Evaluation of Responsible Riding Program on Reducing Number of Motorcycle Accident

Transcription

1 Evaluation of Responsible Riding Program on Reducing Number of Motorcycle Accident Hera WIDYASTUTI Lecturer Civil Engineering of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya Indonesia Fax: +62 (0) Hera@ce.its.ac.id Mochamad FATHIR Student Civil Engineering of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya Indonesia Fax: +62 (0) ahmadfaathir@yahoo.com. A. Agung G. KARTIKA Lecturer Civil Engineering of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya Indonesia Fax: +62 (0) kartika@ce.its.ac.id Adistra WIDYANIE Student Industrial Engineering of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya. Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya Indonesia Fax: +62 (0) astrea2709@ie.its.ac.id Abstract: This article provides an evaluation of the Responsible Riding Program, where this program is being conducted in some roads at Surabaya under the hope that it will reduce the number of motorcycle accident. This program is going on for two months, September and October This program then evaluated by comparing the number of accident on 8 months before the program started with the number of accident during and 6 months after the program finish. The reduction on Jalan Raya Darmo as the participating road in this program is also being compared with the one in Jalan Raya A. Yani which is not included in this program. Respondents opinion is also being evaluated to see the significance of this program on reducing the number of motorcycle accident. A comprehensive discussion of the existing problems, lessons learned and the possible future implications that can be applied in Indonesia are presented. Key Words: Motorcycle, Accident and Responsible Riding 1. INTRODUCTION In the last few decades, motorcycles account for the most common mode of transport used in Surabaya, Indonesia, where the number of motorcycles has grown by an average of 6.25% yearly (Widyastuti and Bird (2004)). Chang (2005) mentioned that affordability and convenience are part of the advantages of motorcycle. Moreover, initial cost, fuel and maintenance costs are also much lower than those of a car. In addition, as the size of motorcycle is tiny, which is a suit the congested traffic conditions. On the other hand the motorcycle is reported as having the highest portion of the vehicles involve in accident in Surabaya, Indonesia (Widyastuti and Mulley, 2005). From 17,732 accidents in the whole Indonesia, 14,223 of them involving motorcycle, and added to that, on 2006, 36,000 people died on road accident where 19,000 of them involving motorcyclist (Transportation Department, 2006). Mannering and Grodsky (1995) have identified that motorcycling is

2 generally a relatively risky activity. One of the ways to reduce motorcyclist incident being done by Surabaya local government in cooperation with the police force is by implementing Safety and Responsible Riding program. Safety Riding Program begun on 2005 while Responsible Riding program started on 3 rd of September 2007 and ended on 31 st of October and focused on Jalan Basuki Rahmad, Jalan Urip Sumoharjo and Jalan Raya Darmo. The objective of this program is to develop riders concern on the importance of traffic safety by having these sets of rules and new cultures on those courses. However, Jalan A. Yani, as a road with a high level of accidents is not included in Responsible Riding (RR) Program location. For that reason, the campaign affectivity point need to be further reviewed to analyze its impact on the number accident and on the accident rate in Surabaya by comparing the number of accident and the rate of accident before and after the campaign. Aside from that, the effective reduction rate of motorcycle accident on Jalan Raya Darmo, which is included at Responsible Riding, is being compared with Jalan A. Yani which is not included in that program. 2. CASE STUDY LOCATION This Responsible Riding Program which has been conducted at Surabaya Indonesia was intended to reduce the number of motorcycle accident. Based on Surabaya s census survey in 2000, the population in Surabaya was 2,599,796 and this was distributed across 31-sub districts. Surabaya is located at 7 14 South latitude and East longitude and has an area km 2. As the second largest city in Indonesia and the capital of the East Java province of Indonesia (Office of Surabaya Statistic, 2001) it is no wonder that the amount of motorcycle in Surabaya at 2008 reach 4,544,538 while at the same year the number of car in Surabaya are 1,197,018 vehicles (Surabaya Police Department, 2009). To give a rough picture on the number of motorcycle accident happened in Surabaya, Figure 1 shows the number of motorcycle accident during Number of Accident Year Figure 1 Number of motorcycle involved on the accidents Source: Surabaya in Figure (2008) From Figure 1, it can be concluded that there was a fluctuation on the number of accident in the past 8 years from , although there has been a reducing in number during the year of , on the past 2 years, which is , there has been a significant increase. This is caused by the increasing amount of vehicles without accompanied by new

3 rules or regulation from the related institution. While on 2006 and 2007 there has been a reduction, though insignificant, this could be related to Responsible Riding Program, which is conducted on September and October Responsible Riding only made obligatory on several designated locations which are Jalan Raya Darmo, Jalan Urip Sumoharjo and Jalan Basuki Rahmad. To find out if the reduction on accident rate has been caused by Responsible Riding Program, therefore, for the purposes of this study, the observed study location are Jalan Raya Darmo (Figure 2) as the Responsible Riding site and Jalan A. Yani (Figure 3) where this program does not been conducted. 2.1 Jalan Raya Darmo Jalan Raya Darmo is a Secondary Artery road with km in length. This road is classified as 4 lane 2 ways road each around about 3 meters in width with median width at around 3 meters. Figure 2 Jalan Raya Darmo Location Map Source: Jalan A. Yani Jalan A. Yani is the gateway of Surabaya from the South. This road is functioned as Primary Artery road km in length, this 6 lanes 2 ways road each width around 3 meters has median length of around 3 meters. Figure 3 Jalan A. Yani Location Map Source:

4 3. RESPONSIBLE RIDING PROGRAM Responsible Riding campaign program s aim to give understanding towards the citizen on the importance of safety with respecting each other spirit and to become responsible not only for themselves but for others as well. This Program also aimed to reduce motorcycle accident caused by negligence on the road to ensure traffic safety, discipline and keep the traffic flow nicely on Surabaya city. (Surabaya Police Department, 2007) The foundations of responsible riding program are as followed: Coordination meeting result between Surabaya Police Department and Jawa Pos on the 20 Augusts 2007 about Responsible Riding program. East Java s Kapolda telegram No.Pol : ST/556/IX/Lantas dated on 4 September 2007 concerning about responsible riding program. East Java s Kapolda telegram No.Pol : ST/615/IX/Lantas dated on 2 November 2007 concerning about the report of responsible riding program. Polwiltabes Work Plan Surabaya TA SatLantas Polwiltabes Activity Plan Surabaya TA Campaign Points are as followed: Using Standardize helmet and ensuring it goes click Do not speed in town (speed limit of 40 km/hour) Do not zigzag and hustle on the road Prioritize vehicles that already on track Use hands free when having mobile phone connection Do not go through red light traffic Use zebra cross when crossing Smile when emotion arise This program is being held on the 3 rd of September st October 2007 located on Jalan Raya Darmo, Urip Sumoharjo, and Basuki Rahmat. Where police force will penalize any riders who neglect to follow rules such as: Speeding above the speed of 40 km per hour Riding in a zigzag way (changes line) Vehicles thoroughness and dangerous accessories, such as long irons on motorcycle Animal voices horn (not standard) (Jawa Pos, 2007) 4. EVALUATION On of the main objectives of Safety and Responsible Riding Program is to reduce the number of accident happened in Surabaya. Therefore, evaluation will be conducted by: Looking at whether or not there is a reducing number of accident happened in Surabaya before and after this program is conducted. To see any differences in reduction of accident number between the location of Responsible Riding (Jalan Raya Darmo) and Jalan A. Yani which wasn t included in this program. Evaluating respondents who utilized Jalan Raya Darmo s opinions on Responsible Riding Program s affectivity on reducing accident rate.

5 4.1 Accident Reduction in Surabaya City Program Responsible Riding was conducted on the beginning of September until the end of October To evaluate if this program has successfully reduce the number of motorcycle accident on Surabaya, therefore an evaluation process is being conducted by analyzing the difference on motorcycle rate during 8 moths before (January August 2007) this program is conducted until the following 8 months (September 2007 April 2008) Number of Accident Before After Period of observation Figure 4 Accident rate before and after the RR Program Figure 4 shows the accident rate during the 8 (eight) months of research before and after Responsible Riding Program. From that picture, it can be seen on the first 4 months during and after the program, there is a significant accident reduction, however, entering the fifth month there is a high increase and the last three months has the same trends as before this program is being conducted. With the before and after program accident trend as describe on picture Figure 4 therefore researcher is not confident to take a conclusion that there is a significant reduction on accident rate after this program. To ensure that this program is effective on reducing the number of motorcycle accident rate, a paired sample t-test is being conducted. Table 1 Paired sample statistic Mean N (No. of sample) Std Deviation Std Error Mean Before RR After RR Table 2 Paired sample correlation N (No. Of sample) Correlation Sig. Before and after RR From the output of paired sample t-test analysis above can bee seen that the average number of accident before responsible riding program is while the average accident after that program is therefore it can be concluded that there has been a reducing number of accident as much as %. While from the before and after correlation result is r=0.271 with p=0.516 shows that the correlation between the before and after condition is not significant since r is not approaching 1 and p>0,05. Since p>0.05 therefore hypothesis Ho is accepted or it means that both population average is the same therefore it can be concluded that program responsible riding does not bring a big impact on the number of accident during the 8 months after the program is being conducted.

6 4.2 The Difference on Accident Reduction Rate between Raya Darmo and A. Yani To analyze the difference in the reduction motorcycle accident rate between Jalan Raya Darmo and jalan A. Yani, accident rate evaluation will be conducted for 8 months before Responsible riding program and 8 months afterwards, which consist of two months during the program and six months after the program. As mentioned above, Jalan A. Yani has 3,296 KM in length while Jalan Raya Darmo has 1,404 KM. the average traffic volume on Jalan A. Yani and Raya Darmo during the research is as being written on Table 3 Table 3 Traffic volume Traffic Volume/day (EMP) Jl. A. Yani 50,133 51,055 Jl. Raya Darmo 46,608 47,465 Source: Surabaya Transport Department (2006) While the number of accident during the 16 months of research is as followed Table 4 Accident number before RR Program Jl. A. Yani Jl. Raya Darmo Month Year Number of Accident Month Year Number of Accident January 11 January 9 February 6 February 8 March 2 March 5 April 5 April May 5 May 5 June 6 June 5 July 5 July 4 August 5 August 4 Total 45 Total 45 Source: Surabaya Police Department (2008) Table 5 Accident number on and after RR Program Jl. A. Yani Jl. Raya Darmo Month Year Number of Accident Month Year Number of Accident September 2 September 1 October 2 October November 3 November 0 December 2 December 0 January 5 January 0 February 6 February March 1 March 0 April 4 April 4 Total 25 Total 9 Source: Surabaya Police Department (2008) Based on the existing accident data, it can be seen that the reduction on accident rate at Jalan Raya Darmo is quite significant in comparison with the one on Jalan A. Yani. This might be caused by the fact that Jalan Raya Darmo is a participant on Responsible Riding program

7 while Jalan A. Yani is not. To ensuring the reduction, accident rate evaluation is being conducted on both roads before and after Responsible Riding program. Table 6 shows that there is a high amount of accident rate at Jalan Raya Darmo as much as 80.36% while on Jalan A. Yani there is only 45.45% reduction of accident rate Location Table 6 Accident rate Accident Rate ( vehicles.km) Before After Reducing (%) Jl. A. Yani 74,612 40, Jl. Raya Darmo 188,406 37, Motorcycle rider s opinion towards Responsible Riding Program Sample taking method being used is probability sampling method which according to Cochran (1991) means simple random sampling method is being used. This is based on the fact that the used of Jalan Raya Darmo is heterogenic and cam from different backgrounds and areas of Surabaya. 183 respondents have been successfully interviewed to find out about their opinion on the affectivity of Responsible Riding Program on the reduction of motorcycle accident. From all 183 respondents taken on Jalan Raya Darmo, it can be seen that the road user is consisting of 67% or 122 male and 33% or 61 female. As Widyastuti and Muley, 2006 said that the majority of motorcycle rider is in the productive age, 48% of the respondents is between years old, followed by 22% of years of age and 20% of 37-46, while only 10% are above 47 years old. Therefore it can be concluded that Jalan Raya Darmo is often being used by students and employee to go their study of workplace. Respondents are then questioned about their opinion on whether or not Responsible Riding program can reduce the number of motorcycle accident rate. Respondent are asked to choose one of the following: Strongly Agree, Agree, Do not know, Disagree, Strongly Disagree. Figure 5 shows that 31% of respondents strongly agree that this program is effective, followed by 55% agrees and only 19% claims they do not know about this program or disagree that this program is an effective way to reduce the number of accident rate. 0% Don't know 5% Not Agree 9% Strongly Agree 31% Agree 55% Figure 5 Respondent opinions on the RR Program for reducing the motorcyclist accident Furthermore, on the questionnaire there is a question regarding the 10 rules of Responsible riding which has been implemented on Jalan Raya Darmo which are: 1. For Motorcycle, turn the headlight on during the day 2. Use Standardize helmet and ensure that it goes click.

8 3. Do not speed in town (speed limit of 40km/hour) 4. Do not zig-zag and hustle 5. Prioritize vehicle on the track 6. Use hands free when connected 7. For motorcycle, Public Transportation/taxi, use the left line (canalization line) 8. Do not go through red light 9. Use zebra cross to cross 10. Smile when emotion rises on the road Then the respondents are being questioned if they understood all ten rules of Responsible Riding. And the result shows only 30% of the respondents actually know that they should prioritize vehicles on track or do not overtake carelessly. Furthermore, not many respondents (35%) know that during riding, they should use hands free when using mobile phone. Number of respondent who understand the rule (%) % 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Rules Figure 6 Number of Respondents who understand on the rules of RR 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 Reflection from existing conditions It has been shown that numbers of motorcycle are increasing rapidly in several cities in Indonesia including Surabaya Metropolitan Area (SMA). However, the motorcycle is reported as having the highest portion of the vehicles involve in accident in Surabaya, Indonesia. The poor quality of public transport services has encouraged travelers to shift from public transport to a motorcycle which is relatively easy to afford. However, it turns out that the number of motorcycle rate which increases along with the number of motorcycle has to become a consideration to control and guide motorcycle riders to reduce the probability of having the motorcycle accident. If the government does not take any serious action, such as increasing the awareness of the motorcycle riders on their safety, the conditions will deteriorate even further. The impact of this situation is not just the traffic congestion, but also the environmental and social impacts, as providing transportation for the poor is also an important factor in developing countries. Moreover, the loss of quality of life as well as loss of live could be even worse. Fortunately, Surabaya Police Department cooperation with Jawa Pos Newspaper has release the Responsible Riding program which is campaign about giving understanding towards the

9 citizen on the importance of safety with respecting each other spirit and to become responsible not only for themselves but for others as well. The evaluation shown that the program is running good on the location which is the program done, but that s not the same case on places that does not participate in this program. Therefore, overall the number of accident at Surabaya is not really reduced by this program. 5.2 Future Implications Learning from the present conditions, there are several suggestions that can be implemented in order to achieve better result on reducing motorcycle accident number in Surabaya and other cities in Indonesia: 1. Greater commitment from the government in public transport development It is clear that people have to fulfill their daily mobility needs and the existing public transport facilities are not adequate to fulfill the demand, both in quality and quantity (Susilo, et.al, 2007). Therefore it is meaningless restraining the use of the motorcycle while there is no suitable alternative of the cheap mode of transportation. Public transport service is not a free good, which is not able to play in a pure free market (Dikun, 2003). The intervention and subsides of the public transport by the government is very important. Moreover, limitation of the engine sizes which are operated in a city should be considered which make no drag racing in the city. 2. Improvement on receiving driving license for motorcycle rider Receiving driving license for motorcycle rider in Indonesia is very easy comparing with car driving license and others mode. However riding the motorcycle is not an easy thing to do and is dangerous regarding to its small size and lack of balance since it only has two wheels. Changes on obtaining a driving license for motorcyclist are urgent. Motorcycle rider has to be given the knowledge about traffic sign and also understanding towards the citizen on the importance of safety with respecting each other spirit and to become responsible not only for themselves but for others as well. Since most of the motorcycle riders are student, the knowledge about traffic sign and safety when riding motorcycle could also be given at schools. 6. SUMMARY Motorcycle numbers are increasing rapidly in several cities in Indonesia and also in other developing countries. This is could be caused supported by poor quality of public transport services in Indonesia. Unfortunately, motorcycle has caused severe problems, not only in transportation aspects especially on safety problem, but also in environmental, social, and economic aspects. Responsible Riding is a very good starting program to increase the awareness of motorcycle rider towards the importance of safety with respecting each other spirit and to become responsible not only for themselves but for others as well. This Program also aimed to reduce motorcycle accident caused by negligence on the road to ensure traffic safety, discipline and keep the traffic flow nicely on Surabaya city. However, if the stakeholders do not start to prepare a good, convenient and cheap public transport, the number of motorcycle could increase more and more whit the consequence the increasing motorcycle accident and the loss of productivity person even further.

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The data used in this paper are gathering from Surabaya Police Department and Surabaya Transportation Department. Moreover, the idea of this paper is based on Responsible Riding which is held by cooperation between Surabaya Police Department and Jawa Pos Newpaper. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all parties who kindly provided the data and the idea of this paper. REFERENCES Dikun, S (2003) Infrastruktur Indonesia: Sebelum, Selama, dan Pasca Krisis, Kementrian Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional/Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS), Jakarta. Downing, A (1997) Accident Cost in Indonesia: A. Review. The International Conference on Road Safety, Andra University, Visakhapatnam, India JawaPos (2007), Program Responsible Riding (3 September 2007). JawaPos (2007), Program Responsable Riding (21 April 2007). Mannering, F. L and L.L Grodsky (1995): Statistical Analysis of Motorcyclist Perceived Accident Risk. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27:11. Surabaya Police Department (2007). Laporan Pelaksanaan Kampanye Keselamatan untuk Semua Pengguna Jalan Responsible Riding Tanggal 3 September-31 Oktober Susilo, et.al (2007) A Reflection of Motorization and Public Transport in Jakarta Metropolitan Area: Lessons Learned and Future Implication Towards Better Transportation Development in Developing Countries, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7 Surabaya Statistical Berau (2008). Surabaya in Figure. Widyastuti, H and Bird, R (2004) Assessing the social Cost of Motorcycle Casualties in Developing Countries. Universities Transport Study Group (UTSG) 2004 Conference, 2C3.1-7, Newcastle UK. Widyastuti, H and Mulley, C (2005) Evaluation of Casualty Cost of Motorcyclist s Slight Injury in Indonesia, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6 Widyastuti, H and Mulley, C (2007) Binary Choices Model to Value Motorcyclist s Slight Injury Cost in Surabaya, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7 Map of Surabaya (2008) Cited August 2008.