling of ships due to swell and wind. "STS Transfer Guide", published by CDI, ICS, OCIMF, SIGTTO, is a good reference for further information. Fig.8and 82 show the installation examples. tanker guy rope Yokohama pneumatic rubber fender (a) Fenders Rigged in a Continuous String Small size fender guy rope Yokohama pneumatic rubber fender SHIPTOSHIP APPLICATIONS (b) Fenders guyed individually Fig.8 Installation Method in case of ShiptoShip Transfer Operations Fig.82 Actual Installation Method in case of ShiptoShip Transfer Operations YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 55

59 8.2 Equipments At both ends of the fender, first shackles need to be installed to connect a guy chain or guy rope, Table 8 shows the recommended shackle size for each fender size. The first shackle at each end is supplied together with the fenders. Table 8 End Shackle for Chain / Wire Net Type & Sling Type Size Initial Internal Pressure (kpa) Type of Both Ends of net Chain Net & Wire Net Shackle In Case of Chain Net & Wire Net mm ( inches) Shackle In Case of Sling Type mm (inches) Double Ring Towing Ring () () () () () () () () () () () () () () SB24 (5/) SB24 (5/) SB24 (5/) SB24 (5/) SB26 () SB28 (/8) SB32 (/4) SB34 (5/) SB34 (5/) SB40 (9/) SB36 (7/) SB40 (9/) SB44 (3 /4) SB48 (7/ 8 ) SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB () SB8 (/) SB8 (/) SB8 (/) SB20 (3 /) SB20 (3 /) SB20 (3 /) SB20 (3 /) SB24 (3 /) SB28 (/8) 2 SB30 (3/) 2 SB32 (/4) 2 SB36 (7/) 2 SB32 (/4) 2 SB34 (5/) 2 SB40 (9/) 2 SB44 (3/4) 2 SHIPTOSHIP APPLICATIONS Special Towing Ring YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

60 8.3 Installation Photographs Production Platform L FPSO 2050L SHIPTOSHIP APPLICATIONS FPSO L FPSO L YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 57

61 9. SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS 9. Installation Methods At both ends of the fender, first shackles, then swivel joints, followed by a further shackle should be installed. A guy chain or guy rope is secured to the outer shackle. The swivel joint prevents twisting of the guy chain or wire. a) Dolphin H.W.L. L.W.L. anchor shackle end link guy chain rubber sleeve end link shackle swivel joint first shackle towing ring b) Continuous quay FLOATINGTYPE YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC RUBBER FENDER H.W.L L.W.L SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS Fig.9 Installation Methods for ShiptoJetty Applications 58 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

62 9.2 Equipments 9.2. Typical installation Typical installation equipment and necessary parts for installations are shown below. The first shackles at each end of a fender are supplied with the fenders. Guy chains and guy ropes, as well as shackles, swivel, rubber sleeves and anchors are not supplied with the fenders, but they can be purchased separately upon request. SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS Fig.92 Equipments of Typical Installation for ShiptoJetty Applications. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 59

63 9.2.2 Chain net type (Type ) Small Sizes End link 5 6 Rubber sleeve Table 9 Installation Recommendation for Chain net type (Type) Small Sizes Nominal Size Dia. Length (m) Parts Type Initial Pressure (kpa) Ring Diameter (mm) (inch) 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 First Shackle Diameter (mm) (inch) Swivel Diameter (mm) (inch) 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 Note: The Ring and 2 The first shackle at each end of a fender are supplied. Other equipment can be purchased upon request nd, 3rd Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (inch) Guy Rope (JISG35) (624G) Diameter (mm) (inch) 8 / 8 / 8 / 20 3/ Guy Chain (SBC490) Diameter (mm) (inch) Anchor Diameter (mm) (inch) SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS 60 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

64 9.2.3 Chain net type (Type ) Medium and Large Sizes Towing ring 6 3 End link Rubber sleeve Table 92 Installation Recommendation for Chain net type (Type ) Medium and Large Sizes SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS Nominal Size Dia. Length (m) Parts Type Initial Pressure (kpa) First Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (inch) 24 5/ 24 5/ /4 34 5/ 36 7/ 44 3/4 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 34 5/ 40 9/ 40 9/ Swivel Diameter (mm) (inch) 28 /8 32 /4 38 /2 38 /2 44 3/4 Special Towing Ring pin Dia /4 Special Towing Ring pin Dia /4 Special Towing Ring pin Dia / 28 /8 38 /2 44 3/4 44 3/4 2nd Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (inch) 24 5/ 24 5/ /4 34 5/ 36 7/ 44 3/4 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 34 5/ 40 9/ 40 9/ Special Towing Ring pin Dia /4 Special Towing Ring pin Dia / Special Towing Ring pin Dia / Note: The first shackle at each end of a fender is supplied. Other equipment can be purchased upon request Guy Rope (JISG35) (624G) Diameter (mm) (inch) 20 3/ 24 5/ 30 3/ 34 5/ 34 5/ / 54 2/ / 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 32 /4 40 9/ 38 /2 46 3/ 60 23/ / 75 3 Guy Chain (SBC490) Diameter (mm) (inch) 9 3/4 9 3/ /4 30 3/ 38 / / 20 3/ 20 3/ 24 5/ 30 3/ 36 7/ 34 5/ /8 58 / 68 2/ 3rd Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (inch) 24 5/ 24 5/ /4 34 5/ 36 7/ 44 3/ / / / 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 34 5/ 40 9/ 40 9/ / 65 29/ 75 3 Anchor Diameter (mm) (inch) 32 /4 32 /4 32 / /4 44 3/ / /8 32 /4 32 /4 36 7/ / /8 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 6

65 9.2.4 Sling type (Type) End link Rubber sleeve Table 93 Installation Recommendation for Sling type (Type) Nominal Size Dia. Length (m) Parts Type Initial Pressure (kpa) First Shackle Diameter (SB) Swivel Diameter 2nd Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (mm) (mm) (inch) (inch) (inch) 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 8 / 9 3/4 8 / 24 5/ 20 3/ 24 5/ 20 3/ 28 / /8 32 /4 32 /4 3 /4 38 /2 34 5/ /+/4 38 /2 36 7/ 402 9/ 44 3/4 44 3/4 Special Towing Ring pin Dia /4 9 3/4 9 3/4 9 3/4 8 / 9 3/4 20 3/ 24 5/ 20 3/ 24 5/ 28 /8 28 / / 38 /2 34 5/ 362 7/ 44 3/4 40 9/ /+5/ 44 3/4 40 9/ 442 3/ Special Towing Ring pin Dia /4 Note: The first shackle at each end of a fender is supplied. Other equipment can be purchased upon request Guy Rope (JISG35) (624G) Diameter (mm) (inch) 8 / 20 3/ 24 5/ 30 3/ 34 5/ 34 5/ / 8 / 8 / 20 3/ 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 32 /4 40 9/ 38 /2 46 3/ 60 23/8 Guy Chain (SBC490) Diameter (mm) (inch) 9 3/4 9 3/ /4 30 3/ 38 / / 20 3/ 24 5/ 30 3/ 36 7/ 34 5/ /8 3rd Shackle Diameter (SB) (mm) (inch) 24 5/ 24 5/ /4 34 5/ 36 7/ 44 3/ /8 24 5/ 24 5/ 28 /8 34 5/ 40 9/ 40 9/ / Anchor Diameter (mm) (inch) 32 /4 32 /4 32 / /4 44 3/ / /4 32 /4 36 7/ / SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS 62 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

66 9.3 Dimension of Jetty for Installation Rubber fender should be in a state of plane contact, as shown below, even when it is deflected. A JETTY/QUAY OR DOLPHIN B C state at 60% def. D tidalrange H.W.L L.W.L E SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS Table 94 Dimension of jetty for installation Size Initial A B C D E Pressure (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kpa) Note : Above figures are obtained using weights of chain net type, and the difference between the figures for wire net type is small, therefore, the above figures may be used also for wire net type as well. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 63

67 9.4 Installation Photographs LNG Terminal L LNG Terminal L Coal Terminal L Ship yard L High Speed Ferry L SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS IRONSTONE TERMINAL L 64 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

68 330040L Ferry Terminal L 7000L SHIPTOJETTY APPLICATIONS YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 65

69 0. MAINTENANCE TOOLS The following maintenance tools can be purchased upon request. 0. Small and mediumsize (Size:0mm2000mm). A. Repair Tool Kit ) Rubber sheet 2) Rubber plugs 3) Brush 4) Sandpaper 5) Tool for inserting rubber plug 6) Hand roller 0.5 m 2 0 pcs. pc. sheet pc. pc. Repair Tool Kit for Small and Medium size Fenders B. Installation Tool Kit ) Air pressure gauge with air chuck 2) Air filling hose with air chuck 3) Box spanner for removing air valve 4) Valve core screw driver 5) Spare valve (air valve) set 0 m pc. pc. pc. Installation Tool Kit for Small and Medium size Fenders C. Manuals D. Fender logbook Remarks: Adhesive (cement) is not included in repair kits because of short life time and transportation problems, and therefore TIP TOP SC 2000 or SC4000 needs to be purchased locally. REPAIR KITS AND SPARE PARTS 66 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

70 0.2 Largesize (Size:0mm40mm). A. Repair Tool Kit ) Rubber sheet 2) Brush 3) Sandpaper 4) Wire brush 5) Hand roller m 2 (0.5m 2 2) 2 pcs. 2 sheets pc. pc. Repair Tool Kit for Large size Fenders B. Installation Tool Kit ) Air pressure gauge with air chuck 2) Air filling hose with air chuck 3) Box spanner for removing air valve 4) Valve core screw driver 5) Spare valve (air valve) set 20 m pc. pc. pc. Installation Tool Kit for Large size Fenders REPAIR KITS AND SPARE PARTS C. Manuals D. Fender logbook E. Safety valve logbook Remarks: Adhesive (cement) is not included in repair kits because of short life time and transportation problems, and therefore TIP TOP SC 2000 or SC4000 needs to be purchased locally. YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 67

71 . PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING () Because the pneumatic rubber fender is usually shipped in deflated condition (as shown in the pictures below), it should be immediately inflated to the pressure 20 30kPa upon arrival at its destination. (2) When storing the fender more than three months without use, reduce internal pressure to about half of initial pressure (2030kPa) so that the pressure will not rise too high due to a rise in the atmospheric temperature. Do not deflate or fold. (3) For further instructions about handling, please refer to the handling and maintenance manual that is provided with each fender purchase, or please contact The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd for assistance. Fig LP Transportation on Steel Pallet Fig LP Transportation by Open top Container Fig LP Transportation by Open top Container Fig LP Body Only under the deflated condition PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING 68 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

72 Appendix TYPICAL SHIP CHARACTERISTICS Ap Oil Tanker DWT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000,590 2, ,000 3,0 5, ,000 4,530 8, ,000 5,970 0, ,000 7,390 3, ,000 8,0 5, ,000,600 20, ,000 4,300, ,000 7,00 30, ,000 2,00 36, ,000 27,0 48, ,000 34,400 60, ,000 4,000 7, ,000 54,000 93, ,000 66,0 8, ,000 79,0 44, ,000 05,000 8, ,000 30,000 4, ,000 54, , ,000 9, , ,000, , ,000 3, , , , , , , , PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING 370, , , YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 69

73 Ap2 Gas Carrier GT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000 2,4 4, ,000 4,570 8, ,000 6,530, ,000 8,420 5, ,000 0,200 8, ,000 2,000 2, ,000 5,0 27, ,000 8,900 33, ,000,200 39, ,000 27,000 47, ,000 34,0 6, ,000 42,400 75, ,000 49,0 88, ,000 64,00 09, ,000 78,00 29, ,000 9,700 49, ,000 8,000 85, ,000 44,000, Ap3 Bulk Carrier DWT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000,50 2, ,000 2,90 5, ,000 4,270 7, ,000 5,60 0, ,000 6,920 2, ,000 8,230 4, ,000 0,0 9, ,000 3,300 23, ,000 5,0 28, ,000 9,600 35, ,000,700 46, ,000 3,700 56, ,000 37,700 67, ,000 49,0 88, ,000 6,00 08, ,000 72,600 3, ,000 95,400 9, ,000 20,000, ,000 2, ,000 8,000 40,000 73,000 7,000 2, , , ,3 306,202 40, ,05 586, PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING 70 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

74 Appendix TYPICAL SHIP CHARACTERISTICS Ap4 General Cargo Ship DWT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000,690 2, ,000 3,2 5, ,000 4,770 8, ,000 6,2, ,000 7,70 3, ,000 9,0, ,000 2,000 2, ,000 4,0 26, ,000 7,600 3, ,000 2,700 39, ,000 28,0 52, ,000 35,00 64, ,000 4,700 77, ,000 54,700 0, ,000 67,0 26, Ap5 Container Ship DWT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb 7,000 0,700 8, ,000 2,00 20, ,000 5,000, ,000 7,900 30, ,000,00 38, ,000 29,00, ,000 36,000 62, ,000 42,0 74, ,000 56,300 98, ,000 69,700 26, ,000 82,900 45, ,000 09,000 86, ,000 35,000 7, PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS & 7

75 Ap6 Passenger Ship GT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000,030, ,000,90 2, ,000 2,7 4, ,000 3,5 5, ,000 4,330 6, ,000 5,090 7, ,000 6,5 0, ,000 8,030 2, ,000 9,4 5, ,000,0 8, ,000 4,900 24, ,000 8,200 29, ,000 2,400 34, ,000 27,600 42, ,000 33,700 5, ,000 39,600 59, ,000 5,200 74, Ap7 Ferry GT (ton) DT (ton) VW (ton) Loa (m) Lpp (m) B (m) D (m) d (m) Cm Cb,000,240, ,000 2,440 3, ,000 3,630 5, ,000 4,80 7, ,000 5,990 9, ,000 7,0 0, ,000 9,0 4, ,000,0 8, ,000 4,00 2, ,000 7,600 27, ,000 23,300 36, ,000 29,000 45, ,000 34,700 54, ,000 46,00 72, PRECAUTIONS ON HANDLING 72 YOKOHAMA PNEUMATIC FLOATING FENDERS &

76 THE YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO.,LTD. Head office / Industrial Products Global Sales and Planning Dept. 36 Shimbashi 5chome, Minatoku, Tokyo Japan Phone: Fax: marine.s@yrc.co.jp Manufacture Plant / Engineering Department 2 Oiwake, Hiratsuka, kanagawa 4860 Japan YOKOHAMA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS EUROPE GmbH Sales Subsidiary Monschauer Str Dusseldolf, Germany Phone: Fax: YOKOHAMA INDUSTRIES AMERICAS INC. Sales Subsidiary 05, Kuhlman Blvd., Versailles, KY 40383, U.S.A. Phone: Fax: YOKOHAMA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS SALES SHANGHAI, CO.,LTD. Sales Subsidiary 32090, 32F, New Town Center NO.83 Loushanguan rd, Changning district, Shanghai, China Phone: Fax: YOKOHAMA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ASIAPACIFIC PTE. LTD. Sales and Technical Services Tampines Central 5, CPF Tampines Building 070, Singapore 5298 Phone: Fax: Website: english/ mb/ industrial/ index.html C 2008 THE YOKOHAMA RUBBER CO.,LTD TSP DTT YRC AD Catalog No. AF/CAT/205/04