3-1 Learning Objectives! Accident Statistics" And Liability! Firefighter Apparatus Fatalities ! NFPA 1901 Standard for Fire Apparatus!

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1 ! 3-1 Learning Objectives! Accident Statistics" And Liability! Identify new NFPA 1901 requirements! Review Deaths and Injury Statistics! Review video on rollover fire engine accidents! Discuss Data Recorder and MDC recordings! Identify trends in Apparatus Collisions and Injuries to Firefighters! 1! 2! NFPA 1901 Standard for Fire Apparatus! 2009 Edition! Last Revision 2003! Firefighter Injuries/Fatalities! Mandated Changes! Safety is Priority!! Firefighter Apparatus Fatalities ! Second largest cause of firefighter deaths! 148 deaths out of 133 crashes in 10 years! 110 were driving, 38 were passengers! 119 were responding to emergencies! 17 were killed returning from a call! 3! 4! Contributing Factors! Not Wearing Seatbelts! Rollover Accidents! Need for Improved Visibility! 5! 6! Seatbelts! Longer Length to Account for Turnouts! Audible and Visual Warning Devices! Red or Bright Orange for Quick ID! 1!

2 ! Rollover Accidents 7! Deaths And Injuries! 16,202 apparatus accidents in 2006! 1,250 apparatus occupants of apparatus injured each year! 15 killed! VFIS Rollover Video! 8! Vehicle Stability! Remain stable to 26.5 degrees in both directions on tilt table Calculated center of gravity no more than 80% of vehicle height Have a vehicle stability system such as Roll Stability Control! 9! NFPA 1901 Addresses Vehicle Stability Vehicle Data Recorders! Daily, weekly, and monthly reports to user! Vehicle speed! Acceleration! Deceleration! Engine speed! Engine throttle position! Always tell the truth, the recorder or your MDC (and Chiefs) knows 10!! Shall consist of both audible and visual warning device!! Seat Belt Warning System!!visible from driver and officer position indicating:!!buckled and senses occupant Buckled and no occupant Unbuckled and senses occupant Unbuckled and no occupant 11! Maximum Top Speed! Vehicles meeting the following criteria shall not exceed 60 mph:! 1250 gallon combined water tank capacity! Vehicle with GVWR over 50,000 lbs! Vehicles over 26,000 lbs shall not exceed 68 mph! 12! 2!

3 ! Apparatus Collisions! Apparatus Injuries! Number of Accidents! Notice Trend Increase in Accidents...! Number of Injuries! Notice trend, Increase in injuries...! Years! Years! 13! 14! Civilian Deaths! 642 civilians injured annually in apparatus collisions! 21 killed! Civilian Deaths! Firefighter Killed in Accident! Civilian Killed in Accident with Fire Engine! 15! 16! Collisions! 20% of apparatus collisions result in rollovers! 47% of apparatus collisions occur at intersections! Most costly accidents - Intersections! 17! Liability Of Accidents! 2001 California Vehicle Code! Section 17001! Liability of a public entity! Section 17302! Damage from weight or size! Section 21056! Effect of exemption! 18! 3!

4 ! Cost Of Accidents! Judgment is based upon the injured person s loss! "Deep pocket" syndrome! 19! 4!

5 ! Defensive Driving! Principles Of" Defensive Driving! Familiar with basic concepts! Constant awareness! Take nothing for granted! 1! 2! Key To Defensive Driving:! Anticipate the other drivers actions Factors of Defensive Driving! Knowledge and understanding! Actions taken! Visual lead time! Braking and reaction time! Combating skids! Weight transfer! Evasive tactics! 3! 4! The Defensive Driver! Allowances for! One's own deficiencies! Other drivers' lack of skill and knowledge! Recognizes no control over! Actions of other drivers or pedestrians! Weather or road controls! Right-of-way and concessions! Give up to avoid a collision! 5! Contributing Factors #1! Improper backing! Most preventable accident! Significant portion of damage costs! At scene of incidents! Positioning and leaving! Parking lots! Into fire stations! 6! 1!

6 ! Contributing Factors #2! Reckless driving by the public! Failure to obey! Failure to yield to emergency vehicles! Excessive speed! Unpredictable behavior created by panic reaction! Inattentiveness! 7! What is the public going to do???! Contributing Factors #3! Excessive speed by apparatus driver/ operator! Urgency leads to speeds faster than reasonable! May lead to various types of collisions! Apparatus does not handle like passenger vehicles! 8! Don t become part of the problem...! Contributing Factors #4! Lack of driving skills and experience! Insufficient training! Unfamiliarity with apparatus! Overconfidence in driving ability! Inability to recognize dangerous situations! False sense of security! Misunderstanding apparatus capabilities! Contributing Factors #5! Poor design or maintenance! More serious with "home built" apparatus! Overweight/underbraked! High center of gravity! Built on worn out chassis! Lack of proper baffling! Maintenance problems! 9! 10! Contributing Factors #6! Intersections! Location for most apparatus collisions! Most serious in damage, injury and cost! Causes! Failure to yield the right-of-way! Speed! Safe Driving Techniques! Attitude!! Hearing Personnel safety!! Techniques Skills!! Other Physical fitness!! Make sure they see you Visual acuity! 11! 12! 2!

7 ! Safe Driving Techniques! Transmission gear usage! Downshift prior to! Entering a turn! Descending a hill! Entering an intersection! 13! Safe Driving Techniques! Other factors! Use correct hand placement! Use mirrors! Use apparatus reference points! Right-of-way! School bus with red lights flashing! Vehicle facing uphill! Consider driving around block instead of backing up! 14! 3!

8 Principles of Code 3 Response! Driving Apparatus" to Incidents! Use of warning devices! Lights, siren, and air horn! Driving at a safe speed! Maintain constant rate of travel! Keep complete control of apparatus! 1! 2! Driving Code 3! Right-of-way! REQUEST the right-of-way using warning lights and siren! Do not rely on the public obeying the CVC! Requires drivers to immediately pull to the right and stop for emergency vehicles! Requires all pedestrians to immediately proceed to the nearest curb or place of safety! Does not relieve you to drive with "due regard"! Factors to Consider! Expect the unexpected! Expect the worst! Take nothing for granted! Drive defensively! 3! 4! 1

9 Personnel Safety! Crew's safety is part of your responsibility! Reduce stress and anxiety! Walk, don't run, to the apparatus! Resist the "fight or flight" syndrome! Is crew ready?! Seat belts! All personnel must wear! Required by CVC, Section 27315! 5! Prior to Responding! Do not become victims while en route to the incident! Consult a map for response route and possible alternatives! Determine hydrant locations and driveway accesses! 6! Make Yourself Noticed and Visible! Make Yourself Noticed and Visible! Headlights on! Red warning lights! Sirens! Air horns! 7! Hey look at us...! Not considered a responding emergency vehicle without red lights and siren! Do not come up from behind and sound air horn! Due regard implies a level of responsibility not to scare other drivers! 8! 2

10 Roadway Operations! When entering the street, do so carefully! Sudden appearance scares/confuses motorists and pedestrians! Drive with the window down so you can hear other vehicles! Use main response routes designated by the department! Use wider streets! Avoid residential streets! 9! Intersections! Worst location for death and injuries! Use turn signal 100 feet before the turn! Scan all directions! Approach and enter with caution! Prepare to stop! Enter toward center of roadway! Proceed after it is safe! 10! Intersections! "Pick a Spot" Green Light Green signal light! Be alert for stale green signal! Enter with caution! Watch for vehicles running their red signal! Watch for pedestrians! 11! 3

11 "Pick a Spot" Yellow Light Intersections! Red signal light! Stop! Clear intersection! Proceed with caution when safe to do so! Watch for other vehicles and pedestrians! Stop sign, flashing red light! Stop, proceed only when safe! 14! Intersections! Congested or blocked! Be patient; wait for traffic to clear! If cannot be cleared, move to opposing lane and proceed! Use caution; clear lane-by-lane using eye-to-eye contact! Don't pass in the opposing lane if opposing traffic cannot see you! If cannot be cleared, and the opposing lane cannot be used! Do not "force" vehicles into the intersection! Consider shutting down the lights and siren and wait for the signal light to change to green! Response time lost by using due caution is very small! 16! 4

12 Intersections! Right turn procedure with traffic, against a red signal light! Move to the left lane! Right turn alternative! Left turn procedure with traffic, against a red signal light! Cancelled or reduced to Code 2! 17! Intersections! Use of left lane or center of roadway! Freeway driving! Exiting! Apparatus blind spots! Mirrors! A-post! Use other personnel on apparatus as spotters! Speed! Maintain control of the apparatus at all times! Excessive speed is reason for most response accidents! Use basic speed law! Never drive faster than is safe for the present conditions! 18! Roadway Operations! Use of left lane or center of roadway! Freeway driving! Entering! Exiting! Apparatus blind spots! Speed! Roadway Operations! Citizens' reaction! Predictable! Unpredictable! Warning devices may be blanketed! Emergency vehicle sirens have proven to provide audible projection at 40 mph for 300 and at 60 mph for 12 19! 20! 5

13 Roadway Operations! Responding from same location (>1 unit) tandem or caravan! Maintain feet separation! Do not pass other emergency vehicles unless signaled to do so and it is safe! Responding from other locations (>1 unit)! Let other units know when you are approaching an intersection that they might be using at the same time! Roadway Operations! Traffic control devices! Proper direction selected! Apparatus responding from opposing direction! 21! 22! 6

14 ! Off-road Defined! Principles Of" Off-road Driving! Unpaved or unimproved! Roads, trails, paths, dozer breaks! Maintained or not! Even and uneven terrain! Flat and high-angle elevations! 2! Wildland fires! Required at the scene! Remote locations! Best or only access! Structure fires! Undeveloped locations! Exposure protection! 3! Indicators! Indicators! Rescue! Remote or undeveloped locations! Public service! Assisting in non-emergencies! Area familiarization! Topographical layout of area! General indicators! Must justify risks! 4! Off-road Risks! Known or unknown obstacles! Vegetation! Fences! Rocks, holes, and ruts! Washouts or gullies! Rivers, streams, creeks,! irrigation! Topography! Retardant drops! 5! Swiftwater Training Gone Bad! 6! Off-road Risks! Surface conditions! Soft dirt! Sand! Mud! Water! Bridges! 1!

15 ! Off-road Risks! Slower response time! Limited access! Limited maneuverability! Must drive slower! Safety hazards! Escape routes! Visibility! Proximity to fire! Retardant drops! Old bridges! Off-road Risks! Too close to the fire...! 7! 8! Angle of Approach! Breakover Angle! 9! 10! Angle Of Departure! Interview Questions...! What is the minimum capacity of the tank for a Type 1 Engine?! What is the minimum capacity of the pump for a Type 1 Engine?! 11! 12! 2!

16 ! Know Your ICS Types! Type I Engine! Designed for paved roads!! Weight! Low ground clearance 13! 14! Type II Engine! Type III Engine! Similar to Type I!! Some can pump & roll! Some have Ground clearance better ground clearance! 15! Off-road design!! Center of gravity! Holds less water Some are 4-wheel drive!! Ground clearance Can pump and roll! 16! Type IV Engine!! Increased mobility Similar to Type III!! Ground clearance Less water and hose! 17! Excessive Wear On Components! Brakes! Tires! Shocks and springs! Transmission! Cooling system! 18! 3!

17 ! Safety Considerations! Slow down! Decreased traction! Increased braking distances! Visibility! Dust! Terrain! Rules of the road! 19! Apparatus Familiarization! General condition! Tank water and foam levels! Under the hood! Tires and lug nuts! Undercarriage! Lights and safety devices! 20! Route Selection! Know where you are going! Plan your route! Constantly evaluate conditions! Avoid side-hilling! Pick flat areas to turn around! Avoid steep slopes! Leave gates how you find them! Have an escape route! 21! Return To Pavement! Set chock blocks! Check undercarriage! Check tires! Check body damage! Check radiator! 22!! Check for fluid leaks! Check windshield! Disengage four-wheel drive! Make necessary repairs if possible Surface Conditions! Hard surface with loose materials! Soft sand, mud, or loose dirt! Small area! Large area! Gullies and ruts! Crossing water! Determine The Slope! Topographic maps! By eye! Other apparatus! Safe maximum limit is 40%! Keep 23! going, we can make it...! 24! 4!

18 ! Slopes! Driving Downhill! Parking Brake Designed only for up to 20% slope! Use proper gear! Avoid locking brakes! Attempt to drive straight down! Use spotter! Sound horn! Use engine compression! Be in four-wheel drive before descending! 1' of rise over 100' = 1% slope Driver Operator 20' 1A! of rise over 25! 100' = 20% slope 26! Driving Uphill! Driving Sidehill! Keep rpms in safe range range! Use proper gear! Attempt to drive straight up! Evaluate condition of slope! Use caution at the top! Avoid if possible! Travel slowly! If apparatus begins to slide, steer downhill! 27! 28! Temporary Stopping! Automatic transmission! Hold brake with left foot! Apply parking brake if needed! Accelerate slowly! Release brake when moving! 29!! Standard transmission " Set parking brake " Release clutch pedal while accelerating " Do not slip clutch or stall engine Stopping When Engine Brake with left foot! Set parking brake! Start engine and continue! If engine will not start! Remain behind steering wheel! Other personnel disembark! Apply parking brake! Transmission in park or 1 st gear! Set chock blocks! 30! Dies! February 2003 Fallbrook, CA! One Consideration...! If your engine stalls during a Wildland Incident in smoke conditions, DO NOT attempt restart - CHECK AIR FILTER for possible fire!! 5!

19 ! Parking On A Slope! Avoid if possible! Use natural barriers! Set all brakes! Set chock blocks! Leave standard transmission in first gear or reverse! Four-wheel Drive! Engaging/disengaging! Refer to manufacturer's specifications/ recommendations and department SOPs! Where to use! Steep slopes! Unpaved, poorly conditioned, or softsurfaced roads! 31! 32! Hazards! Communications! Flying or falling debris! Limited mobility! Other equipment nearby! Limited visibility! Use radios! Use hand signals! Face-to-face! 33! 34! Aircraft! Keep unassigned equipment and personnel from aircraft! Approach aircraft after pilot signals! Close apparatus windows! Secure all equipment and gear! 35! Dozers And Earthmovers! Falling or rolling material! Driving on new trails cut by dozers! Soft ground! May end suddenly! Slope of trail may be unsafe! Stay close to uphill side of break! 36!! Stay 100 feet behind dozer! Use radio to communicate with operator! Watch for stobs 6!

20 ! Safety Precautions! Keep clear of fire line construction! Watch for low hanging limbs! Use caution in smoke conditions! Protect apparatus from heat, fire, and debris! Use caution in tall vegetation! Watch for embers on apparatus! Use spotters when backing! Safety Precautions! Spot apparatus facing escape route! Keep roads clear if possible! Drive with headlights on! Wear seatbelts! Use chock blocks when needed! Keep aware of apparatus fuel, oil pressure, and coolant temperature! Think SAFETY at all times! 37! 7!

21 Braking! Principles of Braking And Stopping!! Should be planned! " Before a curve or turn! " Before driving downhill! " Before the need to stop! " Using secondary braking devices! 1! 2! Braking!! Antilock brake system! " Allows steering while braking! " Prevents wheels from skidding!! No antilock brake system! " Does not allow steering during emergency braking!! Brake fade! " Brakes can fade or fail if overheated! Total Stopping Distance!! Four factors! " Perception! " Reaction! " Braking lag! " Braking distance! 3! 4! #1 Perception Distance!! Distance traveled from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain knows it!! Average time is ¾ second!! Identify!!(Do you see?)! Analyze!!(What do you see?)! Decide!!(What must I do?) #2 Reaction Distance!! Distance traveled from the time the brain tells the foot to move from the accelerator to the brake!! Execute (do it)! Apparatus traveling 30 mph! " Perception distance!= 33 feet! " Reaction distance!= 33 feet! 5! 6! 1

22 #3 Braking Lag! #4 Apparatus Braking Distance!! Time required for brakes to engage after brake pedal is pushed!! Only affects air brake systems!! Speed directly affects the reaction and apparatus braking distances!! Double the speed, stopping distance increased four times! 7! 8! Total Stopping Distance!! Perception distance + reaction distance + braking distance! Perception distance=60 feet Reaction distance=60 feet Braking distance =170 feet Total stopping distance =290 feet 9! Braking Techniques!! Evasive (panic) braking! " Sudden and aggressive braking when need to stop quickly!! Threshold braking! " Applying brakes to full potential without locking! " ABS provides this type of braking capacity! 10! Braking Techniques!! Straight line braking! " Applying brakes while traveling in a straight line! " Applied before curves! Braking Techniques!! Trail braking! " Slowly releasing brake pressure while turning! " Applied after straight line braking! " Transfers weight to front tires! " Too much pressure on brakes causes oversteer! " Should be completed at the apex! 11! 12! 2

23 Braking Techniques!! Downgrade braking! " Apply brakes until apparatus slows down! " Reduces speed approximately 5 mph below safe speed! " When apparatus speed increases to safe speed, apply brakes again! 45 mph 13! 3

24 Momentum! Principles Of Steering And Load Control Vehicle s mass (weight) times its velocity (speed)! The more momentum the apparatus has, the more energy or effort required to stop! October 2008 Slide ! Inertia! Centrifugal Force! Force that makes the apparatus retain its speed in the same direction! As momentum increases, it is harder to overcome the effects of inertia! Tends to push an apparatus away from the center of the curve or turn! Influenced by speed and radius of the curve! Higher speed, the greater the centrifugal force! 3! 4! 5! Friction! The resistance to slipping! Occurs whenever two surfaces contact each other! Two important areas of friction for apparatus control! Tires and road surface! Brake pad/shoe and disk/drum! Weight Transfer! The shift of weight! Effective use is critical for safe handling of an apparatus! Affects! Turning right or left! Braking! Acceleration! 6! 1

25 Tire Contact Patches! The area of tire contact (footprint) on a road surface! Weight transfer changes the size! Size affects the amount of friction! 7! Tire Contact Patches! Friction affects the amount of control in curves! Braking creates larger front tire contact patches! Accelerating causes larger rear tire contact patches! Right turn creates larger tire contact patches on the left! Left turn creates larger tire contact patches on the right side! 8! Skids! An apparatus is supported on a cushion of air within the tires! Control is transmitted through tire "footprints"! Changes of direction/speed made by changing footprint direction! Cohesive quality between the rubber and is the coefficient of friction! Acceleration Skids! Involve only the drive wheels! Wheel slippage reduced or stopped by easing up on the throttle! Will reduce torque to the drive wheels! Accelerating to the point of breaking wheel traction serves no purpose! Tremendous strain on drive train! Wears out tires! Slower start than controlled acceleration! 9! 10! Locked-wheel Skids! Sacrifice all directional control! Should be avoided! Front wheels steer only by rolling friction! With the brakes locked, efforts to steer are futile! 11! Four-wheel Drift! Cornering apparatus is above the limits of adhesion and in a balanced understeer/ oversteer attitude! Apparatus pointed in the direction of travel! All wheels are following a line of the curve! Apparatus is evenly drifting toward the outside of the curve! 12! 2

26 Oversteer (Rear-wheel Skid)! Results from! Over acceleration! Excessive steering! Improper brake usage! Road conditions that provide little traction! Countersteer using rapid/smooth steering input in direction of skid! Allows front end to stay ahead of the back end until recovery is complete! Understeer (Front-wheel Skid)! Results from! Approaching turn at excessive speed! Excessive steering! Improper brake usage! Road conditions that provide little traction! Avoid additional steering input! When apparatus slows and regains rolling friction, understeer diminishes! 13! 14! Hydroplaning! Apparatus skims along the surface of a wet road! Normal contact patch of tire tread and road separates! Serious condition! Driver/operator cannot control the apparatus! 15! Hydroplaning Effect! Three factors! Water depth! Tire condition! Tread depth! Air pressure! Design! Width! Apparatus speed! 16! Types Of Curves! Constant radius curve! 90 corners (city streets)! Decreasing radius curves! Curve continually tightens! Increasing radius curves! Curve gradually straightens! 17! Reference Points! Entry point! Extreme outside edge of roadway at the beginning of a curve! Point of steering input to make the turn! Geometric apex! Tightest, innermost part of a curve! Directly centered in the driving arc! 18! 3

27 Reference Points! Early apex! In the early portion of a curve! Not a good apex to use! May understeer/leave roadway! Late apex! In the late portion of a curve! Best apex to use! Greatest control! Apexes Early Apex Late Apex Direction of travel Geometric Apex 19! 20! Roadway Position! Position to best facilitate the negotiation of a turn or curve at a safe rate of speed! Using the available roadway to its fullest advantage with the least amount of steering! Also referred to as the "driving line" through a turn! Constant Radius (90 Turn)! Most efficient driving line! Would become a full circle! Driving advantages! Minimize weight transfer! Minimize steering input! Smooth apparatus control! Greatest attainable safe speed through the turn! 21! 22! Constant Radius (90 Turn)! Geometric Apex Late Apex Entry Point Exit Point Decreasing Radius Turn! Continually tightening turn! Driving speed will be decreased in proportion to the tightening of the turn! Negotiate the turn by taking the line of least resistance to the apparatus' travel! 23! 24! 4

28 Decreasing Radius Turn! Increasing Radius Turn! Late Apex Geometric Apex Late Apex Geometric Apex 25! 26! Increasing Radius Turn! Gradually straightens! Apparatus speed will be slower at the entry point! Can be increased upon exiting! 180 Turn! Configuration corresponds to driving through one half of a circle! Entry should start from extreme outside edge of available roadway! Apex area close to exit turn! Exit point will be on the outside of the roadway! 27! 28! Multiple Turns! Create control problems! Correct position is a path that will reduce the amount of directional change from one turn to another! Equalize turning motions while maintaining a consistent speed! Correct position will vary by turn! Multiple Turns! Multiple Turns 29! 30! 5

29 Control Considerations! Scan the curve during the approach! Path of travel brings apparatus to the apex just prior to exiting! Hold apparatus as close as possible to the apex! Reduce stress and weight transfer by allowing apparatus to smoothly drift out to the high side when leaving the turn! 31! Driving Zones! Zone 1, approach zone The approach up to the entry point of the curve! Also the speed adjustment area! Zone 2, entry zone The first portion of the turning arc between the entry point and the apex! Zone 3, exit zone The turning arc from the apex to the exit point! 32! Driving Zones Zone 3 Hand Position! 1. Approach Zone 2. Entry Zone 3. Exit Zone Zone 2 Zone 1 Recommend Opposite Sides o'clock position (No Longer 9 and 3)! Allows for greater turning and balanced steering! Two hands on steering wheel! Thumbs resting on steering wheel! Direction of travel 33! 34! Understeer! Loss of friction when traveling too fast into a turn! Apparatus tends to travel in a straight line and not the turn! Front tire contact patches too small for the speed! Not enough friction between the front tires and the road surface! Not enough weight has been transferred to the front tires! 35! Oversteer! Excessive braking transfers too much weight to front of apparatus! Rear of apparatus tends to travel to the outside of the turn (fish tail)! Rear tire contact patches too small for the speed of the apparatus! Not enough friction between the rear tires and the road surface! 36! 6

30 Power Oversteer! Too much power applied to rear tires, causing them to break! Rear of apparatus tends to travel to the outside of the turn! Rear tire contact patches are too small for the speed of the apparatus! Not enough friction between the rear tires and road surface! Power to rear tires exceeds traction ability of rear tire contact patches! 37! Steering While Stopped! Do not turn the steering wheel while stopped! Causes stress on steering components and grinds tires! 38! Maneuvering in Close Quarters! Turning around before stopping! Turn wheels in direction they will travel! Axle Location! When turning, rear wheels do not follow the same path of the front! Cheating/cutting a shorter circumference! Longer the wheelbase, sharper the turn! The more rear wheels will cheat! Understand cheating to avoid hitting curbs, buildings, cars! 39! 40! Rear End Swing! Extended part of apparatus! Behind rear wheels! Outward opposite direction of turn! Recognize Tire Failure! Hear a loud "bang"! Could take seconds for apparatus to react! Feel of tire failure! Thumps or vibrates heavily! Steering feels "heavy"! Apparatus fish tails! 41! 42! 7

31 Corrective Action! Hold steering wheel firmly! With both hands! Front tire failure can cause wheel to twist! Stay off the brakes! Can cause loss of control! Transfers weight quickly! Compounds handling problem! Pull off the road and stop! 43! Skid Control! Release the brakes! Allows wheels to rotate freely! Turn apparatus toward the skid or direction you want to travel! Do not release clutch until apparatus is under control! Reduces weight transfer to the rear! Will upset the balance of the apparatus! 44! 8

32 Factors To Consider! Adverse Weather Conditions! Rain! Snow! Ice! Mud! Fog! Dust! 1! 2! Recognize Conditions! Recognize Slippery Areas! Crown of roads! Sharpness of curves! Condition of road surfaces! Decreased visibility! Bridge surfaces! Northern slopes! Shaded spots! Areas where snow blows across road! 3! 4! Stopping Distance! Greatly increased on slippery roads! Try brakes in area free of traffic! Adjust to safe speed! Snow and ice! Need 3-15 times more distance! Fog! Stop in the space you can see! Dust! Equipment! Prepare for adverse conditions! Windshield wipers and defrosters! Snow tire and chains! Lights! 5! 6! 1

33 Positioning Apparatus! Positioning At Incidents! Fire attack! Wildland incidents! Support! Special situations! 1! 2! 3! Fire Attack! Multiple factors must be considered! Begins with size-up! Nothing showing! Smoke showing! Fire involvement! Fire Attack! Department SOPs! Follow based on situation! Allow for safety! Allow for next-in apparatus! Rescue situations! Primary objective! Need for ground ladders! Position of aerial ladder! 4! Water Supply! Be handled with tank water?! Need supply hoselines?! Need FDC?! Aerial/ladder support?! Method of Attack! Depends on apparatus position! Handlines! Master streams! Turret or deck guns! 5! 6! 1

34 Exposures! Wind Direction! Where are they?! What are they?! Do not make the apparatus an exposure! Fire Truck consumed by Chemical Fire! Park upwind! Keep out of smoke! Use of SCBA! Reduce the possibility of becoming an exposure! Hazardous materials! 7! 8! Terrain! Best on paved roads! Uphill if possible! Relocation potential! Leave yourself a way out! Structural Collapse! Zone considerations! Equal to height of building! Position at corners! Building unstableness! Pre-incident plans! Firefighter Kill Zone! 1/3 of the height of the building! 9! 10! Overhead electrical lines! Identified! Illuminated at night! Down! Gas lines! Leaking! Utilities! Use extreme caution when consider placing apparatus in alleys! Marina & Boat Fire Tactics! Hose Cabinets: Disconnect hose and use FD hose lines from cabinet! Consider use of manifold from Harbor Police! Consider F-500 agent from Harbor Police! A minimum of (2) 1 3/4 lines should be used! 11! 2

35 Marina and Boat Fires! Marina and Boat Fires! Fire-Rescue crews should protect exposures in place! As a last resort, vessels (exposures) should have the shore power disconnected and the untied to be moved! Consider hydrant and FDC Supply! Boat Fire in Coronado Cays! Wildland Incidents! Can be dynamic! Potential to relocate! Must be flexible! 15! Structure Protection Factors! Back in! Note landmarks! Park off roadway! Avoid flammable vegetation! Position on leeside of structure! Position near structure! Keep doors/windows closed! Identify and avoid potential hazards! 16! Making A Wildland Fire Attack! Variety of positions! Constant awareness! Limited vision! Safety is top priority! Reduce speed! Use spotters! Making A Wildland Fire Attack! Watch for slipping, sliding, overturning hazards! Weight limitations! Keep hoselines short! Use tandem approach! 17! 18! 3

36 Making A Wildland Fire Attack! If stationary! Protect from heat and flames! Evaluate hazards! Deploy short hoselines for protection! Chock wheels! Face apparatus in exit direction! Basic Safety Considerations! Park in safety zone! Never leave unattended! Communicate/coordinate with rest of fireground organization! Headlights on when engine running! All windows rolled up! 19! 20! Basic Safety Considerations! Draw back to flanks if fire is spreading rapidly upslope! Maximize protection from heat and fire! Take advantage of natural barriers and use protection lines! Use spotters in high unburned fuels! Basic Safety Considerations! Attack fires from the burned area! Be aware of fire conditions! Know where crews are if you are moving apparatus near them! Precautions when driving through smoke! 21! 22! Support Apparatus Positioning! Rescue/squad apparatus! Do not block access for others! Command vehicle! Provide maximum visibility! Breathing air supply apparatus! Same as rescue vehicles! Staging! Level I! Two companies performing like functions are dispatched! Level 2! Numerous apparatus respond! 23! 24! 4

37 Highways and Freeways! Use warning devices! Follow law enforcement direction! Identify fluid spills! Angle across lanes! Turn front wheels away!! Allow working space! Position additional apparatus 150'-200' behind initial apparatus! Use caution when crew is exiting or entering apparatus Hazardous Materials! Identify material before driving into scene! Determine wind speed and direction! Approach uphill or upwind! Position to isolate or deny entry! Identify zones! Safe position if bomb threat! 25! 26! Treat as active! Never across tracks! Safe distance away! Same side as incident! Hoselines! Use aerial to lay overhead! Run underneath! Near Railroads! 27! Train vs. Fire Truck! EMS! Position near scene! Use as barrier to protect crew! 28! Interview Question???! What are three things you can do to assure a safe working environment?! Apparatus Security! At the station! Secure station grounds! Shut and lock gates! Close apparatus bay doors! Set security system! Turn on security lighting! 29! Some part of the engine struck the station as it left for an emergency call! - The Fire Chief to the news...! Apparatus Security! At incidents! Stay with the apparatus! If you must leave! Roll windows up! Lock cab! In staging! Stay with apparatus! Stay alert! 30! 5

38 Apparatus Security! Other! Inspections! Repair/maintenance! Drills! Public service venues! 31! 6