Mapping geothermal reservoir using broadband MT survey in Þeistareykir, Iceland.
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1 KMS Technologies KJT Enterprises Inc. An EMGS/RXT company Mapping geothermal reservoir using broadband MT survey in Þeistareykir, Iceland. Yu, G., Allegar, N., Gunnarsson, A., He, L. F., He, Z. H., Strack, K.-M., Tulinius, H. SEG Las Vegas 2008 Annual Meeting
2 Mapping geothermal reservoir using broadband MT survey in Þeistareykir, Iceland Yu 1, G., Allegar 1, N., Gunnarsson 2, Á., He 4, L. F., He 4, Z. X., Strack 1, K.-M., & Tulinius 3, H. 1 KMS Technologies 2 Landsvirkjun 3 Mannvit (former VGK-Hönnun) 4 BGP 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 1
3 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 2
4 Introduction Much of Iceland s energy supply is geothermal energy; Geothermal power station site selection to build new aluminum mills; Geothermal field E&D are key elements for sustaining development; Existing TEM has very limited depth penetration (<800 m); Using MT to explore deep geothermal reservoirs KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 3
5 Introduction 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 4
6 Introduction Armannsson 2000 (Trønnes, 2002) Wolfe et al., (1997), Shen et al., (2002)& Ito (2002) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 5
7 Þeistareykir geothermal & geology maps 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 6
8 Geological section in NW-SE direction across Krafla hydrothermal system 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company Jonasson,
9 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 8
10 Project objectives Confirm TEM survey findings of a high temperature reservoir under survey area; Outline better boundaries of the reservoir; Provide basis to map temperature & permeability variation KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 9
11 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 10
12 Magnetotelluric (MT) method Measures natural variation of EM field source: ionosphere & world wide thunderstorm activity; Source field can be handled as vertical incident plane wave, influenced by ground conductivity. x Hy Hz Hx Ey Ex Impedance: E / H Resistivity of ground y z 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 11
13 Planned MT survey sites SECT 01 SECT 02 N SECT 05 SECT 06 SECT 03 SECT 07 SECT 08 SECT 09 SECT 04 Completed MT survey sites m 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 12 AMT site
14 Field MT data acquisition 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 13
15 Raw MT data display (I-104) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 14
16 High level noise in I-103, I-102, & I KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 15
17 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 16
18 MT data processing flowchart Copy calibrating files to computer Copy data to PC Check calibrating files Check the Parameter View files Verify, Editing Parameter Check time Setup Robust Parameter Process data Edit Data 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 17
19 Cross power editing Editing is done through deleting or restoring individual cross powers in the two graphs on the right KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 18
20 Comparison of noise editing Comparison of before (Left) & after (Right) auto editing Comparison of before (Left) & after (Right) manual editing 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 19
21 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 20
22 Resistivity model for the survey area 500 m, 500 ohm-m O 200 m, 100 Oohm-m 500 m, 10 ohm-m O 1000 m, 80 ohm-m O 4000 m, 80 ohm-m O 2000 m, 300 ohm-m O 4000 m, 80 ohm-m O 1000 m, 80 ohm-m O 2000 m, 30 ohm-m O 10 ohm-m O 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 21
23 Continuous media & nonlinear conjugate gradients inversion result 2D (MTIS) Inversion Result of Res-xy -1 ohm-m Depth (km) NLCG Inversion Result of Res-xy Distance ( km ) Depth (m) ohm-m Distance (m) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 22
24 Comparison of NLCG (Emage-2D) & continuous media inversion (MTIS) Result of Emage-2D Result of MTIS 0 Depth (m) Distance (m) Distance (km) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 23
25 Þeistareykir MT survey profile layout SECT 01 SECT 02 SECT 05 SECT 06 SECT 07 SECT 08 SECT 03 N SECT 09 SECT m 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 24 AMT site
26 MT inversion result of Section Ohm-m Distance ( km ) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 25 N Depth ( km ) U-508 U-507 U-506 U-505 U-504 I-119 I-118 I-117 I-116 I-115 I-123 I-110 U-533 U-534 U-535 U-536 U-537 U-538 U N
27 MT inversion result of Section 02 Ohm-m Distance ( km ) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 26 N Depth ( km ) U-502 U-500 I-100 I-101 I-102 I-103 I-113 I-104 I-105 I-108 U-525 U-526 U-527 U-528 U-529 U-530 U-531 U N
28 Depth ( km ) I MT inversion result of Section 04 I-121 I-122 I-115 I-114 PG-02 I-104 PG-01 PG-04 PG-05 I-105 PG-03 I-106 I-107 U-511 U-512 U-513 U-514 U-515 U-516 U-517 U-518 Ohm-m Distance ( km ) E 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 27
29 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 28
30 TEM inversion result of profile 307 Data Forward modeling Inversion Model Subsurface resistivity 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 29
31 MT inversion result of Section 02 Depth ( km ) U U-500 I-100 I-101 I-102 I-103 I-113 I-104 I-105 I-108 U-525 U-526 U-527 U-528 U-529 U-530 U-531 U-532 Ohm-m N Distance ( km ) N 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 30
32 Depth ( km ) I MT inversion result of Section 04 I-121 I-122 I-115 I-114 PG-02 I-104 PG-01 PG-04 PG-05 I-105 PG I-106 I-107 Distance ( km ) U-511 U-512 U-513 U-514 U-515 U-516 U-517 E U-518 Ohm-m KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 31
33 Upper (sea level) geothermal reservoir distribution range (~ 32 km 2 ) Distribution Range of the Upper Geothermal Reservoir (0m in elevation) N Ohm-m m 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 32 Fovarable area AMT site
34 Distribution Range of the lower Geothermal Reservoir (1500 meters below sea level) Lower (1,500 m below sea level) geothermal reservoir distribution range (~ 46 km 2 ) N Ohm-m m 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 33 Fovarable area AMT site
35 Deep (5,000 m below sea level) conductive geothermal reservoir distribution range (~ 54 km 2 ) Distribution Range of the deep conductive Geothermal Reservoir (-5000 m ) N Ohm-m m 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 34 AMT site
36 Depth ( km ) MT inversion (cross well section) I-115 I PG-02 PG-01 PG-03 0 I I I-106 I-107 Ohm-m Distance ( km ) 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 35
37 Comprehensive temperature preconception Comprehensive temperature preconception I I-121 I-122 I I-114 PG I-104 PG-01 PG-04 PG I PG-03 I-106 I-107 U-511 U-512 U-513 U-514 U-515 U-516 U-517 U Depth ( km ) PG-02 PG-01-4 PG-04 PG-05-5 PG Distance ( km ) E -6-7 o Temperature of PG-01 ( C ) o Temperature of PG-02 ( C ) o Temperature of PG-03 ( C ) o Temperature of PG-04 ( C ) Temperature of PG-05 ( o C) KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 36
38 3-D resistivity inversion result (northwest) Ohm-m U-542 U-541 I-130 U-540 U-544 I-111 U-543 U-535 I-133 I-131 I-128 U-534 U-529 I-124 I-129 U-528 U-533 I-125 I-126 I-127 I-110 U I-112 U-525 I-123 I-109 I I-120 I-121 I KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 37
39 3-D resistivity slices in Z (depth), X (E-W) & Y (N-S) directions Ohm-m Ohm-m I-130 I-133 I-131 I-124 I-125 U-542 U-541 U-544 I-111 I-112 I-120 I-121 I-122 U-540 U-543 U-535 I-128 U-534 I-129 U-533 I-126 I-127 I-110 U-529 U-528 U I-130 I-133 I-131 I-124 I-125 U-542 U-541 U-544 I-111 I-112 I-120 I-121 I-122 U-540 U-543 U-535 I-128 U-534 I-129 U-533 I-126 I-127 I-110 U-529 U-528 U-526 I-123 I-109 U-525 I I-123 I-109 U-525 I KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company
40 3-D data volume shows contribution of moderate (6 ~ 15 Ωm, left, & 15 ~ 25 Ωm, right) resistivity volume Ohm-m I-130 I-133 I-131 I-124 I-125 U-542 U-541 U-544 I-111 I-112 U-540 U-543 U-535 I-128 U-534 I-129 U-533 I-126 I-127 I-110 U-529 U-528 U-526 I-123 I-109 U-525 I I-120 I-121 I Ohm-m I-130 I-133 I-131 I-124 I-125 U-542 U-541 U-544 I-111 I-112 I-120 I-121 I-122 U-540 U-543 U-535 I-128 U-534 I-129 U-533 I-126 I-127 I-110 U-529 U-528 U I-123 I-109 U-525 I KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company
41 Model for resistivity data interpretation Fracture zone defined by lower resistivity within high resistivity host rock; Clay cap occurs above hydrothermal system & heat source below; Resistivity contrasts below clay cap causes polarization & splitting in MT data KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company (Malin, Onacha, and Shalev, 2004). 40
42 Comparison of geologic cross-section in SW Iceland with observed resistivity Depth ( km ) I PG-03 Resistivity(ohm-m) I-106 I Distance (km) Ohm-m KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 41
43 Outline Introduction Project objectives Data acquisition Data processing Modeling & inversion Interpretation Conclusions 2008 KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 42
44 Conclusions MT is an effective method for hydrothermal exploration; Geoelectric structure in NW corner is a 4-layer model up to 7,000 m; Hydrothermal reservoir consists of two parts: Upper part reservoir to 1,000 m is water saturated with a mean T ~205 o C; Main aquifers in lower part link to fissures & intrusives with T from 300 o C to 350 o C or more; Bottom of upper thermal part is 900 m ~ 1,200 m with coverage ~32 km 2 ; High potential hydrothermal zone is from 3,200 m to 3,400 m & covers ~ 46 km 2 ; A deep conductive geothermal reservoir with coverage of more than 54 km 2 from 4,000 m to 7,000 m, & T may be more than 500 C KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 43
45 Acknowledgements Thanks to Landsvirkjun, Husavik Energy, & Mannvit in Iceland. Support of Þeistareykir Ltd. management in facilitating project is specifically acknowledged. Special thanks also to Hreinn Hjartarson, Ragnar Heiðar Þrastarson, Hilmar Sigvaldason, & Ran Xuefeng for their contributions to this project KMS Technologies An EMGS/RXT company 44
46 KMS Technologies KJT Enterprises Inc. An EMGS/RXT company 6420 Richmond Ave., Suite 610 Houston, Texas 77057, USA Tel: Fax:
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