Martin J. L. Turner. Expedition Mars. Published in association with. Chichester, UK

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1 Martin J. L. Turner Expedition Mars Springer Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of illustrations, colour plates and tables xi xv xvii 1 THE RETURN TO SPACE 1. 1 The legacy of Apollo 3.2 The technical achievement of Apollo 4.3 The lost years 6.4 A new climate 8.5 Humans or robots 10.6 Mars Mountains, valleys and plains Poles and ice caps Water on Mars Mars: the planet to explore New technology New materials Electronics Propulsion Technological readiness The old argument 30 2 WERNER VON BRAUN AND THE MARTIAN DREAM The historical context of Das Marsprojekt The Mars problem The martian dream The Mars Project The spaceships The landing boats The ferry vessels Mars after Das Marsprojekt Mars in reality 52

3 vi Contents 2.10 The Marsprojekt journey Retrospect 57 3 GETTING THERE Orbits: interplanetary motorways The wandering planets Physics and geometry: orbits and conic sections Reaching orbit: rockets and launchers Interplanetary journeys: elliptical transfer orbits Escape velocity: parabolae and hyperbolae The Earth-Mars journey: a complexity of orbits The moving planets: waiting for the right time How fast and how far? Leaving Earth A faster journey Mars encounter The return journey The total velocity change for the expedition Aerobraking and aerocapture Gravity assist The final delta-v requirement A human expedition The rocket equation again The mass of the payload Summary HUMAN EXPLORATION USING CHEMICAL ROCKETS Apollo Apollo mission strategy A basic Mars mission Rocket engines The mission profile Calculating the fuel requirements Optimising the basic Mars mission Rocket science Rockets and steam engines Formulae for rocket science, Rocket engines Improving chemical rockets Storage of cryogenic propellants Refrigerated storage The advantage of cryogenic propellants 145

4 Contents vii 5 ELECTRIC THRUSTERS: PROPULSION OF THE FUTURE - NOW The principle of electric propulsion The electro-thermal thruster, or resistojet Power and thrust Electric propulsion trajectories Different types of electric thruster The arc-jet Ion thrusters The NSTAR ion engine Plasma thrusters Acceleration by crossed electric and magnetic fields The Hall effect or stationary plasma thruster Radio-frequency plasma thrusters Electric propulsion in use today Using electric propulsion for a Mars expedition Nuclear electric power generation Nuclear basics FISSION THRUSTERS: THE LOGICAL ANSWER? The principle of nuclear thermal propulsion Nuclear rocket engine design Propellant delivery The reactor chamber The reflector and control rods The core materials Early developments in nuclear rocket engines A revived nuclear engine programme The safety of nuclear propulsion Nuclear thermal propulsion for a Mars expedition How a nuclear thermal engine can be used for a Mars expedition The bimodal nuclear thermal rocket engine Conclusion THE RETURN FROM MARS Propellant for the return journey Indigenous resources: making propellant on Mars The martian atmosphere Making nuclear propellants from the martian atmosphere Making chemical propellants from the martian atmosphere Carbon monoxide and oxygen Methane and oxygen The methane rocket, and more chemistry on Mars An expedition using martian rocket fuel Using the atmosphere as a brake 229

5 viii Contents 7.11 Earth capture and re-entry Mars capture, entry and landing Protecting the spacecraft Landing on Mars Propellant savings THE EXPEDITION TO MARS A realistic Mars expedition for the 2020s The Earth-to-orbit cargo vehicle A modern heavy launcher Heavy launcher configurations The NLS-based vehicle The Energia-based vehicle Shuttle-based vehicle Shuttle-based vehicle The Saturn V-based vehicle The Magnum vehicle The Ares vehicle The safety of the crew Crew hazards Radiation The zero-g environment The elements of the Mars reference mission First launch opportunity Second and subsequent launch opportunities The expedition members The habitat Entry and landing Immediate crew activities on Mars Joining the two habitats Exploration Propellant production The ascent and Earth return vehicles The Earth-Mars stage Arrival at Mars Achieving the reference mission The addendum Earth orbit rendezvous The spare habitat.'...: Modifying the vehicles Mass reduction The bottom line HOW DO WE GET THERE, FROM HERE? The technological barriers 287

6 Contents ix 9.2 The 80-tonne launcher The aeroshell The nuclear problem The political challenge The ISS as a model for the Mars expedition The ISS as a technical precursor to the Mars expedition Robotic exploration of Mars The landing site, and the tasks of the expedition The challenge Reasons for not going to Mars Reasons for humans to go to Mars The choice to be made by humanity 315 Further reading 317 Index 319

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