Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Transcription

1 Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym Meaning A&E Architecture and engineering (organization or function) A&E Administrative and engineering (area in MSO Building) A&T Assembly and test A50 Aerozine 50 ABMA Army Ballistic Missile Agency ACE Acceptance checkout equipment spacecraft AEC Atomic Energy Commission AGCS Automatic ground control system facility ALSEP Apollo lunar surface experiments package ALT Approach and landing test (Shuttle) APIP Apollo personnel investigation program APS Auxiliary propulsion system ARFM Airframe ASI Augmented spark igniter ASTP Apollo-Soyuz Test Project ATM Apollo telescope mount ATOLL Acceptance Test Or Launch Language AUX Auxiliary Boeing-TIE Boeing Technical Integration and Evaluation contract BPC Boost protective cover C 2 F 2 Crew compartment fit and function test CALIPS Calibratable pressure switch CAPCOM Capsule communicator CCAFS Cape Canaveral Air Force Station CD Countdown CDDT Countdown demonstration test CDF Confined detonating fuse CDR Commander CG Center of gravity Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

2 376 Appendix A CIL Configuration inspection log CKAFS Cape Kennedy Air Force Station CLTC NASA launch vehicle test conductor CM Command module CMP Command module pilot COAS Crewman optical alignment sight CSM Command/service module CVTS NASA test supervisor DDAS Digital data acquisition system DE Design engineering DLO Director of launch operations DM Docking module DOD Department of Defense DR Discrepancy report DTS Data transmission system EASEP Early Apollo scientific experiments package EBW Exploding bridge wire ECS Environment control system ECU Environmental control unit EDS Emergency detection system EDT Eastern (US) Daylight Time EMI Electromagnetic interference EO Engineering order EOR Earth-orbit rendezvous ESE Electrical support equipment EST Eastern (US) Standard Time ETR Eastern Test Range EVA Extra-vehicular activity FCC Flight control computer FCDR Flight crew directorate representative FCE Flight crew equipment FCTB Flight Crew Training Building FM Frequency modulation FRR Flight readiness review FRT Flight readiness test FRU Field replaceable unit FSRT Flight systems redundancy test FWDT Flight worthiness demonstration test GE General Electric GETS Ground equipment test set GH2 Gaseous hydrogen GN 2 Gaseous nitrogen GOX Gaseous oxygen GSCU Ground support cooling unit GSE Ground support equipment HDA Holddown arm HGA High gain antenna

3 Appendix A 377 HOSC IBM IDR IMU ITP IU KSC L/V LC LCC LCD LCRU LEM LES LH 2 LM LMRD LMP LMR LO 2 LOC LOD LOR LOS LOX LRR LRV LSC LSE LUT LVDA LVDC LVO MAF Max Q MCC MCR MDAC MESA MIC MILA MIP ML MMH MOCR Huntsville Operations Support Center International Business Machines Interim discrepancy report Inertial measurement unit Integrated test procedure Instrument unit Kennedy Space Center Launch vehicle Launch Complex Launch Control Center Launch countdown Lunar communications relay unit Lunar excursion module, early name for LM Launch escape system Liquid hydrogen Lunar module Launch mission rules document Lunar module pilot Launch mission rule Liquid oxygen Launch Operations Center Launch operations directorate Lunar-orbit rendezvous Loss of signal Liquid oxygen Launch readiness review Lunar roving vehicle Linear shaped charge Launch support equipment Launcher/umbilical tower Launch vehicle data adapter Launch vehicle digital computer Launch vehicle operations directorate (KSC organization) Michoud Assembly Facility Maximum dynamic pressure Mission Control Center (Houston) Master change record McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company Modularized equipment stowage assembly Management information and control (room) Merritt Island Launch Annex Mandatory inspection point Mobile launcher Monomethylhydrazine Mission operations control room (Houston)

4 378 Appendix A MR Material review MSC Manned Spacecraft Center MSC-FO Manned Spacecraft Center-Florida Operations MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center MSOB Manned Spacecraft Operations Building MSS Mobile service structure MTF Mississippi Test Facility NAA North American Aviation NAR North American Rockwell NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPDS Nuclear particle detection system O 2 UU Oxygen umbilical unit OAT Overall test OIS Operational intercom system OMR Operations management room OMRSD Operations and maintenance requirements and specification document OTV Operational television system PA Public address PAO Public affairs officer PCM Pulse code modulation PD Propellant dispersion PE Project engineer PERT Program evaluation and review technique PET Polyethylene terephthalate PIB Pyrotechnic installation building PLT Pilot PTCR Pad terminal connection room PTCS Propellant tanking computer system PU Propellant utilization QC Quality control QD Quick disconnect QLDS Quick look data station RASPO Resident Apollo spacecraft program office RCA Radio Corporation of America RCS Reaction control system RF Radio frequency RP-1 Rocket propellant-1 RSCR Range safety command receiver RSO Range safety officer RSS Rotating service structure RTG Radioisotopic thermal generator S/C Spacecraft S&A Safe and arm SACTO Sacramento Test Operations

5 Appendix A 379 SCAPE SCE SCO SEQ SHe SIM SIP SLA SM SMDPS SPLT SPS START STDN STG STM SV or S/V TAIR TC TCP TCS TLI TPS TRD TRS TSM UDMH USAF USCG USN USNS UTC VAB VHF VJ Self-contained atmospheric protective ensemble Signal conditioning equipment Spacecraft operations directorate Scientific equipment Supercritical helium Scientific instrument module Surveillance inspection point Spacecraft/lunar module adapter or spacecraft/launch vehicle adapter Service module Service module deluge purge system Science pilot Service propulsion system Selections to activate random testing (ACE system test module) Spaceflight tracking and data network Space Task Group Spacecraft test manager (Grumman) Space vehicle Test and inspection record Test conductor Test and checkout procedure Terminal countdown sequencer Trans-lunar injection Test preparation sheet Test requirements document Troubleshooting record sheet Tail service mast Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine US air force US coast guard US navy United States naval ship Coordinated Universal Time, also known as Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Vertical Assembly Building, name later changed to Vehicle Assembly Building Very high frequency Vacuum-jacketed

6 Appendix B Missions with Apollo and Saturn Hardware SATURN LAUNCH VEHICLE AND APOLLO SPACECRAFT DEVELOPMENT FLIGHTS (CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, FLORIDA) Mission SA-1 Launch vehicle SA-1 (Saturn I Block I) Payload Nose cone from Jupiter missile, dummy second stage Launch pad LC-34 Launch time 1961-Oct-27 15:00:06 UTC Comments First launch from LC-34. First flight of Saturn launch vehicle. Dummy second stage. Vehicle reached an altitude of 84.6 miles Mission SA-2 Launch vehicle SA-2 (Saturn I Block I) Payload Jupiter nose cone, dummy second stage filled with water Launch pad LC-34 Launch time 1962-Apr-25 14:00:34 UTC Comments Project High Water I 22,900 gal. of water released at altitude of 90 miles Mission SA-3 Launch vehicle SA-3 (Saturn I Block I) Payload Jupiter nose cone, dummy second stage filled with water Launch pad LC-34 Launch time 1962-Nov-16 17:45:02 UTC Comments Project High Water II 22,900 gal. of water released at altitude of miles Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

7 382 Appendix B Mission SA-4 Launch vehicle SA-4 (Saturn I Block I) Payload Jupiter nose cone, dummy second stage Launch pad LC-34 Launch time 1963-Mar-28 20:11:55 UTC Comments Programmed premature cutoff of one engine to prove vehicle could perform mission with one engine out. Mission SA-5 Launch vehicle SA-5 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Jupiter nose cone filled with sand as ballast Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1964-Jan-29 16:25:01 UTC Comments First launch from LC-37B. First flight of live S-IV upper stage and of instrument unit with guidance platform. First Saturn to place a payload in orbit. Mission A-101 Launch vehicle SA-6 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Boilerplate Apollo CSM BP-13 Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1964-May-28 17:07:00 UTC Comments S-IV, IU, and spacecraft were inserted into orbit as a single unit. Mission A-102 Launch vehicle SA-7 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Boilerplate Apollo CSM BP-15 Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1964-Sep-18 16:22:43 UTC Comments Repeat of AS-101 mission. First flight of guidance computer that could be programmed in flight. Mission A-103 Launch vehicle SA-9 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Boilerplate CSM BP-16, Pegasus A satellite Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1965-Feb-16 14:37:03 UTC Comments Satellite carried inside modified dummy service module, and remained attached to spent S-IV after CM was jettisoned in orbit. Mission A-104 Launch vehicle SA-8 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Boilerplate CSM BP-26, Pegasus B satellite Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1965-May-25 07:35:01 UTC Comments First night launch of a Saturn. Mission similar to A-103.

8 Appendix B 383 Mission A-105 Launch vehicle SA-10 (Saturn I Block II) Payload Boilerplate CSM BP-9A, Pegasus C satellite Launch pad LC-37B Launch time 1965-Jul-30 13:00:00 UTC Comments Mission similar to A-103 and A-104. Last flight of Saturn I Block I launch vehicle. APOLLO SPACECRAFT ABORT TESTS (WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NEW MEXICO) Mission Pad Abort Test 1 Launch vehicle Launch escape system Payload Boilerplate CM BP-6 Launch time 1963-Nov-07 16:00:01 UTC Comments First flight of Apollo boilerplate CM Mission A-001 Launch vehicle Little Joe II Payload Boilerplate CSM BP-12 Launch time 1964-May-13 12:59:59.7 UTC Comments First flight of boilerplate CSM Mission A-002 Launch vehicle Little Joe II Payload Boilerplate CM BP-23 Launch time 1964-Dec-08 15:00:00 UTC Comments Boost protective cover and modified dual-drogue parachutes used Mission A-003 Launch vehicle Little Joe II Payload Boilerplate CM BP-22 Launch time 1965-May-19 13:01:04 UTC Comments Launch vehicle malfunction resulted in LV breakup before second stage ignition, causing low altitude abort. LES pulled CSM free successfully. Mission Pad Abort Test 2 Launch vehicle LES Payload Boilerplate CM BP-23A Launch time 1965-Jun-29 13:00:01 UTC Comments Successful test of LES abort initiated at launch pad.

9 384 Appendix B Mission A-004 Launch vehicle Little Joe II Payload Airframe 002 (modified Block I CSM) Launch time 1966-Jan-20 15:17:01 UTC Comments Successful test of LES ability to stabilize a tumbling spacecraft. APOLLO/SATURN MISSIONS (CCAFS LC-34/37B AND KSC LC-39) Mission Launch vehicle CSM Launch pad Launch time Test Supervisor Comments Mission Launch vehicle Launch pad Launch time Test Supervisor Comments AS-201 SA-201 (Saturn IB) CSM-009 (Block I CSM) LC Feb-26 16:12:01 UTC Paul Donnelly Unmanned suborbital flight. First flight of Saturn IB launch vehicle and Apollo service module. AS-203 SA-203 (Saturn IB) LC-37B 1966-Jul-5 14:53:13 UTC Paul Donnelly Unmanned orbital test of S-IVB restart capability; no Apollo spacecraft. Mission AS-202 Launch vehicle SA-202 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-011 (Block I) Launch pad LC-34 Launch time 1966-Aug-25 17:15:32 UTC Test Supervisor Don Phillips Comments Unmanned test of service propulsion system and of heat shield s ability to withstand high-velocity re-entry. Mission AS-204/Apollo 204/Apollo 1 Launch vehicle SA-204 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-012 (Block I) Launch pad LC-34 Launch time Not flown; planned launch date 1967-Feb-21 Crew Virgil Grissom (command pilot), Edward White II (senior pilot); Roger Chaffee (pilot) Test Supervisor George Page Comments Spacecraft destroyed and crew killed in fire during space vehicle plugs-out on 1967-Jan-27.

10 Appendix B 385 Mission Apollo 4/AS-501 Launch vehicle SA-501 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-017 (Block I) LM LTA-10R (dummy vehicle carried as ballast) VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1967-Nov-9 20:37:00 UTC Test Supervisor Chuck Henschel Comments Unmanned. First flight of Saturn V; 3 Earth orbits. Mission Launch vehicle LM Launch pad Launch time Test Supervisor Comments Apollo 5/AS-204 SA-204 (Saturn IB) LM-1 LC-37B 1968-Jan-22 22:48:09 UTC Don Phillips Unmanned. First flight of LM; no CSM. SA-204 booster originally intended for Apollo 1 mission; de-stacked from LC-34 and erected at LC-37B. Last launch from LC-37B. Pad deactivated in 1972; rebuilt and re-opened in 2001 for Delta IV launches. Mission Apollo 6/AS-502 Launch vehicle SA-502 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-020 (Block I) LM LTA-2R (dummy vehicle carried as ballast) VAB High Bay 3 LUT 2 Firing Room 2 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1968-Apr-04 12:00:01 UTC Test Supervisor Jim Harrington Comments Unmanned test flight of Saturn V. Early shutdown of two engines on S-II stage and failure of S-IVB to restart due to damage caused by pogo oscillations during S-IC boost phase. Last flight of Block I CSM. Mission Launch vehicle CSM LM Launch pad Launch time Crew Test Supervisor Comments Apollo 7/AS-205 SA-205 (Saturn IB) CSM-101 (Block II) Docking target LC Oct-11 15:02:45 UTC Walter Schirra (CDR), Donn Eisele (CMP), Walter Cunningham (LMP) Don Phillips First manned Apollo launch. First flight of Block II spacecraft. Docking target carried in SLA. Last launch from LC-34.

11 386 Appendix B Mission Apollo 8/AS-503 Launch vehicle SA-503 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-103 LM LTA-B (ballast) VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1968-Dec-21 12:51:00 UTC Crew Frank Borman (CDR), James Lovell (CMP), William Anders (LMP) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments First manned flight of Saturn V. First manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon. S-IVB stage placed in solar orbit. Mission Apollo 9/AS-504 Launch vehicle SA-504 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-104 Gumdrop LM LM-3 Spider VAB High Bay 3 LUT 2 Firing Room 2 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1969-Mar-3 16:00:00 UTC Crew James McDivitt (CDR), David Scott (CMP), Rusty Schweickart (LMP) Test Supervisor Jim Harrington Comments Earth orbital mission; first manned flight of lunar module. Mission Apollo 10/AS-505 Launch vehicle SA-505 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-106 Charlie Brown LM LM-4 Snoopy VAB High Bay 2 LUT 3 Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time 1969-May-18 16:49:00 UTC Crew Thomas Stafford (CDR), John Young (CMP), Eugene Cernan (LMP) Test Supervisor Don Phillips Comments First launch from LC-39B and only Saturn V launch from this pad. Test of LM in lunar orbit with simulation of landing mission up to the point of powered descent. S-IVB and LM ascent stage placed in solar orbit. Mission Apollo 11/AS-506 Launch vehicle SA-506 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-107 Columbia LM LM-5 Eagle VAB High Bay 1 (continued)

12 Appendix B 387 LUT 1 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1969-Jul-16 12:32:00 UTC Crew Neil Armstrong (CDR), Michael Collins (CMP), Edwin Aldrin (LMP) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments First lunar landing, in Mare Tranquillitatis. First humans to set foot on another celestial body. President Kennedy s challenge met. S-IVB placed in solar orbit. Last use of LUT 1 for Saturn V (later modified with milkstool platform for Skylab Saturn IB launches). Mission Apollo 12/AS-507 Launch vehicle SA-507 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-108 Yankee Clipper LM LM-6 Intrepid VAB High Bay 3 LUT 2 Firing Room 2 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1969-Nov-14 16:22:00 UTC Crew Charles Conrad (CDR), Richard Gordon (CMP), Alan Bean (LMP) Test Supervisor Jim Harrington Comments Vehicle struck by lightning during boost phase. First pinpoint landing on the Moon, in Oceanus Procellarum. Returned portions of Surveyor 3 lander to Earth for analysis. S-IVB in solar orbit. Mission Apollo 13/AS-508 Launch vehicle SA-508 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-109 Odyssey LM LM-7 Aquarius VAB High Bay 2, 1 LUT 3 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1970-Apr-11 19:13:00 UTC Crew James Lovell (CDR), Jack Swigert (CMP), Fred Haise (LMP) Test Supervisor Bert Grenville Comments LOX tank explosion crippled CSM and forced early mission termination. Swigert replaced original CMP T. K. Mattingly due to possible measles exposure. Launch vehicle stacked in High Bay 2 then rolled over to high bay 1 for spacecraft stacking. Mission Apollo 14/AS-509 Launch vehicle SA-509 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-110 Kitty Hawk LM LM-8 Antares VAB High Bay 3 (continued)

13 388 Appendix B LUT 2 Firing Room 2 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1971-Jan-31 21:03:02 UTC Crew Alan Shepard (CDR), Stuart Roosa (CMP), Edgar Mitchell (LMP) Test Supervisor Chuck Henschel Comments Launch delayed 40 minutes 2 seconds due to weather. CSM docking problems, faulty abort indication on LM, and problems with LM landing radar nearly caused cancellation of landing attempt. Lunar landing in Fra Maura region. Mission Apollo 15/AS-510 Launch vehicle SA-510 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-112 Endeavour LM LM-10 Falcon VAB High Bay 1, 3 LUT 3 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1971-Jul-26 13:34:00.6 UTC Crew David Scott (CDR), Alfred Worden (CMP), James Irwin (LMP) Test Supervisor Jim Harrington Comments First flight of J-series spacecraft, extended mission LM and CSM with SIM Bay experiments. First flight of lunar rover. First deployment of subsatellite in lunar orbit. Landing near Hadley Rille in Hadley/Apennine region. First EVA by CMP on return trip from Moon to recover film and SIM bay data. Launch vehicle stacked in high bay 1 then rolled over to high bay 3 for spacecraft stacking. Mission Apollo 16/AS-511 Launch vehicle SA-511 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-113 Casper LM LM-11 Orion VAB High Bay 3 LUT 3 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1972-Apr-16 17:54:00 Crew John Young (CDR), T. K. Mattingly (CMP), Charles Duke (LMP) Test Supervisor Gordon Turner Comments Launch date delayed one lunar month due to roll-back and destacking of space vehicle to replace ruptured fuel bladder on CM. Lunar landing in Descartes region, only landing in lunar highlands. Mission Apollo 17/AS-512 Launch vehicle SA-512 (Saturn V) CSM CSM-114 America LM LM-12 Challenger (continued)

14 Appendix B 389 VAB High Bay 3 LUT 3 Firing Room 1 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1972-Dec-7 05:33:00 Crew Eugene Cernan (CDR), Ron Evans (CMP), Harrison Schmitt (LMP) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments Last Apollo Moon landing. Only Saturn V night launch, delayed 2 hours 40 minutes due to failure in terminal count sequencer. LUT 3 deactivated after launch for conversion to mobile launch platform 1 for Space Shuttle program. Firing room 1 deactivated after launch for modification to support Space Shuttle. MSS reconfigured after launch to support Skylab launch vehicles. Mission Skylab Orbital Workshop (OWS)/SL-1 Launch vehicle SA-513 (Saturn V) CSM - VAB High Bay 2 LUT 2 Firing Room 2 Launch pad LC-39A Launch time 1973-May-14 17:30:00 UTC Crew - Test Supervisor Chuck Henschel Comments Last launch of Saturn V, with inert S-IVB-212 converted to Skylab orbital workshop. Pad LC-39A and LUT 2 deactivated after launch to modify them for Space Shuttle. Mission Skylab 2/SL-2/AS-206 Launch vehicle SA-206 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-116 VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time 1973-May-25 13:00:00 UTC Crew Pete Conrad (CDR), Paul Weitz (PLT), Joseph Kerwin (SPLT) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments Launch delayed 10 days to design and carry emergency repair equipment to the OWS. SA-206 was originally stacked on LC-37B for the first LM test flight in After the Apollo 1 fire, SA-206 was de-erected and stored at Michoud Assembly Facility. Mission Skylab 3/SL-3/AS-207 Launch vehicle SA-207 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-117 VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 (continued)

15 390 Appendix B Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time 1973-Jul-28 11:10:50 UTC Crew Alan Bean (CDR), Jack Lousma (PLT), Owen Garriott (SPLT) Test Supervisor Chuck Henschel Comments Propellant leaks in RCS quads prompted preparation of Skylab Rescue mission (not flown). Flew with IU originally intended for SA-508. Mission Skylab 4/SL-4/AS-208 Launch vehicle SA-208 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-118 VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time 1973-Nov-16 14:01:23 UTC Crew Gerald Carr (CDR), William Pogue (PLT), Edward Gibson (SPLT) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments Last Skylab mission. Flew with IU originally intended for SA-507. Mission Skylab Rescue Mission/SL-R Launch vehicle SA-208, SA-209 (Saturn IB) CSM CSM-119 VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time - Crew Vance Brand (CDR), Don Lind (PLT) Comments Not flown. Mission on standby and CSM modified to carry 5 crewmen for rescue of Skylab crews if necessary. Mission Apollo-Soyuz Test Project/ASTP/AS-210 Launch vehicle SA-210 CSM CSM-111 DM Docking Module carried in SLA for docking with Soyuz 19 VAB High Bay 1 LUT 1 Firing Room 3 Launch pad LC-39B Launch time 1975-July-15 12:20:00 UTC Crew Thomas Stafford (CDR), Vance Brand (CMP), Donald Slayton (DMP) Test Supervisor Bill Schick Comments Last flight of Apollo/Saturn hardware. Pad 39B and other active Launch Complex 39 facilities converted for Space Shuttle or scrapped (e.g., MSS).

16 Appendix C S-II Stage Checkout Tests and Interdependencies Fred Cordia was Rockwell s chief engineer, S-II electrical and flight controls, during the Apollo/Saturn program. He prepared the charts in this Appendix based on his original flow charts from 1971, which he used to track the flow of S-II processing at KSC. Obviously, there are some tests shown that were unique to the S-II. However, Cordia s flow charts serve as excellent examples of the types of tests and checks that stage contractors conducted at KSC, from the time a stage arrived in the VAB through its launch on a mission. The table following the diagrams provides a key to the tests and activities in the flow charts. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

17 392 Appendix C Std Calib G162 LCC Refurb G145 Hardwar e Checks G036 Digital Data Acq. System DDAS G052 Stage Pwr On B013 Check PU Capacitance Probe B019 B024 Elect. Equipt. Instln B025 Prop Lvl & Deple on Snsrs Funct l G120 LUT Refurb STACK G034 ESE Pwr Dist. G111 S011 EBW & P/S Instln & Xfer Umbilical Connect Pressurize Interstage Sep Simulators G019 B011 Stacked S-II Pwr On M022 OAT EQ Install L/V Elect Sys Test Actuator Sta c Ck F003 M030 Preps Z038 Power Supply Test Set Calib S012 Power Supply Checkout S013 ISS Fct l Y008 Config for OAT Key Major Integrated Tests/Ac vi es Stage Tests/Ac vi es LOW BAY CELL 5/6 Ground Hdwe/Equip Ac vi es Cri cal Path C.1 S-II stage tests from receiving through launch vehicle electrical systems test. Source : Fred Cordia

18 Appendix C 393 C.2 S-II stage tests from launch vehicle electrical systems test through transfer to launch pad. Source : Fred Cordia

19 394 Appendix C C.3 S-II stage tests from transfer to launch pad through flight readiness test. Source : Fred Cordia

20 Appendix C 395 C.4 S-II stage tests from flight readiness test to countdown demonstration test. Source : Fred Cordia

21 396 Appendix C C.5 S-II stage tests from CDDT through liftoff. Source : Fred Cordia

22 Appendix C 397 Test No. Test/activity G162 Standards calibration G145 Launch Control Center refurbishment G036 Hardware checks G120 LUT refurbishment G034 ESE power distribution checkout B024 Check propellant utilization capacitance probe B019 Stage power on B025 Propellant level and depletion sensors functional test B013 Electrical test equipment installation F003 Engine actuator static checks Z038 Power supply test set calibration S012 Power supply checkout S011 Exploding bridgewire and power supply installation and transfer S013 Interstage separation simulators functional checkout Y008 Configure for overall test (OAT) B011 Stacked S-II power on. S-II powered up first time as part of Saturn V vehicle. G019 Pressurize interstage separation simulators M022 OAT equipment Installation M030 Launch vehicle electrical systems test preparations DDAS DDAS online G052 Launch vehicle electrical systems test. All components in the stack participate in power-on testing at the same time. M034 OAT preparations E005 Inverter checkout B015 Stage bonding checks H010 QALS: level sensor checkout. QA indicates automatic procedure using software. E033 Dry spin (spin up propellant turbopumps using pressurized gas) H011 QAPU: propellant utilization computer checkout A006 Engine actuator system electrical checkout E002 Engine actuator system servicing E006 Engine actuator system functional checkout F004 Engine actuator calibration CTC1 Frequency response preparations Frequency response test S005 QASP G165 G switch test set calibration E036 G switch checkout K011 Propellant dispersion (PD) meter calibration LV PD/MALF Major Integrated Test: launch vehicle PD/malfunction OAT OAT M015 Swing arm preparations E018 Engine clearance test F006 DPF S/A OAT Swing arm OAT (continued)

23 398 Appendix C Test No. Test/activity M035 Rollout preparations Y037 Electrical configure for pad Xfer to Pad Transfer vehicle to pad on crawler M024 Simulate loading preparations Sim Load Simulate loading S/V Elect Mate Space vehicle electrical mate, including CSM/LM. MO23 Space vehicle OAT preparations K011 PD meter calibration S/V OAT Space vehicle OAT. M038 Space vehicle readiness test preparations Y009 Flight mate. Test equipment removed. SRT Space vehicle readiness test M019 Flight readiness test preparations (partial) BUG M019 Complete flight readiness test preparations E005 Recirculation inverter test Launch Crew All launch crew members trained and have passed standboard Certified A008 Install then remove propellant utilization computer calibration equipment G173 Calibrate propellant utilization computer recorder G132 C7-85 propellant utilization computer test set functional checkout H012 Propellant utilization computer functional checkout FRT Flight readiness test. Complete vehicle is tested with all electrical connectors connected as in-flight. H017 Propellant utilization computer leak check H013 Propellant utilization computer calibration H010 QALS: automatic propellant level sensor checkout H011 QAPU: automatic propellant utilization computer checkout G141 Launch umbilical tower (LUT) closeout M020 Countdown demonstration test (CDDT) preparations S009 Pulse sensor removal B020 Electrical closeout above diaphragm B022 Final electrical closeout G117 Safe and arm test set calibration G118 Exploding bridgewire test set calibration Z017 Safe and arm switch checkout CDDT Countdown demonstration test. H013 Propellant utilization computer calibration H010 QALS: automatic propellant level sensor checkout H011 QAPU: automatic propellant utilization computer checkout G141 LUT closeout M020 Launch countdown preparations S009 Pulse sensor removal M020 CDDT securing E023 Propulsion leak checks B020 Diaphragm closeout K007 Exploding bridgewire detonator checkout (continued)

24 Appendix C 399 cont. Test No. Test/activity Z017 Safe and arm switch checkout G146 Battery activation equipment checkout G149 B012 Battery activation B013 Battery installation B016 Battery removal B017 Emergency battery removal B021 Battery discharge LCD Launch countdown

25 Appendix D Apollo 11 OIS Call Signs: Launch Vehicle Integrated Tests Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

26 402 Appendix D D.1 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs

27 D.2 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs Appendix D 403

28 404 Appendix D D.3 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs

29 D.4 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs Appendix D 405

30 406 Appendix D D.5 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs

31 D.6 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs Appendix D 407

32 408 Appendix D D.7 Launch Vehicle Integrated Test OIS Call Signs

33 Appendix E Firing Room Area A Staffing During Apollo 11 and 14 Countdowns Area A in the firing room housed 68 leaders and managers of the launch vehicle tests and launches. On launch day, the senior leaders from KSC, program managers from Huntsville and Houston, the test supervisor, launch vehicle test conductor, contractor managers and stage test conductors, and other managers in the launch vehicle and spacecraft organizations manned this area. The four rows of area A were stair-stepped down to the firing room floor. Row A was the highest row, adjacent to the window facing toward the launch pad, and it was here that the most senior managers sat on launch day. Area A was a physical manifestation of the leadership hierarchy: each successive row down from row A was a step farther down the management chain. NASA test supervisors and test conductors usually rotated between missions in being the lead or the backup in their role (Figs. E.1 and E.2 ). APOLLO 11 LAUNCH MANAGEMENT TEAM The listing below, mostly taken from a July 3, 1969 KSC press release, documents the area A personnel officially scheduled to be on duty at T-0 during the Apollo 11 countdown. Row A 1. Isom A. Ike Rigell, KSC launch vehicle operations (LVO) chief engineer 2. Lee B. James, MSFC Saturn V program manager 3. Andrew J. Pickett, LVO test operations manager 4. Dr. Hans F. Gruene, LVO director 5. Rocco A. Petrone, director, KSC launch operations 6. Dr. Kurt Debus, director, KSC Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

34 410 Appendix E E.1 Layout of area A of firing room 1. The row letter (A D) and console number (counting from the left ) identify a person s position in this section of the firing room. Source : Author s adaptation of NASA diagram 7. Walt Kappy Kapryan, deputy director, KSC launch operations 8. John J. Williams, director, KSC spacecraft operations 9. George M. Low, MSC Apollo program manager 10. John W. Jack King, KSC public affairs officer Row B 1. Randy E. Youmans, LVO chief test conductor 2. Norman M. Carlson, launch vehicle test conductor for Apollo E. Ronald Ron Bentti, launch vehicle test conductor 4. William H. Schick, space vehicle test supervisor for Apollo Bert L. Grenville, space vehicle test supervisor 6. Paul C. Donnelly, launch operations manager 7. Robert E. Moser, launch operations test planning 8. Willie A. Fuller, space vehicle engineer, Boeing-TIE 9. John Heard, KSC spacecraft operations (SCO) CSM test conductor 10. Mack L. Martin, spacecraft test manager, North American Rockwell 11. Marcus Goodkind, spacecraft test manager, Grumman John D. Beeson, SCO LM test conductor 1 Press release shows O. S. Gonzales, assistant spacecraft test manager, as scheduled to be on duty, but Goodkind states that he was on duty during launch. The roster board posted by the firing room door supports Goodkind s statement.

35 Appendix E 411 E.2 Area A of firing room 2 during the CDDT for Apollo 12. This is one of the clearest overall photos of area A, taken from the fourth-floor VIP room overlooking the firing room. Source : NASA/Kipp Teague Row C 1. John H. Lundy, senior test conductor, Boeing 2. James Rogers, test conductor engineer, Boeing 3. Robert P. Verdier, test conductor, Boeing 4. W. R. Brown, test conductor engineer, Boeing 5. T. E. Martin, S-II test conductor, North American Rockwell 6. Edwin L. Carpenter, assistant test conductor, North American Rockwell 7. Ronald C. Shane, S-IVB test conductor, McDonnell Douglas 8. George V. Barnum, assistant S-IVB test conductor, McDonnell Douglas 9. Robert C. Bulkley, operations engineer, IBM 10. Thomas R. Kitchens, instrument unit test conductor, IBM 11. Edd C. Witt, complex manager, IBM 12. Robert D. Brooks, electrical engineer, North American Rockwell 13. John A. Gulsby, Sr., SCO ground support equipment engineer 14. David C. Dunn, ACE engineer, North American Rockwell

36 412 Appendix E 15. D. R. Moore, SCO ACE ground support equipment engineer 16. William R. Pogue, MSC astronaut communicator 17. Donald K. Deke Slayton, director, flight crew operations, MSC; astronaut communicator 18. Joseph F. Battaglia, SCO LC-39 operations 19. Dr. A. C. Harter, MSC biomedical 20. Dr. H. S. Brownstein, NASA HQ biomedical Row D Table, Kelly Fiorentino and John Conaway, LVO instrumentation 0. David C. Moja, LVO electrical networks (end of row; no console) 1. Nels E. Roseland, LVO electrical networks 2. Frank G. Bryan, LVO engineering staff chief 3. Roy Lealman, LVO electrical guidance and control systems chief 4. Lionel E. Ed Fannin, LVO mechanical and propulsion systems director 5. Marion D. Edwards, LVO instrumentation chief 6. Donald R. Oswald, LVO quality assurance chief 7. William C. Holmes, launch operations site manager, Boeing 8. John J. Cully, Saturn V program manager, Boeing 9. Albert C. Martin, S-II operations manager, North American Rockwell 10. Harold Eaton Jr., Saturn/Apollo program director, McDonnell Douglas 11. George M. Smith, IBM test operations manager 12. Robert G. Young, display coordinator, KSC technical support 13. Albert M. Koller, Jr., LVO technical assistant 14. Eidophor controller, KSC technical support 15. JoAnn Morgan, chief instrumentation controller, KSC technical support 16. Joseph R. Smith, alternate instrumentation controller, KSC technical support 17. Jansen R. Davenport, communications controller, KSC technical support 18. Joseph N. Barfus, test support controller, KSC technical support 19. G. E. Artley, chief test support manager, KSC technical support 20. Raymond L. Clark, director, technical support directorate 21. Sherman J. Evans, KSC security and safety office 22. Alfred A. Carroll, KSC security 23. Robert E. Woods, KSC safety 24. R. L. DeBendictis, systems safety, Bendix 25. Floyd M. Falkenberry, systems safety, Bendix 26. L. S. Eads, AFETR superintendent of range operations, Pan American

37 Appendix E 413 Operations Management Room Below is a partial listing of the senior leaders manning the OMR, taken from the July 3, 1969 press release and photos from the Apollo 11 launch countdown. Dr. George E. Mueller, associate administrator for manned spaceflight Lt. Gen. Sam L. Phillips, Apollo program director, office of manned spaceflight Charles W. Chuck Mathews, deputy associate administrator, office of manned spaceflight Dr. Wernher von Braun, director, MSFC Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, director, MSC Rear Adm. Roderick O. Middleton, KSC Apollo program office manager Miles Ross, deputy director, KSC operations Chester M. Lee, Apollo program deputy director Contractor Staffing The July 3, 1969 press release identifies the following contractors as having access or seating assignments in the firing room during launch operations: Boeing: more than 140 seating assignments in the firing room North American Rockwell: 60 firing room assignments McDonnell Douglas: 45 firing room assignments IBM: 90 assignments Other contractors represented: Grumman, General Electric, Federal Electric, RCA, Chrysler, Bendix, and Sanders Associates APOLLO 14 LAUNCH MANAGEMENT TEAM Frank Bryan gathered the following information that makes it possible to see where key NASA and contractor personnel were stationed in firing room 2, area A during the launch of Apollo 14. Row A 1. Isom A. Ike Rigell, chief engineer and deputy director, KSC launch vehicle operations 2. Dr. Hans F. Gruene, director, KSC launch vehicle operations (LVO) 3. Richard G. Dick Smith, MSFC Saturn V program manager 4. Graydon F. Bo Corn, chief, LVO propellants branch 5. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo program director 6. Walt Kappy Kapryan, KSC launch operations director 7. Dr. Kurt Debus, director, KSC

38 414 Appendix E 8. Dr. Robert Bob Gray, Deputy director, launch operations 9. John J. Williams, director, KSC spacecraft operations 10. Colonel James McDivitt, MSC Apollo program manager 11. John W. Jack King, KSC public affairs officer Row B 1. Eugene M. Sestille, chief launch vehicle test conductor for Apollo Norman M. Carlson, launch vehicle test conductor 3. John R. Copeland, launch vehicle test conductor 4. Richard H. Thornburg, space vehicle test supervisor 5. Charles F. Chuck Henschel, chief space vehicle test supervisor for Apollo Paul C. Donnelly, associate director of launch operations, serving as launch operations manager 7. Robert E. Moser, head of the test planning office, launch operations directorate 8. John Heard, manager for the command/service module 9. John Beeson, manager for the lunar module 10. David Dysart, North American Rockwell, assistant manager for the command/service module 11. Charles Bartola, Grumman, assistant manager for the lunar module 12. Dennis A. Hajduk, Boeing, space vehicle test engineer Row C 1. Jones A. Gaillard, Boeing senior test conductor 2. Billy R. Melton, Boeing, test conductor 3. Donald L. Baker, Boeing test conductor engineer 4. Charles H. Hood, test conductor engineer 5. John Perry, North American Rockwell, test conductor, S-II stage 6. Kay L. Mecham, North American Rockwell, assistant test conductor 7. James R. Schofield, McDonnell Douglas test conductor, S-IVB stage 8. John T. Webb, McDonnell Douglas assistant test conductor 9. Edd C. Witt, IBM complex manager 10. William R. Rezanka, IBM test conductor, instrument unit 11. Hayward Ducharme, IBM operations engineer 12. Joseph F. Battaglia, spacecraft LC-39 operations branch 13. Harold Sims, spacecraft acceptance checkout equipment branch 14. Kenneth W. Smith, spacecraft acceptance checkout equipment branch 15. Donald K. Deke Slayton, director of flight crew operations, astronaut communicator 16. Fred W. Haise, Jr., Apollo 13 lunar module pilot, astronaut communicator 17. Dr. Alan C. Harter, KSC chief of medical services 18. Dr. John T. Teegan, launch site medical operations branch, MSC 19. Dr. Charles A. Berry, director of medical research and operations, MSC

39 Appendix E 415 Row D Table, Kelly Fiorentino and John Conaway, instrumentation 0. David C. Moja, electrical networks (end of row; no console) 1. Nels Roseland, electrical networks 2. Frank G. Bryan, engineering staff chief 3. Roy Lealman, electrical guidance and control systems chief 4. Lionel E. Ed Fannin, mechanical and propulsion systems director 5. Marion D. Edwards, instrumentation chief 6. Donald R. Oswald, quality assurance chief 7. David F. Jaehne, technical assistant, quality assurance 8. William C. Holmes, Boeing launch operations site manager 9. John J. Cully, Boeing Saturn V program manager 10. Albert C. Martin, NAR, operations manager, S-II stage 11. Harold Eaton Jr., McDonnell Douglas Saturn/Apollo program director 12. George M. Smith, IBM test operations manager 13. Floyd M. Falkenberry, Bendix Systems safety 14. Arthur J. Williams, Bendix Systems safety 15. Sherman J. Evans, KSC security and safety office 16. Steve W. Tatham, KSC security and safety office 17. Robert E. Woods, KSC security and safety office 18. Lt. R. P. Wellborn, range safety, Air Force Eastern Test Range 19. Max G. Taylor, chief instrumentation controller, technical support directorate 20. Joseph R. Smith, alternate instrumentation controller 21. Joseph N. Barfus, chief test support controller 22. Richard M. Gramling, chief test support manager 23. Jansen R. Davenport, communications controller 24. Robert G. Young, display coordinator 25. Raymond L. Clark, director, technical support directorate Sources for Firing Room seating 1. KSC Government-Industry Team Puts It All Together. Spaceport News, January 28, Photo, firing room 2 during Apollo 14 countdown demonstration test. 3. Photo, firing room 2 during Apollo 12 countdown demonstration test. 4. Kennedy Space Center Organization Chart, Oct 2, Recollections of launch team members, chiefly Frank G. Bryan, Isom A. Rigell, Jack King, Eugene M. Sestille, and other participants

40 Appendix F Recommended Reading and References RECOMMENDED READING The following NASA History Series books can be accessed online via the NASA History Office website ( Benson, Charles D. and Faherty, William Barnaby. Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. The NASA History Series, NASA SP Washington, DC: Bilstein, Roger E. Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. The NASA History Series, NASA SP Washington, DC: Brooks, Courtney et al. Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. The NASA History Series, NASA SP Washington, DC: Compton, William David. Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions. The NASA History Series, NASA SP Washington, DC: Swanson, Glen E., ed. Before This Decade Is Out Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program. The NASA History Series, NASA SP Washington, DC: Other Highly-Recommended Books Kennedy, Maurice et al. From the Trench of Mission Control to the Craters of the Moon. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 3rd edition. June 3, Stoff, Joshua. Building Moonships: The Grumman Lunar Module. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, Ward, Jonathan H. Rocket Ranch: The Nuts and Bolts of the Apollo Moon Program at Kennedy Space Center New York, NY: Springer-Praxis, Woods, W. David. How Apollo Flew to the Moon. New and expanded second edition. New York, NY: Springer-Praxis, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 J.H. Ward, Countdown to a Moon Launch, Springer Praxis Books, DOI /

41 418 Appendix F REFERENCES Articles and Reports with Named Authors Burtzlaff, I. J. Apollo Experience Report - Acceptance Checkout Equipment for the Apollo Spacecraft. NASA Report TN D Washington, DC: March Butler, Sue. Test success enhances chance for July lunar launch. Daytona Beach Morning Journal, June 7, 1969, pg. 2. Accessed online at id=1870&dat= &id=xpaoaaaaibaj&sjid=msseaaaaibaj &pg=1177, Childers, Frank M. History of Reliability and Quality Assurance at Kennedy Space Center. KSC Historical Report No. 20. Kennedy Space Center: February Coester, Stephen H. Memories of Space. Accessed at memories/spacememories/spacememories.htm. Cooper, James S. Apollo Experience Report - Ground Support Equipment. Washington, DC: April Day, Dwayne A. Saturn s Fury: Effects of a Saturn 5 Launch Pad Explosion. The Space Review, April 3, Accessed online at Durrett, W. R. Lightning - Apollo to Shuttle. Kennedy Space Center, FL: Dutton, R. and Jafferis, W. Utilization of Saturn/Apollo Control and Checkout System for Prelaunch Checkout and Launch Operations. Sponsored by New York University School of Engineering and Science, July 22, Eley, C. H. III and Stephens, H. E., Bellcomm, Inc. Technical memorandum TM , Apollo/Saturn V Interlock System - Case 330. Washington, DC; November 23, Fjeld, Paul. Lunar Module Coatings Page. Foster, Galloway B. Jr. Apollo Experience Report - Data Management for Postflight Engineering Evaluation. Washington, DC: May Fricke, Robert W. Jr. Apollo Experience Report - Engineering and Analysis Mission Support. Washington, DC: July Gillen, Richard et al. Apollo Experience Report Lunar Module Environmental Control Subsystem. Washington, DC: March Johnson, Robert E. Apollo Experience Report - The Problem of Stress Corrosion Cracking. Washington, DC: March Laubach, Charles H. M. Apollo Experience Report - Environmental Acceptance Testing. NASA Report TN D Washington, DC: June Lowman, Paul D. Jr. The Apollo Program: Was It Worth It? World Resources: The Forensic Quarterly, Vol. 49, August 1975, pp Mackay, Alden C. And Schwartz, Robert D. Apollo Experience Report - The Development of Design-Loads Criteria, Methods, and Operational Procedures for Prelaunch, Lift-off, and Midboost Conditions. Washington, DC: August Mast, L. T., Mayper, V., and Pilnick, C., The Rand Corporation. Survey of Saturn/ Apollo Checkout Automation, Spring 1965: Detailed Description. Memorandum RM NASA, prepared for NASA under contract NASr-21, January McLane, James C. Jr. Apollo Experience Report - Manned Thermal Vacuum Testing of Spacecraft. Washington, DC: March 1974.

42 Appendix F 419 McPherson, G. J. Jr., Bellcomm, Inc. Memorandum for file, AS-503/CSM 103 (Apollo 8) Launch Preparations, Launch Countdown, and Flight Sequence of Events, Case 320. Washington, DC: November 22, Miller, John E. and Laats, Ain. Apollo Guidance and Control System Flight Experience. Publication E Cambridge, MA: MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, June Moore, W. I. and Arnold, R. J. Failure of Apollo Saturn V Liquid Oxygen Loading System, 1967 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Aug. 1967, Stanford Univ., CA, paper K-1, in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 13 (1967). Copy provided by W. I. Moore. Rhodes, Russel. Fluid management for affordable spaceflight. NASA ask Magazine, Fall 2011, issue 44, pp Rhodes, Russel. Explosive lessons in hydrogen safety. NASA ask Magazine, Winter 2011, issue 41, pp Accessed online at ask/issues/41/41s_explosive.html. Salvador, G. and Eddy, R. W. Saturn IB Stage Launch Operations. Chrysler Corporation Space Division. Cape Canaveral, FL: undated, circa Slovinac, Patricia. Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Launch Complex 39, Altitude Chambers, HAER No. FL-8-11-E. Archaeological Consultants, Inc., for Historical American Engineering Record, National Park Service, Southeast Region, Atlanta, GA, December Sullivan, Scott. Virtual LM. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Tomyako, James E. Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience. NASA Contractor Report , prepared under contract NASW-3714, March Accessed online. Weiss, Stanley P. Apollo Experience Report - Lunar Module Structural Subsystem. Washington, DC: March Sources with Unnamed Authors ACE-S/C Systems Orientation course manual. General Electric, Apollo Support Department. Daytona Beach, FL: Apollo 9 Mission Report: Descent Propulsion System Final Flight Evaluation. MSC- PA- R-69-2, Supplement 8. NASA/Manned Spacecraft Center. Houston, TX: August 1970, pp Apollo 11 (AS-506) Mission. Prelaunch Mission Operation Report M Office of Manned Spaceflight, Apollo Program Office. Washington, DC: July 8, Apollo 12 Launch Operations Checklist. Part SKB , S/N Dated October 6, 1969; changed pages October 29, Apollo Cape Checkout Plan. No issuing organization or date, appears to be circa Apollo Launch Complex 39 Facilities Handbook. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Atlantic Division, Canaveral District. Merritt Island, FL: undated. Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module, LM 11 and Subsequent, Vol. II, Operational Procedures. Document N Bethpage, NY: Sept 26, Apollo Spacecraft Adapter Delivered By Helicopters. Space News Roundup, Vol. 4 No. 6. Houston, TX: January 6, 1965.

43 420 Appendix F Apollo Spacecraft Pyrotechnics. Presentation to The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, San Francisco, California, July 7-10, NASA TM X Houston, TX: October, Apollo Systems Description, Volume II: Saturn Launch Vehicles. Technical Memorandum X-881. Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, AL: February 1, Apollo/Saturn Data Handbook. Apollo Program Management Office. Kennedy Space Center, FL: October Apollo/Saturn Launch Mission Rules Handbook. Document no , Revision 1. Directorate of Launch Operations, Kennedy Space Center. Kennedy Space Center: May 23, Apollo-Saturn V Consolidated Instrumentation Plan for AS-511 (Apollo 16). KSC document K-V-059/11. Originator: D. E. Clark. John F. Kennedy Space Center: February 25, Apollo/Saturn Launch Complex: A Challenge in Design and Construction. Office of Public Affairs, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Apollo/Saturn V Facility Description, Volume I: KSC Industrial Area and Remote Facilities Description. Document no. K-V-012, October 1, Apollo/Saturn V Facility Description, Volume II: Launch Complex 39 Facility Description. Document no. K-V-012, October 1, Apollo/Saturn V Facility Description, Volume III: KSC Provided Saturn V GSE System Description. Document no. K-V-012, October 1, Apollo/Saturn V Facility Description, Volume IV: KSC Apollo Spacecraft Facilities and GSE System Description. Document no. K-V-012, October 1, Apollo/Saturn V, Launch Complex 39, Mobile Launcher Service Arms Operations and Maintenance Technical Manual, Command Module Access Arm System, Environmental Chamber. Document no. TM-509A. Kennedy Space Center: May 16, Apollo/Saturn V Propellants and Gases Electrical Control System Description. Document no Kennedy Space Center: October 1, Flight Mission Rules, Apollo 11 (AS-506/107/LM-5). Flight Control Division, Manned Spacecraft Center. Houston, TX: April 16, Ground Support Equipment for Project Apollo: Press Information Handbook. General Electric, Apollo Systems Department. Daytona Beach, FL: undated. Grumman at Kennedy Space Center, Commemorative book given to Grumman employees who worked at KSC through Apollo 13. Kennedy Space Center, FL: Kennedy Space Center Story. Public Affairs Office, Kennedy Space Center, FL: December, KSC Government-Industry Team Puts It All Together. Spaceport News, January 28, 1971, pp Launch Control Center s Firing Rooms - Where the Action Is. Spaceport News, July 6, 1967, pp Launch Vehicle Operations for Support of Space Vehicle Countdown Demonstration Test and Launch Countdown, Released for AS-501. Test No. V-20018, Rev Kennedy Space Center, FL: October 28, Launch Vehicle Operations for Support of Space Vehicle Countdown Demonstration Test and Launch Countdown, Released for AS-506. Test No. V-20060, Rev Kennedy Space Center, FL: June 30, 1969.